A child in radiation examination without protective equipment: A case analysis / 中国辐射卫生

This paper reviews the investigation of examining a child without protective equipment exposed to an exceptionally large radiation field, in order to provide a reference for the investigation and handling of similar cases in the future. Based on the analysis of the way of obtaining evidence and the application of law, the authors put forward some suggestions, such as improving the standards, laws, and regulations related to radiation, enhancing the protective facilities, standardizing the law enforcement procedures, and strengthening the publicity and training of radiation hygiene. The health-related rights and interests of the examinees shall be effectively protected.

Adesão aos protocolos de paramentação e desparamentação dos equipamentos de proteção individual no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 e fatores associados / Adherence to protocols for putting on and taking off personal protective equipment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors

A COVID-19 impactou todos os países do mundo, causando transtornos em diversos segmentos da saúde, economia, entre outros. Nesse contexto, os profissionais de saúde, especialmente os de enfermagem, passaram por diversos momentos críticos desde o desconhecimento sobre a causa e a transmissão da doença, além da escassez e qualidade de insumos, como os equipamentos de proteção individual e do despreparo e desconhecimento sobre a correta paramentação e desparamentação desses materiais. Os protocolos de biossegurança em saúde e as precauções frente a pandemia do vírus da COVID-19 foram sendo reajustadas conforme os estudos foram sendo conduzidos, a fim de garantir conhecimento e preparo técnico científico a estes profissionais de saúde. Objetivou-se analisar os fatores associados à adesão aos protocolos de paramentação e desparamentação dos equipamentos de proteção individual no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, analítico, tipo inquérito online, multicêntrico, ocorrido no período de outubro a dezembro de 2020. Convocou-se para o estudo um total de 12.086 profissionais da saúde da assistência direta ao paciente nos diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde. Assim foram elegíveis 9.039 profissionais de enfermagem que fizeram uso de protocolos de paramentação e desparamentação dos equipamentos de proteção individual em sua prática assistencial. Observou-se que os profissionais de enfermagem do sexo masculino adotaram com maior frequência a sequência correta do uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (42,9%), estando a sequência correta de paramentação pelos profissionais de enfermagem associada ao sexo (p=0,015), idade (p=0,008), categoria profissional (p=0,011), unidade de terapia intensiva como setor de atuação (p=0,002), capacitação sobre a COVID-19 (p < 0,001), fornecimento de equipamentos de proteção individual suficiente (p < 0,001) e de qualidade (p=0,007). Além disso, os profissionais de enfermagem que receberam capacitação ou curso sobre a COVID-19 apresentaram maior frequência no seguimento correto da paramentação. Em uma análise de frequência, observa-se que profissionais de enfermagem do sexo feminino adotaram com maior frequência a sequência correta de desparamentação (37,3%). Os principais fatores que interferiram nos protocolos foi o sexo, a idade, a experiência e a ausência de treinamento, os quais colaboram para errosna sequência correta da paramentação e desparamentação dos equipamentos de proteção individual. Diante dos resultados, a adesão aos protocolos para a paramentação e desparamentação dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual pode facilitar a capacitação dos profissionais de enfermagem que atuam na assistência direta aos pacientes com suspeita ou confirmados com COVID-19 e com isso fornecer evidências para otimizar protocolos padronizados para reduzir a contaminação

COVID-19 has impacted all countries in the world, causing disorders in various segments of health, economy, among others. In this context, health professionals, especially nurses, have gone through several critical moments due to the lack of knowledge about the cause and transmission of the disease, in addition to the scarcity and quality of supplies, such as personal protective equipment and the lack of preparation and lack of knowledge about the disease. The correct dressing and undressing of these materials. Health biosecurity protocols and precautions against the COVID-19 virus pandemic were being readjusted as studies were being conducted, in order to guarantee scientific technical knowledge and preparation for these health professionals. The objective was to analyze the factors associated with adherence to protocols for dressing and undressing personal protective equipment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional, analytical, online survey, multicenter study, carried out from October to December 2020. A total of 12,086 health professionals from direct patient care at different levels of health care were invited to the study. health. Thus, 9,039 nursing professionals who used protocols for dressing and undressing of personal protective equipment in their care practice were eligible. It was observed that male nursing professionals more frequently adopted the correct sequence of use of personal protective equipment (42.9%), with the correct sequence of vestments by nursing professionals associated with sex (p=0.015) , age (p=0.008), professional category (p=0.011), intensive care unit as a sector of activity (p=0.002), training on COVID-19 (p < 0.001), supply of sufficient personal protective equipment ( p < 0.001) and quality (p=0.007). In addition, nursing professionals who received training or a course on COVID-19 showed a higher frequency in the correct follow-up of the attire. In a frequency analysis, it is observed that female nursing professionals more frequently adopted the correct undressing sequence (37.3%). The main factors that interfered in the protocols were sex, age, experience and lack of training, which contribute to errors in the correct sequence of dressing and undressing of personal protective equipment. In view of the results, adherence to protocols for putting on and undressing of Personal Protective Equipment can facilitate the training of nursing professionals who work in direct care for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and thereby provide evidence to optimize standardized protocols to reduce contamination

Handmade face mask can be sterilized without compromising their efficacy / Máscara facial artesanal pode ser esterilizada sem comprometer sua eficácia / La mascarilla facial hecha a mano se puede esterilizar sin comprometer su eficácia

Background and Objectives: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by contact, droplets and aerosols. The World Health Organization recommends the mandatory use of surgical masks for health professionals and encourages countries to adhere to their use, en masse, in order to minimize the transmission of the virus. Since the lack of this personal protective equipment is a cause for concern, the objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of facial masks regarding (i) the mechanical properties of elongation, rupture stress and resistance to air passage and (ii) the morphometric properties of thickness, fiber diameter and pore distribution after autoclave sterilization. Methods: The masks were made in TNT Spunbonded (100% polypropylene, 60 g/m2 ), autoclaved at 70 ºC for 5 minutes and stored in plastic films at room temperature. Then, the mechanical properties were determined in an Instron universal testing machine and Gurley type automatic densimeter and the morphometric properties in a semi-automatic thickness gauge and scanning electron microscope. Results: It was observed that a cycle of sterilization of facial masks, by moist heat under pressure, increased the blanket's stiffness, did not produce physical damage and did not reduce the blanket's barrier capacity. Conclusion: The sterilization of face masks made of TNT can be considered a strategy to increase safety in their production and use.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A COVID-19 causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 é transmitida pelo contato, por gotículas e por aerossóis. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda a obrigatoriedade do uso de máscaras cirúrgicas aos profissionais da saúde e incentiva os países a aderirem ao seu uso, em massa, a fim de minimizar a transmissibilidade do vírus. Posto que a falta desse equipamento de proteção individual causa preocupação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características de máscaras faciais quanto (i) às propriedades mecânicas alongamento, tensão de ruptura e resistência a passagem de ar e (ii) às propriedades morfométricas espessura, diâmetro das fibras e distribuição de poros após esterilização em autoclave. Métodos: As máscaras foram confeccionadas em TNT Spunbonded (100% polipropileno, 60 g/m2), autoclavadas a 70 ºC por 5 minutos e armazendadas em filmes plásticos a temperatura ambiente. Na sequência, as propriedades mecânicas foram determinadas em máquina de teste universal Instron e densímetro automático tipo Gurley e as propriedades morfométricas em medidor de espessura semiautomático e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Resultados: Observou-se que um ciclo de esterilização das máscaras faciais, por calor úmido sob pressão, promoveu o aumento da rigidez da manta, não produziu danos físicos e não diminuiu a capacidade de barreira da manta. Conclusão: A esterilização de máscaras faciais confeccionadas em TNT pode ser considerada uma estratégia para aumentar a segurança na sua produção e uso.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos: El COVID-19 causado por el SARS-CoV-2 se transmite por contacto, gotitas y aerosoles. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda el uso obligatorio de mascarillas quirúrgicas para los profesionales de la salud y alienta a los países a adherirse a su uso, en masa, con el fin de minimizar la transmisión del virus. Dado que la falta de este equipo de protección personal es motivo de preocupación, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características de las máscaras faciales en cuanto a (i) las propiedades mecánicas de elongación, tensión de rotura y resistencia al paso del aire y (ii) la morfometría propiedades de espesor, diámetro de fibra y distribución de poros después de la esterilización en autoclave. Métodos: Las máscaras se fabricaron en TNT Spunbonded (100% polipropileno, 60 g / m2), se esterilizaron en autoclave a 70 ºC durante 5 minutos y se almacenaron en películas plásticas a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente, se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas en una máquina de ensayo universal Instron y densímetro automático tipo Gurley y las propiedades morfométricas en un medidor de espesor semiautomático y microscópio electrónico escaneando.Resultados: Se observó que un ciclo de esterilización de mascarillas faciales, por calor húmedo a presión, incrementó la rigidez de la manta, no produjo daño físico y no redujo la capacidad barrera de la manta. Conclusión: La esterilización de mascarillas faciales fabricadas con TNT puede considerarse una estrategia para aumentar la seguridad en su producción y uso.(AU)

Traqueostomía en pacientes con COVID-19: recomendaciones actuales / Traqueostomy in COVID-19 patients: current recomendations

Resumen El nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, es una pandemia con alta morbimortalidad mundial. Uno de los factores más importantes es su alta tasa de transmisibilidad por gotitas, aerosoles y fómites. La tendencia actual es el aumento progresivo de pacientes contagiados en nuestro país y, por consiguiente, de mayor cantidad de enfermos en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) con uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). La traqueostomía (TQT) se utiliza en pacientes críticos para facilitar la VMI a largo plazo y el destete de la ventilación. Una TQT temprana, definida como la realizada en los primeros 7 días después de la intubación orotraqueal (IOT), se asocia a una reducción en el tiempo de la VMI, mortalidad y permanencia en UCI. La TQT es una técnica quirúrgica con alta generación de aerosoles la cual implica medidas especiales frente a la realización de ésta en pacientes con COVID-19. Para limitar el contagio del SARS-CoV-2 en los trabajadores de salud es necesario el uso de elementos de protección personal (EPP) adecuados según la intervención a realizar. Es por esta razón que en el presente artículo se propone utilizar el acrónimo C-O-RO-NA para no olvidar elementos y pasos fundamentales al momento de realizar esta técnica, minimizando de esta manera el contagio en los trabajadores de salud.

The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19 disease, is a high mortality pandemic illness. One of the most important factors is its high rate of transmissibility by respiratory droplets, aerosols and fomites. The reigning trend of this disease is progressively increasing infected patients in our country, therefore, more patients in intensive care units (ICU) with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Tracheostomy (TQT) is used in critical patients to facilitate long-term IMV and ventilation weaning. An early TQT, defined as performed in the first 7 days after orotracheal intubation (IOT) is associated with a reduction IMV duration, mortality rate and length of stay in ICU. TQT is a surgical procedure which generates a huge amount of aerosols that need special measures to perform in COVID-19 patients. It is necessary to use appropriate personal protection elements (PPE) according to the intervention, limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in health workers. It is for this reason that this article proposes to use the acronym C-O-RO-NA to remember fundamental elements and steps when performing this technique in order to minimize health workers infection.

Practical guidance for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic; with special emphasis on the care of cardiovascular patients and personal protection

A novel, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There are concerns regarding the spread of disease by asymptomatic carriers to healthcare workers who continue to see patients and to perform procedures on them. The infection then could be transmitted through them to other patients who eventually, could infect persons in the community. Further, limitations of existing tests to detect new cases that are negative early in the disease; and the inability to use appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE)also contribute to the spread of infection. This document, from the COVID-19 Working Group of Wellness and Radial Intervention Society, describes considerations for management and care of cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with the concept of COVID 19 `designated` Vs. enabled` centers for those with symptoms of and/ or confirmed COVID-19 disease Vs. asymptomatic suspects. It also provides guidance to healthcare professionals, hospital administrators, and policymakers in general and to those managing patients with CV and other diseases, regarding the concept of `levels of personal protection` for staff; with suggestions for `equivalent innovative alternatives`, and a` protection plan` for patients to prevent the spread of disease. The guidance can also be broadly applied to surgical branches in general and to other specialties involved with invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive procedures such as gastroenterology, urology, anesthesiology, otolaryngology, and ophthalmology which carry a higher risk of exposure for healthcare professionals.

Acciones del personal de salud del área estomatológica en relación a la COVID-19 / Actions taken by dental care providers in relation to COVID-19

Introducción: El brote de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ha sido declarado emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Los estomatólogos, entre el personal sanitario, son los más expuestos a la enfermedad porque su área de trabajo es la boca, sitio que se reconoce como el lugar a partir del cual se contagia la enfermedad. Objetivo: Esclarecer elementos relacionados con la COVID-19 y las medidas a tener en cuenta para la prevención del contagio del personal de salud del área estomatológica. Comentarios principales: No se ha descubierto un método único que cumpla con todos los requisitos con respecto a las infecciones asociadas a la atención médica. En el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 cumplen un papel importante las precauciones estándares, o sea, medidas que se aplican a todos los pacientes, independientemente del diagnóstico o de si se conoce si tiene una infección o está colonizado por un agente. El SARS-CoV-2 es un virus envuelto, y esta característica lo hace más sensible a la acción de las sustancias desinfectantes. Consideraciones globales: La COVID-19 manifiesta síntomas no específicos. Los más comunes son fiebre, anorexia y tos seca. La transmisión probablemente ocurre a través de la propagación del virus en el aire y por contacto. Con la implementación de precauciones estándares entre las que se encuentran la higiene de las manos, uso de equipos de protección personal y el cuidado del medio ambiente, se puede disminuir la posibilidad del contagio y contribuir a controlar la diseminación. Es importante que los proveedores de atención médica, dentro de los que se encuentra el personal de salud del área estomatológica, y el público conozcan este nuevo virus para que las acciones coordinadas, oportunas y efectivas puedan ayudar a prevenir casos adicionales o malos resultados ante el enfrentamiento a esta pandemia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a worldwide public health emergency. Dentists are the health care providers most directly exposed to this condition, since their area of activity is the mouth, a location recognized as the site through which the disease is transmitted. Objective: Clarify some notions about COVID-19 and the measures to be taken to prevent transmission to dental care providers. Main remarks: A single method has not been discovered which meets all the requirements concerning infections associated to medical care. In the struggle against COVID-19 an important role is played by standard precautions, i.e. measures applied to all patients, irrespective of their diagnosis or whether they are known to have an infection or be colonized by a given agent. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, a characteristic that makes it more sensitive to the action of disinfectants. General considerations: COVID-19 presents non-specific symptoms, the most common of which are fever, anorexia and dry coughing. Transmission probably occurs by the spread of the virus in the air and by direct contact. Implementation of standard precautions, among which are hand hygiene, the use of personal protection equipment and care for the environment, will lead to a reduction in the chances of contagion and will contribute to control the spread of the disease. It is important for medical care providers, among them dental care professionals, and the public at large to know about this new virus, so that coordinated, timely and effective actions may be taken which will help prevent the occurrence of new cases or bad results in the struggle against this pandemic(AU)

Estudios de imagen cardiaca en la pandemia COVID-19 / Cardiac imaging studies in the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen El COVID-19 es un síndrome respiratorio agudo ocasionado por el coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2). Los diferentes métodos de imagen cardiaca han dictado recomendaciones específicas de los diferentes métodos de imagen en esta pandemia, por lo que es indispensable recalcar las recomendaciones para la realización de estos estudios.

Abstract COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2). The different cardiac imaging methods have issued specific recommendations for the different imaging methods in this pandemic, so it is essential to emphasize the recommendations for carrying out these studies.

Assessment of Primary Health Care for rural workers exposed to pesticides / Avaliação da atenção primária à saúde de trabalhadores rurais expostos a praguicidas

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the attributes of Primary Health Care (PHC) for rural workers; to analyze sociodemographic conditions, history of poisoning and hospitalizations for pesticides and use of personal protective equipment; and to verify exposure to pesticides by determining bioindicators. METHODS Cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study with a sample of 1,027 rural workers living in municipalities belonging to a regional health department in Southern Minas Gerais, whose PHC is governed by the Family Health Strategy model. We used the adult version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool Brazil) and a structured questionnaire to collect socioeconomic data, history of poisoning and hospitalization for pesticides and use of personal protective equipment. Blood samples were collected to measure biomarkers of pesticide exposure and signs of renal and hepatic sequelae. RESULTS Low education was prevalent, as well as the intense contact of workers with pesticides. Frequent use of personal protective equipment was higher among men, as was the history of poisoning and hospitalizations for pesticides. Rates of 20% poisoning, 15% liver disease and 2% nephropathy were detected. Signs of hepatotoxicity were more frequent in men. Gender differences were all statistically significant. Regarding PHC, only the attribute "degree of affiliation" had a high score. None of the poisoning cases detected in the study were previously diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high coverage of the Family Health Strategy, occupational risk and its consequences have not been detected by health services, which do not seem oriented to primary care, even lacking their essential attributes. There is a need for immediate and effective adaptation of public policies regarding the health of rural workers, with adequate training of teams and review of the portfolio of PHC services offered.

ABSTRACT OBJETIVO Avaliar os atributos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) na assistência à saúde de trabalhadores rurais; analisar condições sociodemográficas, histórico de intoxicação e internações por agrotóxicos e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual; e verificar a exposição aos praguicidas pela determinação de bioindicadores. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, com amostra de 1.027 trabalhadores rurais residentes em municípios pertencentes a uma superintendência regional de saúde do sul de Minas Gerais, cuja APS é regida pelo modelo da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Utilizou-se o Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária (PCATool Brasil) versão adulto e um questionário estruturado para coleta de dados socioeconômicos, histórico de intoxicação e internação por agrotóxicos e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas para dosagem de biomarcadores de exposição a praguicidas e de sinais de sequelas renais e hepáticas. RESULTADOS A baixa escolaridade foi prevalente, bem como o contato intenso dos trabalhadores com praguicidas. O uso frequente de equipamentos de proteção individual foi maior entre os homens, assim como o histórico de intoxicação e de internações por agrotóxicos. Detectaram-se índices de 20% de intoxicação, 15% de hepatopatia e 2% de nefropatia. Os sinais de hepatotoxicidade foram mais frequentes em homens. As diferenças entre sexos foram todas estatisticamente significantes. Com relação à APS, apenas o atributo "grau de afiliação" apresentou escore elevado. Nenhum dos casos de intoxicação detectados no estudo tinha diagnóstico prévio. CONCLUSÕES A despeito de uma alta cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família, o risco ocupacional e suas consequências não têm sido detectados pelos serviços de saúde, que se apresentam como não orientados à atenção primária, carecendo mesmo de seus atributos essenciais. Percebe-se a necessidade de adequação imediata e efetiva das políticas públicas no que concerne à saúde do trabalhador rural, com adequada capacitação das equipes e revisão da carteira de serviços da APS ofertados.

impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el personal médico de los servicios de cirugía general del Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño: estudio de cohorte / Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Medical Staff of General Surgery Services at Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital. Cohort study

Las patologías quirúrgicas continúan siendo motivo de consulta habitual en los servicios de emergencia de nuestros hospitales, requiriendo una rápida evaluación y resolución oportuna aún en tiempos de pandemia, siendo muy probable que pacientes asintomáticos, con sospecha o confirmación de infección por COVID-19 ameriten una intervención quirúrgica.Objetivo : Analizar la incidencia de casos de COVID-19 y evaluar su correlación con el uso de equipos de protección personal en los médicos residentes y adjuntos de los servicios de cirugía general del Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño.Métodos : Se realizó una investigación de tipo observacional, descriptiva y transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 32 médicos quienes respondieron anónimamente una encuesta electrónica realizada por el comité académico del Posgrado de Cirugía General.Resultados : El porcentaje global de participación fue 50,79%. Resultaron positivos para la prueba Reacción en Cadena de Polimerasa el 42% de los residentes y 9% de los médicos especialistas. El lugar más frecuente de probable contacto fue el hospital en 90% de los casos. El 50% de los médicos identificaron a un personal de salud como su fuente de contagio. Se reportó uso constante de equipo de protección personal y gel alcoholado en 47% y 72% de los casos respectivamente.Conclusión : El aumento de casos de COVID-19 en la población general y en el personal de salud debe alertarnos acerca de la necesidad de tomar medidas estrictas de protección en forma precoz orientadas a disminuir la incidencia de casos y por ende la morbilidad y la mortalidad asociada a la infección por el nuevo coronavirus(AU)

Surgical pathologies continue to be a common reason for consultation in the emergency services of our hospitals, requiring a rapid evaluation and timely resolution even in times of pandemic, and it is highly probable that asymptomatic patients, with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection, merit a surgical intervention.Objective : To analyze the incidence of COVID-19 cases and evaluate its correlation with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in resident and staff surgeons of General Surgery services at Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital.Methods : An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out. The sample consisted of 32 physicians who anonymously responded to an electronic survey conducted by the academic committee of the General Surgery residency program.Results : The overall percentage of participation was 50.79%. 42% of residents and 9% of specialist physicians were positive for the Polymerase Chain Reaction test. The most frequent place of probable contact was the hospital in 90% of the cases. 50% of the doctors identified a health personnel as their source of infection. Constant use of PPE and alcohol gel was reported in 47% and 72% of the cases, respectively.Conclusion : The increase in COVID-19 cases in the general population and in health personnel should alert us to the need to take stricter protection measures early in order to reduce the incidence of cases and, therefore, the morbidity and mortality associated with infection with the new coronavirus(AU)

Community Empowerment for Malaria Control and Prevention in Kampung Tong Nibong, Sarawak: An Intervention Study

Tong Nibong is a Bidayuh village located at Sarawak Kalimantan border. Since the year 2004 to 2009, a total of 537 cases of malaria were recorded in Serian District of which 14 cases were reported from Kampung Tong Nibong. Community empowerment programme for malaria infection prevention showed tremendous improvement in implementation. This intervention study aims to gauge the effectiveness of community empowerment approach in malaria elimination programme in Kampung Tong Nibong Serian. An intervention study was conducted with pre and post data collection. Data was collected using validated questionnaire by face to face interview. Universal sampling method was used to select respondents from head of household and post data was collected after intervention activities were carried out within a year of study period. The study showed significant difference on level of knowledge of respondents on vector of malaria between pre and post data with a P < 0.05. There was significant difference between pre and post data on practices on control and prevention of malaria with a P < 0.05. The same goes to level of positive attitude of respondents towards malaria control. In conclusion, the study can be considered successful because there is significant difference in knowledge, attitude and practice among the respondents between pre and post data. This indicates that community empowerment (voluntary participation) measures can be implemented in high risk or endemic areas where malaria is a persistent problem to the community and health institutions faces many limiting factors.​

Análise de correspondência como instrumento para descrição do perfil do trabalhador da cultura de tomate de mesa em Goiás / The correspondence analysis as instrument to analyze the profile of the worker in the tomato crop in the Goiás state, Brazil

O cultivo do tomate de mesa em Goiás está estruturado numa proposta tecnológica baseada no uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, o que envolve riscos e danos potenciais à saúde dos trabalhadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar a Análise de Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) para explorar a perfil do trabalhador da cultura de tomate de mesa quanto ao uso de agrotóxicos. Para isso, foram obtidas informações sobre fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos, percepção de risco, uso de agrotóxicos, uso de equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) e morbidade referida, por meio de questionário respondido por 96 trabalhadores da cultura de tomate de mesa, em seis municípios do Estado de Goiás. A Análise de Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) possibilitou definir três grupos de trabalhadores. No grupo 1, os que responderam que já se intoxicaram com agrotóxicos e não usam EPI porque dificulta o trabalho ou porque não têm costume. No grupo 2, os que responderam que não se intoxicaram com agrotóxico relataram que usam somente algum tipo de EPI porque os consideram desconfortáveis ou por outros motivos. No grupo 3, os que relataram usar EPI completo e que moram em barracas de lona na lavoura de tomate. Foi possível fazer correspondência entre as modalidades da pesquisa, o que não seria possível com o uso de estatística descritiva.

The tomato cropping in the Goiás state is structured under a technological proposal based on the intensive use of pesticides, which involves risks and potential damages to the workers' health. This study aimed to use the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (ACM) to explore the worker's profile concerning to the use of pesticides in tomato crop. So, information about the socioeconomic and demographic factors, risk perception, pesticide uses, use of individual protection equipment (EPI) and referred morbidity were obtained, by using a questionnaire applied to 96 workers in tomato crop, in six counties at the State of Goiás. According to the Multiple Correspondence Analysis, three worker groups were defined. Group 1 involved those workers who answered that they were already intoxicated with pesticides and do not use EPI because it hampers the work or the worker is not accustomed to it. Group 2 referred to those who did not intoxicate with pesticide and use only some EPI type, because they considered them as uncomfortable or other reason. Group 3 were about those who used complete EPI and lived in canvas huts at the farming. It was possible to accomplishing correspondence among the modalities of the research, which would not be possible by using the descriptive statistics.

Percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a importância do uso dos equipamentos de proteção Individual para Riscos biológicos em um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / Opinión de enfermeras acerca de la importancia del uso de aparatos de protección individual contra los riesgos biológicos en un servicio móvil de cuidado urgencia / Perception of nurses on the importance of the use of individual protection equipment for biological risks in a service of mobile urgency care

Este estudo teve como objetivo perceber a importância para os enfermeiros do uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI’s) relacionados a riscos biológicos no atendimento de suporte avançado em um serviço móvel de urgência, e identificar os EPI’s usados por eles no serviço móvel de urgência da cidade de Sete Lagoas. O estudo é de natureza descritiva exploratória com análise qualitativa baseada no método de Bardin. As unidades temáticas estabelecidas foram: identificando os riscos biológicos no atendimento pré-hospitalar; vulnerabilidade dos profissionais para o risco de exposição ocupacional no atendimento pré-hospitalar; percebendo a importância do uso dos equipamentos de proteção individual; o enfermeiro como elo na promoção da saúde. Os resultados revelam que os enfermeiros têm consciência da importância do uso de EPI’s, porém não os utilizam com a devida freqüência na prática de seu cotidiano laboral, conforme evidencia-se na amostra em que se comprova que 100 por cento usam luvas, botas e macacão, apenas 41,6 por cento usam máscara e somente 16,6 por cento utilizam óculos em todos os atendimentos.

This study had as its objective to perceive the importance for nurses of the use of individual protection equipment (IPE) related to biological risks in the work of advanced support in a mobile service of urgency care, and to identify the IPE’s used by nurses in the mobile service of urgency care of the city of Sete Lagoas. The study has a exploratory descriptive nature with qualitative analysis based in Bardin’s method. The established thematic units were: identifying the biological risks in the pre-hospital care; vulnerability of theprofessionals for the risk of occupational exposition in the pre-hospital attendance; perceiving the importance of the use of individual protection equipment; the nurse as a link in the promotion of health. Results show that nurses have conscience of the importance of the use of IEP’s, but they do not use them duly in their work practice, as is proven in the sample where one sees that 100 per cent of them use gloves, boots and overalls, but only 41.6 per cent use masks and only 16.6 per cent use eyeglasses in all cases they care for.

Este estudio tubo como su objetivo percibir la importancia para las enfermeras del uso de aparatos de protección individual (API) relacionados con los riesgos biológicos en el trabajo de ayuda avanzada en un servicio móvil de cuidado de urgencia, y identificarlos APIs usados por las enfermeras en el servicio móvil de cuidado de urgencia de la ciudad de Sete Lagoas. El estudio tiene una naturaleza descriptiva exploratoria con análisis cualitativo basado en el método de Bardin. Las unidades temáticas establecidas fueran: identificando los riesgos biológicos en el cuidado prehospitalario; vulnerabilidad de los profesionales a los riesgos de exposición ocupacional en la atención prehospitalaria; percibir la importancia del uso de aparatos de protección individual; la enfermera como agente de promoción de la salud. Los resultados demuestran que las enfermeras tienen conciencia de la importancia del uso de APIs, pero no los utilizan debidamenteen su práctica de trabajo, lo que se prueba en la muestra donde se ve que 100 por ciento de ellas usan guantes, botas y guardapolvos, pero solamente 41,6 por ciento utilizan máscaras y solamente 16,6 por ciento utilizan anteojos en todos los casos de cuidados.

In-line Skating Injuries and Rehabilitation

In-line skating is one of the fastest growing recreational sport activities all over the world, particularly in Korea. Fractures, dislocations, sprains and avulsions account for 60~70% of all acute injuries from in-line skating. The wrist area, including the wrist and the lower arm, is the most commonly injured site. To decrease the incidence and severity of acute injuries, the use of safety gears is critical. Also, overuse injuries can occur in the shoulder area, low back, knee, foot and ankle. Avoidance of overwork, rest, stretching and strengthening exercise, well-fit boots, and the proper skating posture can prevent or minimize the overuse injuries.

Development of automatic temperature and thermal current detection system for physiological protection equipment of the aviator / 医疗卫生装备

The apparatus introduced in this paper can be used to measure and record the realtime environmental parameters and such physical information of individual protection equipment as the temperature,thermal current and thermal insulating value.The apparatus has several advantages including high accuracy,practicability,reliability and easy to operate.