Research progress of cystic fibrosis associated Pseudo-Bartter syndrome / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease affecting multiple body systems.Pseudo-Bartter syndrome (PBS) is a common manifestation of CF, with such clinical features as hypochloremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.However, PBS patients do not have renal tubulopathy.Children with CF are prone to develop electrolyte abnormalities due to fluid and electrolyte loss.In this article, the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of CF associated PBS were reviewed in order to enhance clinical understan-ding of this disease.

Clinical characterization and diagnosis of cystic fibrosis through exome sequencing in Chinese infants with Bartter-syndrome-like hypokalemia alkalosis / 医学前沿

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal autosomal-recessive disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CF is characterized by recurrent pulmonary infection with obstructive pulmonary disease. CF is common in the Caucasian population but is rare in the Chinese population. The symptoms of early-stage CF are often untypical and may sometimes manifest as Bartter syndrome (BS)-like hypokalemic alkalosis. Therefore, the ability of doctors to differentiate CF from BS-like hypokalemic alkalosis in Chinese infants is a great challenge in the timely and accurate diagnosis of CF. In China, sporadic CF has not been diagnosed in children younger than three years of age to date. Three infants, who were initially admitted to our hospital over the period of June 2013 to September 2014 with BS-like hypokalemic alkalosis, were diagnosed with CF through exome sequencing and sweat chloride measurement. The compound heterozygous mutations of the CFTR gene were detected in two infants, and a homozygous missense mutation was found in one infant. Among the six identified mutations, two are novel point mutations (c.1526G > C and c.3062C > T) that are possibly pathogenic. The three infants are the youngest Chinese patients to have been diagnosed with sporadic CF at a very early stage. Follow-up examination showed that all of the cases remained symptom-free after early intervention, indicating the potential benefit of very early diagnosis and timely intervention in children with CF. Our results demonstrate the necessity of distinguishing CF from BS in Chinese infants with hypokalemic alkalosis and the significant diagnostic value of powerful exome sequencing for rare genetic diseases. Furthermore, our findings expand the CFTR mutation spectrum associated with CF.

Síndrome de pseudo-Bartter como presentación inicial de fibrosis quística

Las manifestaciones clínicas de la fibrosis quística comprometen diferentes órganos; siendo los sistemas respiratorio y gastrointestinal los más frecuentemente afectados. Puede presentarse como un desequilibrio ácido-base y electrolítico conocido como síndrome de pseudo-Bartter que se define como un episodio de deshidratación con alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica hiponatrémica e hipocalémica en ausencia de alteración tubular renal. Se presenta el caso clínico de un lactante menor masculino de cuatro meses con dos hospitalizaciones previas por deshidratación moderada y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico con hiponatremia. La tercera hospitalización fue el 27 de enero de 2017 por 20 días. En esta ocasión fue admitido por gastroenteritis aguda, con deshidratación moderada, desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico, y observación por un trastorno metabólico. Por presentar deshidratación con alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica hiponatrémica e hipocalémica sin tubulopatía renal se diagnosticó síndrome de pseudo Bartter y se sospechó fibrosis quística que se corroboró con medición de electrolitos en sudor y análisis molecular de las mutaciones . Conclusión: Debe considerarse el diagnóstico de fibrosis quística en un niño, sobre todo menor de dos años, con deshidratación, alcalosis metabólica hiponatrémica hipoclorémica aunque no haya presentado síntomas respiratorios o gastrointestinales típicos de la enfermedad. El diagnóstico temprano es fundamental para mejorar el pronóstico y la sobrevida a largo plazo

The clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis may involve multiple organs. Although the respiratory and gastrointestinal are the most commonly affected systems, it can present as an acid- base and electrolyte imbalance called pseudo -Bartter syndrome which is defined as an episode of dehidration with metbolic alkalosis with hypochloremia, hyponatremia and hypokalemia in the absence of renal tubular pathology. We report a case of a 4-month-old male infant with 2 previous episodes of moderate dehydration and hydroelectrolyte imbalance with hyponatremia. He was admitted on January 27 th 2017 for 20-days hospital stay. On his 3th hospitalization, he was admitted with acute gastroenteritis, moderate dehydration, hydroelectrolyte imbalance, and probable metabolic disorder. Due to the presence of metabolic hypochloremic alkalosis with hyponatremia and hypokalemia without renal tubulopathy, Pseudo Bartter Syndrome was diagnosed and cystic fibrosis was suspected and corroborated later with the measurement of sweat electrolytes and molecular analysis of mutations. Conclusion: The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis must be suspected in a child, especially those under 2 years old, with hyponatremic hypochloremic,hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis dehydration should be considered even in the absence of respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms, which are typically present in this disease. An early diagnosis is essential to improve the prognosis and long term survivor

Síndrome de pseudo-Bartter en paciente pediátrico con fibrosis quí­stica estable / Pseudo-Bartter syndrome in stable cystic fibrosis pediatric patient

The pseudo-Bartter´s syndrome (PBS) is a disorder characterized by metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia in the absence of renal tubular disease. The PBS can be one of the complications of cystic fibrosis or may be the initial presentation of the disease in children and adults. The objective is to present a clinical case emphasysing the importance of diagnostic suspicion in cystic fibrosis.

El síndrome de Pseudo-Bartter (SPB) se caracteriza por alcalosis metabólica, hiponatremia, hipocloremia, hipocalemia en ausencia de enfermedad tubular renal. El SPB puede ser una complicación de la Fibrosis Quística (FQ) o la forma de presentación inicial de esta enfermedad, en niños y en adultos. El objetivo es presentar un caso clínico, enfatizando en la importancia de tener un alto índice de sospecha de esta condición.

Síndrome de pseudo-Bartter como presentación de fibrosis quística con mutación DF508 / Pseudo-Bartter syndrome as manifestation of cystic fibrosis with DF508 mutation

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de pseudo-Bartter (SPB) se define como una alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica con hipocaliemia en ausencia de tubulopatía. Los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ), al presentar alteraciones hidrolectrolíticas, pueden llegar a presentarlo. Caso clínico: Lactante femenino con antecedente de 2 eventos de deshidratación. Se presenta a los 5 meses de vida con vómito, rechazo al alimento, tos crónica, poliuria, desnutrición, alcalosis metabólica, hipocaliemia, hiponatremia, hipocloremia y falla renal aguda. Se realizó estudio de tos crónica, con lo que se descartó tuberculosis pulmonar, enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico y alteración en la mecánica de la deglución. Ante la alcalosis metabólica sin tubulopatía se diagnosticó SPB; por la historia de desnutrición y tos crónica se sospechó de FQ, la cual se corroboró con medición de electrolitos en sudor y mediante análisis molecular de la mutación delta F508. Este es uno de los pocos casos reportados con SPB y esta mutación. Conclusiones: En pacientes con cuadros repetitivos de deshidratación hiponatrémica con alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica o SPB debe considerarse como diagnóstico diferencial FQ. La FQ pude presentarse como SPB, principalmente en pacientes menores de 2 años.

Abstract: Background: Pseudo Bartter syndrome (PBS) is defined as hypokalaemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis in the absence of renal tubular pathology. Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at risk of developing electrolyte abnormalities and even PBS may occur. Case report: 5 months old female infant with a history of two events of dehydration with vomit, refusal to eat, chronic cough, polyuria, malnutrition, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia and acute renal failure. Chronic cough study was performed, discarding pulmonary tuberculosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and impaired swallowing. PBS was diagnosed due to hypokalaemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis in the absence of renal tubular pathology. CF was corroborated by electrolytes in sweat and through molecular analysis of the delta F508 mutation. This is one of the few reported cases linking PBS and this mutation. Conclusions: In patients with hyponatremic dehydration episodes with hypokalaemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis, PBS should be considered as differential diagnosis. CF could be presented as PBS, mainly in patients younger than 2 years.

Clinical analysis of 9 children with Pseudo-Bartter syndrome / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of children's Pseudo-Bartter syndrome(PBS) in order to enhance physician's understanding of the disease.Methods Nine children with PBS who were admitted into Beijing Children's Hospital from Nov.2008 to Sep.2013 were selected as research subjects.A retrospective study was carried out with the clinical data and the outcome of treatment.Results 1.Clinical characteristics:there were 9 cases in this group including 5 male and 4 female.The patients' age ranged from 4 months to 8 years 8 months.The most common cause of children's PBS was gastrointestinal symptoms(such as diarrhea and vomiting) induced by respiratory tract infection (7/9 cases).Six patients had no striking clinical manifestations,and hypokalemia was found in the treatment of primary disease.2.Laboratory tests:All of the children in this group had hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis in varying degrees.The activation of renin,angiotensin and aldosterone system increased.3.Therapy:all children were treated by giving potassium supplemental treatment or indomethacin therapy [1 mg/(kg · d),3 times orally].After treatment,all cases achieved clinical improvement and normal blood electrolytes.All patients' blood electrolytes remained normal for 5 to 7 days after stopping treatment.Conclusions 1.In China,the most common cause of children's PBS is gastrointestinal symptoms(such as diarrhea and vomiting) induced by respiratory tract infection.2.Except for clinical manifestations related to causes,patients have no significant clinical manifestations.Hypokalemia can be found in the treatment of primary disease.3.The biochemical results show low blood potassium chloride with metabolic alkalosis.In PBS renin,angiotensin and aldosterone concentration in blood are all elevated.4.Treatment of children's PBS mainly includes etiological treatment and electrolyte supplement therapy.The treatment effectiveness is good after etiological treatment and potassium supplement treatment.In the condition of controlling etiology and potassium supplementation,electrolytes mas return to normal in 2-4 days.

Alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica como presentación de la fibrosis quística. Informe de dos casos / Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis as presentation of cystic fibrosis. Report of two cases

Introducción: se describen los casos de dos pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) con alcalosis metabólica hipoclorémica: uno con diagnóstico de novo y otro con una recaída. Casos clínicos: pacientes de 6 y 9 meses que consultan por tos, fiebre y disnea. El primero con síndrome bronco-obstructivo recurrente (SBOR), el segundo con FQ conocida. Examen físico: dificultad respiratoria, deshidratación y desnutrición. Gasometría: alcalosis metabólica, hipokalemia e hipocloremia graves. Se tratan con cloruro de sodio y potasio. Hay mejoría del desequilibrio electrolítico y del estado ácido-base. No se documentan pérdidas renales o gastrointestinales de cloro y se diagnostica síndrome pseudo-Bartter. Los electrólitos en sudor de ambos pacientes son elevados. Se diagnostica alcalosis metabólica por FQ. Conclusión: la alcalosis metabólica puede ser la manifestación inicial en niños con SBOR y talla baja con sospecha de FQ; igualmente puede hacer parte de una exacerbación aguda en pacientes conocidos con FQ. Con su reconocimiento y tratamiento oportunos disminuye la morbilidad.

Introduction: We describe the cases of two patients with hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis either as the initial presentation of cystic fibrosis (case 1) or as part of a second cystic fibrosis exacerbation (case 2). Clinical cases: Two patients, 6 and 9 months old, were brought to the hospital because of cough, fever, and dyspnea. The first had a syndrome of recurrent bronchial obstruction, without the diagnosis of CF on admission. Both presented with difficulty for breathing, dehydration, and malnutrition. Arterial blood gases showed metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and severe hypochloremia. Treatment with sodium chloride and potassium improved their electrolyte balance and acid-base status. They did not have renal or gastrointestinal losses of chloride. CF and pseudo-Barter's syndrome were diagnosed. Conclusion: Metabolic alkalosis can be the initial manifestation of CF in infants with recurrent bronchiolitis and short stature suspicious of having CF. It can also be the expression of an acute exacerbation in patients with known CF. Opportune diagnosis and treatment are important to decrease morbidity.

Case of Pseudo-Bartter’s Syndrome: An atypical presentation of cystic fibrosis.

A three months infant who in the beginning had disease cystic fibrosis was diagonosed with pseudo-bartter’s syndrome. The disease began with coughing, diarrhoea, vomiting and weakness. Investigation revealed; electrolytes showin hyponatremia (110 mmol/L) and hypokalemic (2.6 mmol/L) and hypochloremic (63 mmol/L) metabolic alkalosis (HCO3=43 mmol/L).

A Case of Pseudo-Bartter's Syndrome Due to Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

We report a 3-month old boy admitted to our hospital with Bartter's syndrome like symptoms and laboratory findings, which were vomiting, failure to thrive, hypochloremic and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis associated with hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism and normal blood pressure. However, the urine chloride level was low. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was diagnosed through abdominal ultrasonography. Fredet-Ramstedt operation was done after electrolyte correction. After surgery he made a good recovery and gained body weight. The electrolytes maintained within a normal limit without any potassium supplementations after surgery. Differential diagnosis from Bartter's syndrome was made on the basis of a decrease in urine chloride and the non-necessity for potassium supplementation after surgery. It is relatively rare for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis to induce pseudo-Bartter's syndrome. The importance of considering this diagnosis in such cases is discussed.

A Case of Pseudo-Gitelman's Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Gitelman's Syndrome / 대한신장학회잡지

A 31-year-old woman had a history of fatigue and hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis and hypocalciuria. The patient had a subtotal thyroidectomy and denied ingestion of diuretic medication. Her clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with Gitelman's syndrome. Normal blood pressure, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria were present. She confessed to us that she had been taking a pill due to constipation for 7 years. She was afraid that her husband know it. But we don't know the reason why she had concealed it Surreptious ingestion of diuretics must be excluded in any adult patient in whom a diagnosis of Bartter's or Gitelman's syndrome is considered.

Pseudo-Bartter's Syndrome and Pseudohypoparathyroidism Due to Long-term and Long-time Bathing in a Patient with Atopic Dermatitis / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

A patient with atopic dermatitis who presented muscular weakness of lower extrimities and tetany due to severe hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnemia was described. The hypokalemia and hypomagnemia were caused by pseudo-Bartter's syndrome due to persistent dehydration, and the hypocalcemia was caused by pseudohypoparathyroidism due to hypomagnemia. The persistent dehydration was considered to be resulted from long-term and long-time bathing. Thus, adequate supply of water and electrolytes may be necessary in long-term balneotherapy.