Perfiles psicopatológicos de obesos y desnutridos medidos con el CBCL/6-18 / Psychopathological profiles of obese children and malnourished measures Obesity; in CBCL/6-18

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron definir los trastornos psicopatológicos más comunes asociados a la obesidad y a la desnutrición, así como establecer el grupo de referencia normativo al cual pertenece México en la escala Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 (CBCL/6-18). Este fue un estudio transversal de diseño cuasiexperiemental. Se utilizó la información de 125 niños de escuelas públicas de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, en estados de desnutrición, obesidad y normopeso, obtenida mediante las 113 preguntas relacionadas con el comportamiento de niños, que contiene el CBCL 6-18. Por medio de análisis de varianzas se estudiaron las posibles diferencias entre los grupos. Encontramos que nuestra muestra mexicana, pertenece al grupo normativo de referencia tres; las diferencias más significativas se encuentran en el grupo de obesos en la escala de problemas internalizados específicamente en ansiedad/depresión, y en el total de problemas.

This paper sought to define the most common psychopathological disorders associated with obese and malnourished children, and establish the normative group to which Mexico belongs in the Child Behavior Checklist 6-18(CBCL/6-18). This was a cross-sectional study of cuasiexperimental design. CBCL/6-18 data from 125 children from public school in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México were categorized into obese, malnourished and normal nutrition states. The 113 questions related to the behavior of children of the CBCL 6-18 through variance analysis were used to explore the possible differences between groups. Our Mexican children sample belongs to the normative group three. We found that the major differences were in internalized problems, specifically in anxiety/depression, and on Total Problems with the obese group.

A história de alguns anos de pesquisa em detecção precoce de psicopatologias graves – PUCSP / The history about some years of research early detection of graves psychopathologies – PUCSP

Este trabalho faz um percurso histórico sobre a pesquisa Detecção Precoce de Psicopatologias Graves, que surgiu a partir da prática clínica desenvolvida pelo Projeto Espaço Palavra PUC-SP, onde são atendidos crianças, adolescentes e adultos com organizações subjetivas como autismo e psicose. Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica e de campo, composta por estudos horizontais e longitudinais sobre critérios de detecção precoce de psicopatologias graves em duplas mães-bebês, no município de São Paulo. Na pesquisa horizontal utilizam-se três critérios: presença do olhar na dupla mãe-bebê, presença do terceiro tempo do circuito pulsional (critérios de identificação de autismo sugeridos por Marie-Christine Laznik) e qualidade do discurso produzido pela dupla mãe-bebê. Esses critérios visam identificar sinais de uma alteridade em construção, interpretados como sinal de saúde mental. Verificaram-se raros casos de psicopatologias bem configuradas e um alto número de configurações ambíguas, o que levou a estudos longitudinais visando o aprofundamento do significado dessas ambigüidades.

This work has a historical itinerary about the research Early Detection of Graves Psychopathologies, which has appeared since the development of clinical practice done by Projeto Espaço Palavra – PUC-SP, where children, adolescents and adults with subjective organizations such as autism and psychosis come into treatment. It is about a theoretical and field research composed by horizontal and longitudinal studies about early detection of graves psychopathologies criteria in pairs mothers and infants, in the city of São Paulo. In the horizontal research three criteria are used: the presence of eye contact between the pair mother and infant, the presence of the third phase of the drive circuit (autism identification criteria suggest by Marie Christine Laznik) and the quality of the speech produced by the pair mother and infant. These criterions aim to identify signs of otherness in construction, interpreted as signs of mental health. Rare psychopathology well-configured cases and a high number of ambiguous configurations have been verified, and this led to longitudinal studies aimed at deepening the meaning of these ambiguities.

Evaluación de factores asociados a la ansiedad social y a otras psicopatologías en adolescentes / Assessment of factors associated to social anxiety and other psychopatologies in adolescents

Introduction The study of factors associated with anxiety and social phobia is a subject of recent interest in mental health. Specifically, shyness in children seems to act as an early expression of social phobia that may later consolidate into a clinical entity. The presence of certain psychopathologies and particular styles of child rearing in parents, are perceived by their children, are associated with the emergence of social phobia in adolescence. On the other hand, social anxiety disorder during adolescence or early adulthood may predict subsequent depressive disorders. The presence of both disorders (anxiety and social phobia) during adolescence increases the probability of suffering from them recurrently in early adulthood. Family structure and cohesion as well as stressful life events have been found to be associated with mood disorders during the childhood-youth period. However, studies conducted with young subjects are scarce, even though understanding the factors associated to different psychopathologies in the youth has proven of great value in clinical practice and epidemiology. For this reason, we attempt to evaluate, in a sample of three groups of adolescents (social anxiety, other psychopathologies and without psychopathologies) the possible demographical factors, competences and clinical indexes that could be associated with the different conditions under consideration. Methodology A sample of 1012 adolescents (582 women and 430 men) with an average age of 15.80 years (SD = 1.48) fulfilled a series of tests to assess demographical variables, psychosocial competences and clinical indexes. Results The difference between the average scores in the Escala de Ansiedad en Interacción Social -SIAS- was significant for the variables sex and the school year. Sex and couple relationships significantly affect the probability of manifesting social anxiety and other psychopathologies, respectively. Some competences significantly affect the probability of social anxiety, whereas others affect the probability of developing other psychopathologies. The majority of the 46 clinical indexes assessed demonstrate a significant effect on the probability of developing both conditions. Discussion and conclusions The results indicate that, in line with previous studies, the average score of women in the SIAS is slightly higher than in men. The average score in the SIAS of the young people from formative cycles was slightly higher than in the subjects from the obligatory secondary education and high schools. Very few studies have informed on the differences in social anxiety associated with the educational level. Women presented significantly higher probability of suffering from social anxiety than men. Unexpectedly, adolescents who maintained couple relationships also showed significantly higher probabilities than the rest of suffering from other psychopathologies. Some psychosocial competences, especially those related to the situations of social interactions, have a significant effect on the probability of developing social anxiety, whereas others (social and behavioural) influence other psychopathologies. In general and to a large extent, the findings are coherent and explainable, although some of them are contradictory. This could be caused by the difficulty to evaluate the complex construct of psychosocial competences. The majority of the evaluated clinical indexes showed a significant effect on the probability of developing of social anxiety and other psychopathologies. This effect is more evident in the group of young people with other psychopathologies than in the group of adolescents with social anxiety. Previous studies have found similar results, especially in the indexes referring to the general measures of anxiety and depression, specific measures of anxiety and avoidance of social situations and personality.

Introducción El estudio de factores asociados a la ansiedad y fobia social constituye un tema de reciente interés. Concretamente, la timidez infantil parece actuar como una expresión temprana de la fobia social que más tarde se puede consolidar como cuadro clínico. La percepción de los hijos sobre la presencia de ciertas psicopatologías y de determinados estilos de crianza de los padres se asocia a la aparición de la fobia social en la adolescencia. El trastorno de ansiedad social durante la adolescencia o la adultez temprana puede predecir trastornos depresivos subsecuentes. La presencia de ambos trastornos (ansiedad y fobia social) durante la adolescencia incrementaría la probabilidad de padecerlos de manera recurrente a lo largo de la adultez temprana. La estructura y la cohesión familiar, así como los sucesos estresantes de la vida, se han asociado con trastornos afectivos en la etapa infanto-juvenil. En la actualidad, los estudios realizados en estas edades son escasos, aun cuando el entendimiento de los factores asociados a distintas psicopatologías en la edad temprana reviste importancia clínica y epidemiológica. Por ello, pretendemos evaluar en una muestra de adolescentes formada por tres grupos (ansiedad social, otras psicopatologías y sin psicopatologías) los posibles factores demográficos, de competencias e índices clínicos que pueden estar asociados a las diferentes condiciones estudiadas. Metodología Una muestra de 1012 adolescentes (582 mujeres y 430 hombres) con una edad media de 15.80 años (DT = 1.48) completó en su medio escolar una serie de pruebas que evalúan variables demográficas, competencias psicosociales e índices clínicos. Resultados La diferencia de medias en las puntuaciones de la Escala de Ansiedad en Interacción Social -SIAS- fue significativa para las variables sexo y curso escolar. El sexo y la relación de pareja ejercieron un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de manifestar ansiedad social y otras psicopatologías, respectivamente. Algunas competencias mostraron un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de presentar ansiedad social, mientras que otras lo hicieron en la probabilidad de desarrollar otras psicopatologías. La mayoría de los 46 índices clínicos evaluados mostró un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de sufrir ambas condiciones. Discusión y conclusiones Los resultados indican que la puntuación media de las mujeres en la SIAS superó ligeramente a la de los hombres, lo que coincide con estudios previos. La puntuación media en la SIAS de los jóvenes que formaron los ciclos formativos fue ligeramente superior a la de los procedentes de educación secundaria obligatoria y de bachillerato. Hay pocos estudios que informen de diferencias en la ansiedad social asociadas al nivel de estudios. Las mujeres presentaron una probabilidad significativamente mayor que los hombres de sufrir ansiedad social. Los adolescentes que mantenían relaciones de pareja también mostraron significativamente más posibilidades que el resto de presentar otras psicopatologías, el cual es un resultado inesperado. Algunas competencias psicosociales, especialmente las que se relacionan con las situaciones de interacción social, han mostrado un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de sufrir ansiedad social, mientras que otras (sociales y de actuación) lo han hecho en la probabilidad de desarrollar otras psicopatologías. En general, gran parte de estos hallazgos tienen coherencia y explicación, aunque algunos son contradictorios, lo que puede deberse a la dificultad de evaluar el constructo de competencias psicosociales por su complejidad. Por último, la mayoría de los índices clínicos evaluados presentó un efecto significativo en la probabilidad de desarrollar ansiedad social y otras psicopatologías. Este último efecto fue más notorio en el grupo de jóvenes con otras psicopatologías que en el grupo de adolescentes con ansiedad social. Diversos estudios encuentran resultados parecidos a los hallados en éste, especialmente en los índices referentes a medidas generales de ansiedad o depresión, específicas de ansiedad y evitación en situaciones sociales, y de personalidad.

Comportamentos autodestrutivos, subprodutos da pós-modernidade? / Self-destructive behaviors, postmodernity byproducts?

O presente artigo aborda, através de uma exposição teórica, o quanto a forma de vida pós-moderna pode propiciar, ainda mais, a exacerbação de um sentimento de vazio e desesperança no homem contemporâneo, contribuindo para o aumento nas taxas de comportamentos desviantes e patológicos, como os voltados à autodestruição. Para isso, apresenta-se brevemente a idéia e o conceito de pós-modernidade, momento histórico e cultural que se vive hoje, caracterizado, dentre outras coisas, pelo sentimento de desamparo, perda de identidade e exacerbação do narcisismo, demarcando a influência disso nas formas de subjetivação do ser humano inserido neste contexto. A elevada incidência de psicopatologias, tais como a depressão, os quadros narcisistas e borderline, o uso e abuso de drogas e os transtornos de ansiedade, assim como atos violentos auto e hetero-infligidos, apontam para sintomas típicos do mundo pós-moderno. Discute-se também, até que ponto a sociedade contemporânea pode ser responsabilizada por estas manifestações, no momento em que tantos comportamentos desviantes, e inclui-se aqui os atos terroristas, a corrupção, os índices de suicídio, a busca por alívio e satisfação através de substâncias químicas, são tão freqüentes atualmente como nos tempos passados. Serão estes os sub-produtos da pós-modernidade? Destaca-se, ainda, o lugar e o papel da Psicologia neste contexto, no sentido de mostrar o seu compromisso com a promoção da saúde e do bem-estar dos indivíduos

This article discusses, within a theoretical approach, how postmodern lifestyle can exacerbate loneliness andhopelessness feelings in contemporary man, contributing to increase rates of deviant and pathologicalbehaviors, such as self-destruction. The paper briefly presents the idea and concept of postmodernity, thehistorical and cultural moment we currently live, characterized by feelings of helplessness, lost of identity andexacerbation of narcissism, outlining their influence on the subjectivation of the human being within thiscontext. The high incidence of psychopathologies such as depression, narcissism and borderline narcissisticmake-ups, drug use and abuse and anxiety disorders, as well as violent acts ­ self-inflicted or not - indicatetypical symptoms of the postmodern world. It is also discussed whether contemporary society could beconsidered responsible for these manifestations, as deviant behaviors such as terrorism, corruption, suicideand the search for relief and satisfaction through chemicals are as frequent as they were in the past. Wouldthey be postmodernity byproducts? The role of Psychology within this context is also highlighted, intendingto show its commitment to promote individuals' health and wellbeing