Exploration of cross-cultivar group characteristics of a new cultivar of Prunus mume 'Zhizhang Guhong Chongcui' / 生物工程学报

'Zhizhang Guhong Chongcui' is a new cultivar of Prunus mume with cross-cultivar group characteristics. It has typical characteristics of cinnabar purple cultivar group and green calyx cultivar group. It has green calyx, white flower, and light purple xylem, but the mechanism remains unclear. In order to clarify the causes of its cross-cultivar group traits, the color phenotype, anthocyanin content and the expression levels of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis pathway of 'Zhizhang Guhong Chongcui', 'Yuxi Zhusha' and 'Yuxi Bian Lü'e' were determined. It was found that the red degree of petals, sepals and fresh xylem in branches was positively correlated with the total anthocyanin content. MYBɑ1, MYB1, and bHLH3 were the key transcription factor genes that affected the redness of the three cultivars of flowers and xylem. The transcription factors further promoted the high expression of structural genes F3'H, DFR, ANS and UFGT, thereby promoting the production of red traits. Combined with phenotype, anthocyanin content and qRT-PCR results, it was speculated that the white color of petals of 'Zhizhang Guhong Chongcui' were derived from the high expression of FLS, F3'5'H, LAR and ANR genes in other branches of cyanidin synthesis pathway, and the low expression of GST gene. The green color of sepals might be originated from the relatively low expression of F3'H, DFR and ANS genes. The red color of xylem might be derived from the high expression of ANS and UFGT genes. This study made a preliminary explanation for the characteristics of the cross-cultivar group of 'Zhizhang Guhong Chongcui', and provided a reference for molecular breeding of flower color and xylem color of Prunus mume.

Study on the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon and its processing end point / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon， and provide reference for the determination of processing end point of P. mume carbon. METHODS The chromaticity value of P. mume carbon powder was measured by colorimeter， and the inner quality of P. mume carbon was measured by selecting the contents of water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin. The dynamic change trend of the chromaticity value， water， water- soluble extract， the contents of citric acid and tannin in P. mume carbon under different processing time was analyzed. The correlation between color and the above indexe contents was analyzed， and the regression equation of inner quality-chromaticity value was established. Combined with principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （CA） and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， the difference of P. mume carbon at different processing times was analyzed to determine the processing end point. RESULTS With the extension of processing time， the sample color gradually deepened； the chromaticity values L* and E* of the samples increased at first and then decreased， the chromaticity values a* and b* decreased， and finally all tended to be stable. The content of water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the sample increased at first and then decreased， the water content of the sample decreased with time and finally stabilized. Correlation analysis showed that water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin were positively correlated with L*， a*， b* and E*（P＜0.001）. PCA and HCA showed that P. mume carbon under different processing time could be clustered into two categories： the processed samples of 0-30 min and those of 40-60 min. PLS-DA showed that water and water-soluble extract were important quality indexes and b* was an important chrominance index in the processing of P. mume carbon. The chromaticity value of the samples processed for 50 min and 60 min were not significantly different. The contents of water， water- soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the samples processed for 60 min were less than those processed for 50 min. CONCLUSIONS There is a certain correlation between the color and the inner quality of P. mume carbon. The processing time of P. mume carbon should be 40-50 min.

Chemical constituents from ethyl acetate extraction of Prunus mume / 中国中药杂志

Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extraction of Prunus mume by column chromatography. On the basis of physicochemical properties and spectrum analysis, these compounds were identified as isoquercitrin-6″-O-benzoate(1), pinoresinol(2), naringin(3), ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), astragalin(5), quercetin(6), hypericin(7), and rutin(8). Among them, compound 1 was a new natural product, and compounds 2-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time. In vitro study, compounds 1, 3, 5-8 could significantly increase the cell survival ratio.

Antimicrobial effect against oral bacteria on bioactive compounds in a high-pressure enzymatic Prunus mume extract / Efeito antimicrobiano contra bactérias orais sobre compostos bioativos em um extrato enzimático de Prunus mume de alta pressão

To evaluate high-pressure processing combined with enzymatic treatment for extraction of Prunus mume by determining the optimum extraction conditions for the antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria. Highpressure enzymatic extraction was used to isolate biologically active components from P. mume. The effects of process variables such as enzyme type (Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Novozym 33095 and Viscozyme L), enzyme concentration, incubation time/temperature, pH, and ratio of enzymes antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens related to dental caries and periodontal diseases were determined by disk diffusion assay. The optimal conditions for enzymatic extraction from P. mume were pH 6.0, 45°C, 20 h, and 5 v/v% with Pectinex Ultra SP-L. The maximum antimicrobial activity of P. mume extract obtained using Novozym 33095 was at pH 7.0, 45°C, 20 h, and 5 v/v%. The Viscozyme L extract showed the maximum inhibitory effect at pH 6.0, 45°C, 20 h, and 5 v/v%. Use of combinations of enzymes did not result in significantly different antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05) compared with each enzyme alone. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were 3.125 to 12.50%. These results indicated that high-pressure enzymatic extraction yielded P. mume extract with antimicrobial activity which has the potential for improving oral environment.

Avaliar o processamento de alta pressão combinado com o tratamento enzimático para a extração de Prunus mume, determinando as condições ótimas de extração para a atividade antimicrobiana contra as bactérias orais. A extração enzimática de alta pressão foi utilizada para isolar os componentes biologicamente ativos de P. mume. Os efeitos das variáveis do processo como o tipo enzimático (Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Novozym 33095 e Viscozyme L), a concentração de enzima, o tempo/temperatura de incubação, pH, e a relação da atividade antimicrobiana de enzimas contra os patógenos orais relacionados à cárie dentária e doenças periodontais foram determinados pelo ensaio de difusão em disco. As condições ótimas para a extração enzimática de P. mume foram pH 6.0, 45°C, 20 h, e 5 v/v% com Pectinex Ultra SP-L. A máxima atividade antimicrobiana do extrato de P. mume obtida usando Novozym 33095 foi em pH 7.0, 45°C, 20 h, e 5 v/v%. O extrato de Viscozyme L apresentou o efeito inibitório máximo em pH 6.0, 45°C, 20 h, e 5 v/v%. O uso de combinações de enzimas não resultou em uma atividade antimicrobiana significativamente diferente (p < 0.05) em comparação com cada enzima por separada. Os valores mínimos da concentração inibitória foram de 3.125 a 12.50%. Estes resultados indicaram que a extração enzimática de alta pressão produziu o extrato de P. mume com atividade antimicrobiana,o qual tem o potencial para melhorar o ambiente bucal.

Antimicrobial effect of Prunus mume extracts against cariogenic bacteria / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine whether Prunus mume extracts have an antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus). METHODS: The study used crushed and dried Prunus mume, to which 80% methanol was added to obtain extracts. The extracts then underwent a demarcation process, sequentially using hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, all of which have different polarities, followed by a reduction in pressure . The disc diffusion method was then used to measure the clear zone diameter to identify the antimicrobial effect of Prunus mume extracts using the different solvents. The methanol extracts that presented antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus were then selected, and their optical densities (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after cultivation) were measured to identify growth retardation effects based on extract concentration (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/ml). RESULTS: A clear zone was observed in methanol and ethyl acetate for S. mutans when the antimicrobial effect of Prunus mume extracts of each solvent against oral microorganisms was measured via the disc diffusion method. A clear zone was observed in hexane, chloroform, methanol, and ethyl acetate, when the extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against S. sobrinus. The extract concentration of 1 mg/ml retarded growth with a statistical significance (P<0.05) from 6 h onwards, as determined when the optical density was measured hourly and the growth curves of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were plotted. CONCLUSIONS: Prunus mume extracts retarded the growth of S. mutans and S. sobrinus with increase in time and concentration. Therefore, Prunus mume extracts hold the potential to be used for developing an oral antimicrobial agent to control dental caries.

Ethanol extract of Prunus mume fruit attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis involving Nrf2/HO-1 activation in C2C12 myoblasts

ABSTRACT The fruit of the Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc., Rosaceae (Korean name: Maesil) has long been used as a health food or valuable medicinal material in traditional herb medicine in Southeast Asian countries. In this study, we determined the potential therapeutic efficacy of the ethanol extract of P. mume fruits (EEPM) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the murine skeletal muscle myoblast cell line C2C12, and sought to understand the associated molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that exposure of C2C12 cells to H2O2 caused a reduction in cell viability by increasing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by disrupting mitochondrial membrane permeability, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis. However, pretreatment of the cells with EEPM before H2O2 exposure effectively attenuated these changes, suggesting that EEPM prevented H2O2-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased ex-pression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a phase II antioxidant enzyme, were detected in EEPM-treated C2C12 cells. We also found that zinc protoporphyrin IX, an HO-1 inhibitor, attenuated the protective effects of EEPM against H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and cytotoxicity. Therefore, these results indicate that the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway might be involved in the protection of EEPM against H2O2-induced cellular oxidative damage. In conclusion, these results show that EEPM contributes to the prevention of oxidative damage and could be used as a nutritional agent for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Fenóis totais, peroxidase e suas relações com a compatibilidade de mudas de pessegueiro interenxertadas / Total phenols content, peroxidase activity and their relationship with the compatibility of the intergrafted seedlings of peach tree

O conhecimento das relações entre porta-enxerto e copa é vital para produção de mudas sem problemas de compatibilidade. Nesse sentido, a atividade de peroxidases e a concentração de fenóis apresentam grande importância na união entre enxerto e porta-enxerto, influenciando na resposta de compatibilidade de enxertia. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a compatibilidade de enxertia em mudas de pessegueiro interenxertadas, quantificando a atividade da peroxidase e a concentração dos fenóis totais em cultivares do gênero Prunus, no período de crescimento vegetativo e de repouso. Amostras da casca foram processadas e quantificadas por espectrofotometria. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de dois porta-enxertos de pessegueiro ('Okinawa' e 'Capdeboscq'), com dois interenxertos de ameixeira ('Irati' e 'Reubennel') e duas copas ('Chimarrita' e 'Coral'), mais o damasqueiro Japonês e cerejeira 'Capulin', cultivados no viveiro da Embrapa Transferência de Tecnologia, Canoinhas-SC. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela. Concluiu-se que a atividade da peroxidase e os fenóis totais apresentaram baixa variação entre o pessegueiro e a ameixeira, sendo compatíveis entre si. A atividade da peroxidase e os fenóis totais foram superiores no período de repouso das mudas. O damasqueiro e a cerejeira apresentaram alta incompatibilidade, quando enxertados sobre porta-enxertos de pessegueiro.

The understanding of the biochemical relation between rootstock and scion is very important for the production of seedlings without incompatibility problems. The activity of peroxidases and the phenol concentration are very important to the union between scion and rootstock, influencing the graft compatibility. This work aimed to analyze the compatibility of graft in peach tree intergrafted seedlings, to determine the peroxidase activity and total phenols in cultivars of Prunus, during the vegetative growth and dormancy period. Samples of bark were processed and quantified by spectrophotometry. The treatments included the combination of two rootstocks ('Okinawa' and 'Capdeboscq'), two interstock (plum tree 'Irati' and 'Reubennel') and two scions ('Chimarrita' and 'Coral'), and the Japanese apricot and cherry 'Capulin' cultivated at Embrapa Technology Transfer Station, Canoinhas-SC. The experimental design was the completely randomized blocks with three replications, each one with three plants. The peroxidase activity and total phenols content presented low variation between the peach tree and the plum tree, being compatible among them. Tissues collected during the dormancy period showed greater peroxidase activity than tissues from vegetative phase. The Japanese apricot and cherry present high incompatibility when grafted on peach rootstock.

Enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de pessegueiro e clones de umezeiros submetidos à aplicação de AIB / Rooting of peach and clones of japanese apricot cutting treated with IBA

A utilização do umezeiro ou damasqueiro-japonês (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) como porta-enxerto de Prunus sp. vem despertando grande interesse em função de sua rusticidade, resistência a pragas e doenças, adaptação e, principalmente, por reduzir o porte de pessegueiros e nectarineiras. Visto que trabalhos prévios constataram baixo enraizamento de alguns clones de umezeiro e um estímulo a este processo em estacas herbáceas com uso de 2000 mg.L-1 de AIB, objetivou-se no presente trabalho estudar o enraizamento de estacas de pessegueiro e clones selecionados de umezeiros tratados com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na forma líquida. Estacas lenhosas do pessegueiro 'Okinawa' e dos clones de umezeiro Clone IAC-2, Clone IAC-X, Clone IAC-10 e Clone IAC-XIX, foram padronizadas com 25 cm de comprimento, ausentes de folhas e 5 cm de suas bases tratadas com AIB, nas concentrações 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg.L-1, por cinco segundos. As estacas foram colocadas em leito de areia umedecido, coberto com sombrite 50 por cento de luminosidade. As avaliações ocorreram após 90 dias após o estaqueamento, avaliou-se a porcentagem de estacas vivas, com calos, enraizadas, brotadas e o número médio de raízes por estacas. Concluiu-se que a concentração de 2000 mg.L-1 de AIB promoveu os melhores resultados para a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, com calos e número médio de raízes por estacas. De uma forma geral, o Clone IAC-X demonstrou-se superior entre os demais no enraizamento de suas estacas.

The use of the japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) as rootstock of Prunus sp. has raised a great interest due to its rusticity, resistance to plagues and diseases, adaptation and mainly for reducing the peach and nectarines. Since previous works had evidenced low cut of rooting of some clones of japanese apricot and stimulation to this process in herbaceous of cut using 2000 mg.L-1 of AIB, the objective of the present work was to study the rooting clones of peach and japanese apricot cutting treated with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA). Woody cutting of the peach tree 'Okinawa' and clones of japanese apricot Clone IAC-2, Clone IAC-X, Clone IAC-10 and Clone IAC-XIX, were standardized with 25 cm of length, absent of leaves and treated with IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg.L-1) for five seconds. The cuttings were placed under nursery conditions with 50 percent of brightness. After 90 days, the alive cutting, rooting, callous and sprouted percentage, medium number of roots of cutting were evaluated. The concentration of 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA promoted the best results of rooting percentage, callous percentage and medium number of roots of cutting. In general, Clone IAC-X demonstrated better cutting of rooting among the other clone.

Antibacterial Activity for Prunus Mume Sieb et Zucc against 308 Clinical Isolates / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To observe antibacterial efficiency of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc against clinical isolates. Method Antibacterial activity of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc against 308 strains of clinical isolates were determined by agar dilution method. Results MIC50 of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc against staphylococcus aureus (112 strains), S.epidermidis (112 strains), and Enterococci (28 strains) were 0.72, 1.44, 0.72 mg/mL, and MIC90 were 1.44, 1.44, 0.72 mg/mL respectively. The MIC90 of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc to Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli were 2.88, 1.44 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc has good antibacterial activity against Gram positive cocci and some Gram negative bacilli.

Processing technology for Prunus mume carbon by comprehensive weighted of multi-index / 中草药

Objective To determine the best processing technology of Prunus mume carbon.Methods L_9(3~4) Orthogonal design was used with three factors of processing temperature,stir-fry frequency,and time.The indicators of processing technology of P.mume carbon were the blood coagulation time,hemostasis time of mice,the contents of the water-solubility,the extract of alcohol-solubility,combined with product characters,yielding rate,and diameter size to optimize the processing technology of P.mume carbon.Results The optimized processing technology was as following:The processing temperature was 235℃,the stir-fry frequency was 80 times/min,and the processing time was 7.5 min.Conclusion The optimized processing technology is stable and operable,and meets the need to enhance the effect of blood coagulation,the carbonizing process of"the superficial burnt black,the internal burnt orange".

Inhibitory effects of several drugs to intestinal secretory stimulation of heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic E. coli

No abstract available.