Comentários nas mídias sociais e a banalização da violência psicológica contra as mulheres / Comments on social media and the trivialization of psychological violence against women / Comentarios en las redes sociales y la banalización de la violencia psicológica contra las mujeres

A violência psicológica é frequente, porém, de difícil detecção, muitas vezes presente em relacionamentos abusivos e confundida com ciúmes e cuidado. Nas mídias sociais isso pode ser incentivado através de postagens, assim como pode servir de espaço de suporte e compartilhamento de experiências. Objetivou-se analisar comentários publicados em mídias sociais relacionados à violência contra a mulher e sua associação à violência psicológica. Utilizou--se o método da netnografia, através de análise textual dos comentários de um vídeo publicado na rede social Facebook chamado: "Não confunda amor com abuso". Foram transcritos 571 comentários da publicação, sendo o corpus analisado pelo software Iramuteq. Os comentários analisados mostram que questões culturais contribuem para a banalização da violência contra a mulher, principalmente da violência psicológica, pois geralmente só é considerado como violência quando há agressão física. Percebe-se a importância de um trabalho de psicoeducação, como por exemplo através de vídeos orientativos, visando a conscientização da população e possível redução da violência. (AU)

Psychological violence is frequently encountered but often difficult to detect, as it is commonly present in abusive relationships and can be mistaken for jealousy and care. In the realm of social media, it can either be encouraged through posts or serve as a space for support and the sharing of experiences. The objective of this study was to analyze comments posted on social media platforms related to violence against women and its association with psychological violence. The netnography method was employed, involving textual analysis of comments on a video posted on the social media platform Facebook, titled "Não confunda amor com abuso" (Do Not Confuse Love with Abuse). A total of 571 comments from the post were transcribed and analyzed using the Iramuteq software. The analyzed comments reveal that cultural factors contribute to the trivialization of violence against women, particularly psychological violence, since the term violence is often only recognized when it escalates to physical aggression. The significance of psychoeducational efforts, such as informative videos, becomes apparent in raising awareness among the population and potentially reducing instances of violence. (AU)

La violencia psicológica es frecuente, sin embargo, difícil de detectar, a menudo presente en relaciones abusivas y confundida con celos y cuidados. En las redes sociales, esto se puede fomentar a través de publicaciones, así como un espacio de apoyo e intercambio de experiencias. El objetivo fue analizar los comen-tarios publicados en las redes sociales relacionados con la violencia contra las mujeres y su asociación con la violencia psicológica. Se utilizó el método de la netnografía, mediante el análisis textual de los comentarios de un video publicado en la red social Facebook denominado: "Não confunda amor com abuso". Se transcribieron 571 comentarios de la publicación, siendo analizado el corpus por el software Iramuteq. Los comentarios analizados muestran que las cuestiones culturales contribuyen a la banalización de la violencia contra a mujer, especialmente la psicológica, ya que generalmente solo se considera violencia cuando hay agresión física. Uno se da cuenta de la importancia del trabajo psicoeducativo, por ejemplo, a través de videos de orientación, desti-nados a sensibilizar a la población y posible reducción de la violencia. (AU)

Resiliencia y violencia en el noviazgo: un estudio explicativo-predictivo e instrumental con adolescentes colombianos

Introducción: los estudios sobre resiliencia y violencia psicológica en parejas adolescentes en Colombia son escasos, pues se ha explorado con mayor frecuencia la violencia en parejas adultas; además, la disposición de óptimos instrumentos de medida de la violencia psicológica en el cortejo adolescente es limitada. Objetivos: analizar la influencia de la resiliencia en la violencia psicológica en parejas adolescentes; para ello, inicialmente se validó el Cuestionario de Violencia Psicológica en el Cortejo (PDV-Q). Método: el estudio es explicativo-predictivo y de tipo instrumental. La muestra incidental estuvo conformada por 700 adolescentes colombianos, con edades entre 15 a 20 años (M = 18.40; DT = 1.56; 29.3 % hombres). Se reconoció la confiabilidad, la validez de contenido y de constructo con análisis factoriales; posteriormente, se analizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Resultados: se reconocieron evidencias adecuadas de validez y valores óptimos de confiabilidad del PDV-Q. El modelo SEM sugiere influencias inversas de la competencia personal sobre el rol de agresión y victimización; así como una influencia directa de la aceptación de uno mismo y la vida sobre la victimización. Conclusiones: los bajos niveles de aceptación de sí mismo y de la vida podrían ser un factor de riesgo de victimización; mientras que un alto desarrollo de competencias personales sería un factor de protección ante la victimización y la agresión en el cortejo adolescente. El PDV-Q posee óptimas propiedades psicométricas y es adecuado para medir la violencia psicológica en parejas de adolescentes colombianos.

Introduction: Studies on resilience and psychological violence in adolescent couples in Colombia are scarce, since violence in adult couples has been explored more frequently; in addition, the availability of optimal instruments for measuring psychological violence in adolescent courtship is limited. Objectives: Analyze the influence of resilience on psychological violence in adolescent couples; for this, the Psychological Violence Questionnaire in Partners (PVD-Q) was initially validated. Method: The study is explanatory-predictive and instrumental. The incidental sample consisted of 700 Colombian adolescents, aged 15 to 20 years (M = 18.40; SD = 1.56; 29.3 % men). Reliability, content and construct validity were recognized with factor analysis; Subsequently, structural equation models (SEM) were analyzed. Results: Adequate evidence of validity and optimal reliability values of the PVD-Q were recognized. The SEM model suggests inverse influences of personal competence on the role of aggression and victimization; as well as a direct influence of the acceptance of oneself and life on victimization. Conclusions: Low levels of acceptance of oneself and of life could be a risk factor for victimization; while a high development of personal skills would be a protective factor against victimization and aggression in adolescent courtship. The PVD-Q has optimal psychometric properties and is suitable for measuring psychological violence in couples of Colombian adolescents.

The relationship between compassion fatigue and workplace psychological violence, alexithymia, and empathy among clinical nurses / 中国职业医学

Objective: To study the relationship between compassion fatigue and workplace psychological violence, alexithymia, and empathy in clinical nurses. Methods: A total of 1 159 clinical nurses from 10 cities in Henan and Fujian Provinces were enrolled using the method of grabbing random balls. Questionnaires including Workplace Psychologically Violent Behaviors Instrument, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Jefferson Scale of Empathy Health Professionals, Professional Quality of Life Scale were used to investigate the status of workplace psychological violence, alexithymia, empathy, and compassion fatigue in participants. Bootstrap analysis was used to analyze the relationship between workplace psychological violence, alexithymia, empathy, and compassion fatigue scores. Results: The average score for workplace psychological violence among clinical nurses was (26.2±6.5), with 405 nurses (34.9%) having experienced workplace psychological violence. The scores for alexithymia, empathy and compassion fatigue were (58.3±12.3), (104.3±18.6) and (48.5±6.7) respectively. Mild compassion fatigue was detected in 34.9% of participants, while moderate to severe compassion fatigue accounted for 48.8%. Bootstrap test result showed that workplace psychological violence had a positive impact on compassion fatigue ［standardized effect value (β)=0.40, 95% confidence interval(CI)： 0.35-0.44］. Workplace psychological violence had separate mediating effects through alexithymia (β=0.15, 95%CI： 0.10-0.19), empathy (β=0.16, 95%CI： 0.10-0.21) , and a chain mediating effect through alexithymia and empathy on compassion fatigue (β=0.06, 95%CI： 0.03-0.09). Conclusion: Compassion fatigue symptoms are relatively common among clinical nurses. Experiencing workplace psychological violence directly affects compassion fatigue and can indirectly affect it through the mediating effects of alexithymia and empathy.

Análise do impacto psicológico ocasionado em mulheres vítimas de violência simbólica: uma revisão de literatura / Analysis of the psychological impact on women victims of symbolic violence: a literature review / Análisis del impacto psicológico en mujeres víctimas de violencia simbólica: una revisión bibliográfica

A violência contra a mulher é um ato ou conduta que pode causar morte ou sofrimento físico, mental e sexual, sendo um problema mundial e antigo que está presente no cotidiano das vítimas e, muitas vezes, é amenizada e até mesmo normalizada pela sociedade. E, com isso, pode resultar grande sofrimento das mulheres envolvidas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o impacto psicológico de mulheres vítimas de violência simbólica por meio da revisão de literatura. Para isso, utilizou-se como metodologia a revisão integrativa de literatura com abordagem qualitativa, possuindo enfoque nas bases de dados como: LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Medline entre os anos de 2018 a 2022. Foram utilizados descritores como: psychological violence, violence e emotional abuse resultando em 532 artigos com um total de 10 amostras para análise. Observou-se que um dos principais desafios para o psicólogo é a detecção da violência psicológica, que muitas vezes é invisível e subjetiva. Desse modo, é importante que o psicólogo esteja atento a sinais como a baixa autoestima, ansiedade, depressão, isolamento social, síndrome do pânico, entre outros, que podem indicar a presença de violência psicológica. Além disso, é fundamental que o psicólogo seja capacitado para identificar as diferentes formas de violência psicológica, como a manipulação emocional, a humilhação, a ameaça, o controle, entre outras.

Violence against women is an act or conduct that can cause death or physi- cal, mental, and sexual suffering. It is a worldwide and old problem that is present in the daily lives of victims and is often softened and even normalized by society. And, with this, great suffering of the women involved can result. In this sense, this research aims to analyze the psychological impact of women victims of symbolic violence through a lite- rature review. For this, the methodology used was an integrative literature review with a qualitative approach, focusing on databases such as: LILACS, SciELO, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Medline between the years 2018 and 2022. Descriptors were used as: psychological violence, violence and emotional abuse resulting in 532 articles with a total of 10 samples for analysis. It was observed that one of the main challenges for the psycho- logist is the detection of psychological violence, which is often invisible and subjective. Thus, it is important that the psychologist be aware of signs such as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, social isolation, panic syndrome, among others, which may indicate the presence of psychological violence. In addition, it is fundamental that the psychologist is trained to identify the different forms of psychological violence, such as emotional manipulation, humiliation, threats, and control, among others.

violencia contra las mujeres es un acto o conducta que puede causar la muerte o sufrimiento físico, mental y sexual, siendo un problema mundial y antiguo que está presente en el día a día de las víctimas y que muchas veces es suavizado e incluso normalizado por la sociedad. Y, con esto, puede resultar en un gran sufrimiento para las mujeres involucradas. En este sentido, esta investigación pretende analizar el impacto psicológico de las mujeres víctimas de violencia simbólica a través de una revisión bibli- ográfica. Para ello, la metodología utilizada fue una revisión bibliográfica integradora con enfoque cualitativo, centrada en bases de datos como: LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Vir- tual en Salud (BVS), Medline entre los años 2018 y 2022. Se utilizaron descriptores como: violencia psicológica, violencia y maltrato emocional dando como resultado 532 artículos con un total de 10 muestras para el análisis. Se observó que uno de los principa- les desafíos para el psicólogo es la detección de la violencia psicológica, que a menudo es invisible y subjetiva. Así, es importante que el psicólogo esté atento a señales como baja autoestima, ansiedad, depresión, aislamiento social, síndrome de pánico, entre otras, que pueden indicar la presencia de violencia psicológica. Además, es fundamental que el psicólogo esté capacitado para identificar las diferentes formas de violencia psicológica, como manipulación emocional, humillación, amenaza, control, entre otras.

Violência psicológica no cotidiano escolar: o que pensam os alunos? / Psychological violence in school education: what do students think? / La violencia psicológica en el cotidiano escolar: ¿qué piensan los estudiantes?

A pesquisa identificou e analisou a representação de 115 alunos do Ensino Fundamental I de duas escolas públicas de Minas Gerais acerca da violência no contexto escolar. Especificamente buscou-se verificar a respeito da violência psicológica na modalidade humilhação presente na relação educacional entre professores e alunos. A metodologia englobou observação do cotidiano da sala de aula e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos alunos apresenta uma representação da violência vinculada à verificação de agressões físicas, isto é, a representação da violência está ancorada à violência física, tal como em atos de bater, chutar, machucar, brigar, empurrar, esfaquear. Devido a estas representações, notou-se que a violência psicológica é pouco percebida pelos discentes, visto não haver atos físicos visíveis e pela representação de que um professor não age com violência, tendo seus atos explicados e justificados como parte do processo de ensino, o que inclui as atitudes agressivas e humilhantes, em alguns casos, vindas deste profissional. (AU)

The research identified and analyzed the representation of 115 students from Elementary School I of two public schools in Minas Gerais about violence in the school context. Specifically, we sought to verify the psychological violence in the modality humiliation present in the educational relationship between teachers and students. The methodology included observation of the classroom everyday and a semistructured interview. The results indicate that most of the students present a representation of violence related to the verification of physical aggressions, that is, the representation of violence is anchored to physical violence, such as in acts of beating, kicking, bruising, fighting, pushing, stabbing. Due to these representations, it was noticed that the psychological violence is little perceived by the students, since there are no physical acts visible and by the representation that a teacher does not act with violence, having their actions explained and justified as part of the teaching process, the which includes the aggressive and humiliating attitudes, in some cases, coming from this professional. (AU)

La investigación identificó y analizó la representación de 115 alumnos de enseñanza básica de dos escuelas públicas de Minas Gerais sobre la violencia en el contexto escolar. Específicamente, buscamos verificar la violencia psicológica en forma de humillación presente en la relación educativa entre docentes y estudiantes. La metodología incluyó la observación de la vida cotidiana en el aula y una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de los estudiantes presentan una representación de la violencia ligada a la verificación de la agresión física, o sea, la representación de la violencia está anclada a la violencia física, como en los actos de golpear, patear, lastimar, pelear, empujar, apuñalar. Debido a estas representaciones, se observó que la violencia psicológica es poco percibida por los estudiantes, ya que no hay actos físicos visibles y por la representación de que un docente no actúa con violencia, teniendo sus actos explicados y justificados como parte del proceso de enseñanza, lo que incluye actitudes agresivas y humillantes, en algunos casos, por parte de este profesional. (AU)

Study on Intimate Partner Violence Against Rural Tribal Women of Reproductive Age Group in Siliguri Subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal

Background: Since the early 1990s, several milestone international declarations have recognized violence against women as a violation of human rights. Intimate partner violence (IPV), often used synonymously with domestic abuse or domestic violence against women, is a big burden to our society which manifests itself in many forms and it has its existence in every corner of the world irrespective of all the boundaries. Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of IPV against reproductive age group tribal women in Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. Methodology: A cross?sectional study was carried out among 360 tribal women aged between 15 and 49 years residing at selected villages across Siliguri subdivision. Data regarding IPV were collected using the Indian Family Violence and Control Scale questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and multi?variable logistic regression was done to find out factors associated with domestic violence. Results: The study revealed that 70.3% of women had experienced domestic violence in any form in their lifetime. Logistic regression revealed that IPV was significantly associated with: age between 30 and 49 years, education above primary school, unskilled occupation, ? 2500 and above per?capita monthly income, and participants who are separated/broken up. Among the factors related to the male partner, literacy above primary school level was associated with experience to domestic violence. Conclusion: Domestic violence in all its manifestations was found to be present in the study population. The report may offer policymakers fresh perspectives on how to allocate funds for the complete elimination of domestic violence against women.

Violência emocional intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes e suas repercussões: uma revisão sistemática de literatura / Repercussions of emotional family violence against children and adolescents: a systematic review / Repercusiones de la violencia emocional intrafamiliar contra niños y adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as repercussões na infância, na adolescência e na vida adulta da violência emocional intrafamiliar vivenciada no período infanto-juvenil em artigos publicados entre 2009 e 2019, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de literatura. Para a organização dos dados, utilizou-se o software Zotero; para a sistematização e análises, o software SPSS (versão 2.3). Na infância e na adolescência, as principais repercussões foram sintomas internalizantes (ex.: ansiedade, depressão, problemas psicossomáticos, insegurança), problemas cognitivo-comportamentais e impactos no rendimento escolar. Na idade adulta, as principais repercussões foram sintomas externalizantes (ex.: agressividade, reprodução da violência) e sintomas internalizantes. Conclui-se que a violência emocional vivenciada na infância e na adolescência é transcultural, transgeracional e um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento, podendo ocasionar prejuízos cognitivo-comportamentais e interferir nos relacionamentos interpessoais ao longo do ciclo de vida. Tornar visível este tipo de violência contribui para enfrentamento e minimização dos efeitos negativos da violência.

This study aimed to identify the repercussions in childhood, adolescence and adulthood of intrafamily emotional violence experienced in children and adolescents in articles published between 2009 and 2019 through a systematic literature review. To organize the data, the Zotero software was used; for systematization and analysis assistance, the SPSS software (version 2.3). In childhood and adolescence, the main repercussions were internalizing symptoms (for instance: anxiety, depression), cognitive-behavioural problems and impacts on school performance. In adulthood, the main repercussions were externalizing symptoms (for instance: aggressiveness, reproduction of violence) and internalizing symptoms. It follows that the emotional violence experienced in childhood is cross-cultural, transgenerational, and a risk factor for development, as it can cause cognitive-behavioural losses and interfere in interpersonal relationships throughout the life cycle. Making this type of violence visible helps to face and minimize the negative effects of violence.

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura fue identificar las repercusiones en la infancia, adolescencia y vida adulta de la violencia emocional intrafamiliar experimentada en niños y adolescentes en artículos publicados entre 2009 y 2019. Para organizar los datos, se utilizó el software Zotero; para la sistematización y análisis, el software SPSS (versión 2.3). En la infancia y la adolescencia, las principales repercusiones fueron los síntomas internos (ansiedad, depresión), problemas cognitivo-conductuales e impactos en el rendimiento escolar. En la edad adulta, las principales repercusiones fueron síntomas externos (agresividad, reproducción de violencia) y síntomas internos. La violencia emocional experimentada en la infancia es transcultural, transgeneracional y un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo, ya que puede causar impedimentos cognitivo-conductuales e interferir en las relaciones interpersonales a lo largo del ciclo de vida. Hacer visible este tipo de violencia ayuda a enfrentar y minimizar los efectos negativos de la violencia.

Assédio moral no trabalho, aposentadoria e dinâmica familiar: repercussões percebidas pelo casal / Workplace bullying, retirement and family dynamics: repercussions identified by the couple / Acoso moral en el trabajo, jubilación y dinámica familiar: repercusiones identificadas por la pareja

O presente estudo qualitativo objetivou compreender repercussões do assédio moral no trabalho e do processo de aposentadoria na dinâmica familiar, na perspectiva do casal. É um estudo de caso único, cuja esposa estava em fase de aposentadoria e vivenciando situação de assédio moral no trabalho. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com o casal. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo categorial. Os resultados evidenciaram repercussões diretas do assédio moral no trabalho, nos aspectos físicos e emocionais da esposa e conflitos na família, o que demandou reorganizações e adaptações entre os subsistemas familiares. Conclui-se sobre a importância do reconhecimento das relações conjugais e familiares como estratégias de intervenção para o enfrentamento das situações de assédio, no contexto laboral, na fase de aposentadoria.

This qualitative study aimed to understand the repercussions of workplace bullying and the process of retirement on family dynamics, from the perspective of the couple. It is a single case study, in which the wife was retiring while experiencing workplace bullying. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the couple. Categorical content analysis was performed. Results showed direct repercussions of workplace bullying on the wife's physical and emotional condition and also caused conflicts in the family, which required a reorganization and adaptation of family subsystems. The conclusions indicate the importance of recognition of marital and family relations, as intervention strategies to cope with workplace bullying, in the labor context, in the retirement phase.

El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo fue comprender las repercusiones del acoso moral en el trabajo y del proceso de jubilación en la dinámica familiar, en la perspectiva de la pareja. Es un estudio de caso unico, cuya esposa estaba en fase de jubilación y vivenciando la situación de acoso moral en el trabajo. Los datos fueron recolectados con entrevistas semi-estructuradas con la pareja. Fue realizado análisis de contenido. Los resultados evidenciaron repercusiones directas del acoso moral en el trabajo, en los aspectos físicos y emocionales de la esposa y conflictos en la familia, lo que demandó reorganizaciones y adaptaciones entre los subsistemas familiares. Se concluye sobre la importancia del reconocimiento de las relaciones conyugales y familiares, como estrategias de intervención para el enfrentamiento de las situaciones de acoso, en el contexto laboral, en la fase de jubilación.

Status and influencing factors of psychological violence against healthcare workers in a secondary Grade A hospital / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To study the status and influencing factors of psychological violence in healthcare workers(HCWs) of a secondary Grade A hospital. METHODS: A total of 1 028 HCWs in a secondary Grade A hospital were selected as the study subjects in 2019 using a typical sampling method. The psychological violence they had received in the previous year was investigated using the Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Country Case Studies Research Instruments--Survey Questionnaire. The results were compared with the baseline survey results in 2018. RESULTS: The incidence of psychological violence in the workplace of HCWs in 2019 was 41.6%, among which the incidence of verbal abuse, bullying/gang bullying, sexual harassment and racial discrimination were 40.2%, 9.9%, 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively. The incidence of verbal abuse, bullying/gang bullying and psychological violence among HCWs in 2019 were decreased compared with that in 2018(45.7% vs 40.2%, 12.8% vs 9.9%, 47.1% vs 41.6%, all P<0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis results showed that the HCWs in medical technology, internal medicine, surgery, outpatient and emergency departments were at higher risk of verbal abuse than that in administrative departments(all P<0.01). The HCWs in direct contact with patients had a higher risk of verbal abuse and psychological violence(all P<0.01). The HCWs aged <35 and those with night-shift-work had higher risks of bullying/gang bullying(all P<0.05). Male HCWs had a higher risk of sexual harassment than female HCWs(P<0.05). The coping style of attempting to conceal the occurrence of the incident after HCWs suffered psychological violence dropped from 5.8% in 2018 to 0.5% in 2019(P<0.01), and the proportion of no response was as high as 59.1%. CONCLUSION: The psychological violence of HCWs in this hospital is very serious and has specific features. The incidence of psychological violence decreased compared with that a year ago, but there is still room for improvement. The influencing factors of psychological violence are complex and the consequences are serious. Therefore, it is urgent for HCWs and hospital management departments to improve their management methods.

Investigation on workplace violence countermeasures in a Grade 2A hospital / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of perpetrators of hospital workplace violence(WPV) on healthcare workers(HCWs) and the countermeasures. METHODS: A total of 978 HCWs was selected as the research subjects in a Grade 2 A hospital using a typical sampling method. The source of the perpetrators of hospital WPV, the subjects′ response to WPV, their degree of worry, their final coping styles and their satisfaction with the coping styles were investigated by the Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Country Case Studies Research Instruments--Survey Questionnaire. RESULTS: The incidence rate of workplace physical violence among HCWs was 8.79%(86/978). The perpetrators were mainly from patients and their family members(82.28%). The main responses to physical violence were to stop the perpetrator with words, talk to colleagues, inform the leaders in charge and try to prevent physical violence from recurring(58.59%). The degree of worry about physical violence was mainly very worried(52.33%). The final coping style was ″nothing was done″(76.75%). The satisfaction of HCWs to physical violence coping styles was very unsatisfied, unsatisfied and uncertain(86.05%). The incidence rate of workplace psychological violence among HCWs was 47.14%(461/978). The perpetrators were mainly patients and their family members(80.40%). The main responses to psychological violence were talking to colleagues, not responding, using language to stop the perpetrator and informing the leaders in charge(71.41%). The degree of worry was very worried and uncertain(71.58%). The final coping style was ″do nothing″ and verbal warning(83.08%). The satisfaction of HCWs to psychological violence coping styles was very unsatisfied, unsatisfied and uncertain(83.08%).CONCLUSION: Patients and their family members are the main perpetrators of hospital WPV, but the parallel violence from HCWs can′t be ignored. We do not have a good way to deal with most of the hospital WPV. The number of HCWs seeking legal protection and union support is extremely low. It is urgent to explore effective management mode to deal with hospital WPV.

Postura e intervenções do gestalt-terapeuta frente à violência psicológica contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo / Posture and interventions of the gestalt-therapist in the face of psychological violence against woman by an intimate partner / Postura e intervenciones del gestalt-terapeuta frente a la violencia psicológica contra la mujer por parte de una pareja íntima

A violência psicológica por parceiro íntimo ocorre entre cônjuges ou namorados e frequentemente tem a mulher a vítima deste abuso. Visto que toda violência física foi precedida de uma violência psicológica, postula-se a importância deste tema como uma forma de prevenção e alerta para a sociedade. O Gestalt-terapeuta deve estar preparado ao se deparar com estes casos e saber quais posturas assumir em diferentes contextos. Para isso, o presente estudo apresenta um estudo teórico sobre violência psicológica por parceiro íntimo pautado em uma pesquisa nos principais periódicos da abordagem gestáltica no país. A discussão aborda cinco termos que mais apareceram nos trabalhos nacionais, são eles: Heterossuporte, Awareness, Redução Fenomenológica, Trabalho com Emoções e Autoestima. Nesta discussão, busca-se compreender os conceitos a luz da teoria gestáltica e sua aplicação no atendimento às mulheres vítimas de violência psicológica por parceiro íntimo.

Psychological intimate partner violence occurs between spouses or boyfriends and often has the woman the victim of this abuse. Since all physical violence was preceded by psychological violence, the importance of this theme is postulated as a form of prevention and alertness to society. The Gestalt-therapist should be prepared to come across these cases and know which positions to take in different contexts. For this, the present study presents a theoretical study on psychological violence by intimate partner based on a research in the main journals of the Gestalt approach in the country. The discussion addresses five terms that have appeared the most in the national works, they are: Environmental Support, Awareness, Phenomenological Reduction, Work with Emotions and Self-esteem. In this discussion, we seek to understand the concepts in light of gestalt theory and its application in the care of women victims of psychological violence by intimate partner.

La violencia psicológica de la pareja íntima ocurre entre cónyuges o novios y com frecuencia tiene a la mujer como víctima del abuso. Dado que toda violencia física se procede por violencia psicológica, la importância del tema se postula como una forma de prevención y atención a la sociedad. El terapeuta Gestalt debe prepararse para enfrentar estos casos y saber qué posiciones adoptar en diferentes contextos. El presente manuscrito presenta um estudio teórico sobre la violencia psicológica por pareja íntima basado en una investigación em las principales revistas del enfoque Gestalt em el país. La discusión aborda cinco conceptos que han aparecido más en las obras nacionales, que son: Apoyo ambiental, Conciencia, Reducción fenomenológica, Trabajocon emociones y Autoestima. E nesta discusión, buscamos comprenderlos conceptos a la luz de la teoría de la gestalt y sua plicación em el cuidado de las mujeres víctimas de violencia psicológica por parte de supareja.

Intimate Partner Violence: Controlling Behavior and Triggers of Aggression / Violência entre Parceiros Íntimos: Controle de Comportamentos e Disparadores da Agressão / Violencia entre Parejas: Control de Comportamientos y Desencadenantes de la Agresión

Abstract It is necessary to better understand the context in which intimate partner violence occurs. This study aimed to examine the occurrence of physical violence between intimate partners, based on the reports of women involved in these situations, by identifying the circumstances in which the physical violence occurs and the presence of controlling behavior in these relationships. We conducted a community survey using probabilistic sampling (144 women), administering the following instruments: socio-demographic questionnaire, CTS2, AUDIT. Fifty-seven women of our sample reported episodes of physical violence and were invited to participate in a semi-structured qualitative interview. Most of the reports obtained in the interviews did not confirm the episodes of physical violence initially identified by the scale, showing disagreements between the research instruments. Personal characteristics of the perpetrator of the violence, male alcohol use and aspects of the affective relationship were identified as important triggers of intimate partner violence. Controlling behaviors in combination with physical violence revealed varying degrees of domination occurring in the dyads.

Resumo Compreender o contexto em que ocorre a violência entre casais é necessário. Este estudo teve por objetivo estudar a ocorrência de violência física entre parceiros íntimos, a partir dos relatos de mulheres envolvidas nessas situações, identificando as circunstâncias nas quais o comportamento de violência física ocorre e a presença do controle de comportamentos nessas relações. Em levantamento comunitário por amostragem probabilística (144 mulheres), foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, CTS2, AUDIT. Desta amostra, 57 mulheres referiram violência física e foram convidadas a responder entrevista qualitativa semiestruturada. A maioria dos relatos obtidos em entrevista não confirmou a violência física inicialmente identificada pela escala, evidenciando discordâncias entre os instrumentos de pesquisa. Características pessoais do autor da violência, o consumo de álcool masculino e aspectos do relacionamento afetivo foram identificados como importantes disparadores das agressões entre parceiros. O controle de comportamentos associado à violência física retratou diferentes graus de dominação nas díades.

Resumen Es necesario comprender el contexto en el que ocurre la violencia entre parejas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la ocurrencia de violencia física entre parejas, basándose en los informes de mujeres involucradas en estas situaciones, los cuales presentan las circunstancias en las que ocurre el comportamiento de violencia física y la presencia de control comportamental en estas relaciones. En una encuesta comunitaria por muestreo probabilístico (144 mujeres), se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico, CTS2 y AUDIT. De esta muestra, 57 mujeres habían referido sufrir violencia física y fueron invitadas a responder una entrevista cualitativa semiestructurada. La mayoría de los informes obtenidos en la entrevista no confirmaron la violencia física inicialmente identificada por la escala, lo que apunta desacuerdos entre los instrumentos de la investigación. Las características personales del autor de la violencia, el consumo de alcohol por los hombres y los aspectos de la relación afectiva se identificaron como importantes desencadenantes de las agresiones entre parejas. El control del comportamiento asociado con la violencia física retrata diferentes grados de dominación en las díadas.

Propuesta de intervención sicoeducativa para modificar comportamientos de violencia intrafamiliar / A proposal of psychoeducational intervention to modify domestic-violence behaviors

RESUMEN Fundamento: La violencia intrafamiliar afecta a niveles crecientes la salud física, sicológica, emocional y social de quienes la padecen. Objetivo: Elaborar una propuesta de intervención sicoeducativa para modificar comportamientos de violencia intrafamiliar. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, la población estuvo conformada por 40 familias disfuncionales con presencia de violencia intrafamiliar. De ellas se seleccionó una muestra de 14 familias. Para la obtención de los datos se utilizaron las técnicas: entrevista familiar, entrevista a informantes claves, test de percepción de funcionamiento familiar (FF-SIL), observación participante, dibujo de la familia y entrevista a profundidad a los miembros adultos. Para la evaluación de la estrategia se seleccionaron 14 profesionales y se emplearon los métodos: criterios de expertos a través de un cuestionario y la técnica Delphi. Resultados: Los resultados permitieron elaborar la estrategia sicoeducativa a partir de la prevalencia en las familias de violencia sicológica, la existencia de inadecuados estilos de comunicación y educativos, mayor incidencia de violencia en niños, adolescentes y adultos mayores con el fin de modificar comportamientos de violencia intrafamiliar. El 100 % de los profesionales evidenció un consenso generalizado en la valoración de la propuesta y con ello la aplicabilidad de la intervención. Conclusiones: Se elaboró la propuesta de intervención sicoeducativa, en la que se evaluaron de pertinentes las acciones de la intervención.

ABSTRACT Background: Domestic violence affects the physical, psychological, emotional and social health of those who suffer from it at increasing levels. Objective: To develop a proposal of psychoeducational intervention to modify domestic-violence behaviors. Methodology: A qualitative investigation was carried out; the population was made by 40 dysfunctional families with the presence of domestic violence. A sample of 14 families was selected. The techniques used to obtain the data were: family interview, interview to key informants, family functioning perception test (FF-SIL), participant observation, family drawing and in-depth interview to adult members. For the evaluation of the strategy, 14 professionals were selected and the methods used were: expert criteria through a questionnaire and the Delphi technique. Results: The results allowed the elaboration of the psychoeducational strategy based on the prevalence of psychological violence in families, the existence of inadequate communication and educational styles, a greater incidence of violence in children, adolescents and the elderly in order to modify domestic violence behaviors. 100 % of the professionals showed a general consensus in the evaluation of the proposal and with it the applicability of the intervention. Conclusions: The proposal of psychoeducational intervention was elaborated, in which the intervention actions were evaluated as pertinent.

Prevalence and associated factors of domestic violence against married rural women of Gurugram, Haryana

Background: The global health burden from domestic violence against women in reproductive age group is about 9.5 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Women suffering from violence have more chances of suffering from physical, emotional, and mental problems such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The objectives of the present study are to find the prevalence and awareness of domestic violence in an urban slum of Gurugram and to elicit associated risk factors and the reasons for tolerance of domestic violence.Methods: A community based, cross sectional study was conducted among married women (18-45 years) using a semi structured questionnaire in a rural area of Gurugram by systematic random sampling. Sample size collected was 900. Study population was enquired about the awareness regarding domestic violence, self-experience about domestic violence and about the form of violence experienced and the reasons for their tolerance. Data was entered and analyzed using Epi Info ver 7.Results: Total 980 subjects were enquired about their awareness and self-experience of domestic violence. Overall prevalence of domestic violence in the study population was 28%. Prevalence of domestic violence was statistically significantly associated with education, employment, duration of marriage (p value <0.05).The prevalence was highest of emotional violence (40.5%), followed by physical (33.4%), economic (21.4%) and sexual violence (4.7%).Conclusions: Public health professionals should emphasis on measures to raise public awareness so that women can talk freely about domestic violence and its consequences and help in mitigating this medico-social problem.

Correlation between inclusive leadership style of operating room nurses and psychological violence among nurses and colleagues / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To investigate the status of inclusive leadership style of nurses in operating room and psychological violence among nurses and colleagues, and to analyze the correlation between them.@*Methods@#From September to October 2018, a convenient sampling method was adopted. A total of 202 operating room nurses from 2 second-class hospitals and 4 third-grade hospitals in Qingdao, Shandong Province were selected as research subjects. Questionnaire survey was conducted on the Inclusive Leadership Scale and the Chinese version of the Workplace Psychological Violence Scale.@*Results@#The total score of the head of the inclusive leadership in the operating room was 46.53±4.98; the total score of psychological violence in the nurses' workplace was 30.59±5.67; the headroom of the operating room was inclusive and the psychological violence of the nurses. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.691--0.489, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The inclusive leadership style of the head nurse in the operating room can affect the psychological violence of the nurses in the workplace. The head nurse should pay attention to the characteristics of the inclusive leadership style, thus effectively reduce the psychological violence between colleagues.

A família e os papeis de gênero na adolescência / Roles familiares y de género en la adolescencia / Family and gender roles on adolescence

Resumo Os papeis femininos e masculinos na sociedade brasileira passaram a ser questionados e modificados, afetando a família e revelando problemáticas que demandam atenção, apesar da suposta igualdade entre os sexos alcançados na sociedade contemporânea. O estudo é de abordagem qualitativa, utilizou-se entrevistas e a análise temática de conteúdo. Participaram adolescentes entre 14 e 16 anos. Foi possível observar que as interações e socialização ocorrida dentro do âmbito familiar ainda funciona como mecanismo de imposição e reforço de papeis "naturalizados" como femininos e masculinos, contribuindo para a persistência das condições sociais de desigualdade. Diante desse contexto, recomenda-se práticas de educação continuada nas escolas, sociedades e através de políticas públicas voltadas para facilitar o processo de ressignificação dos papeis de gênero na atualidade.

Resumen Los roles femeninos y masculinos en la sociedad brasileña han sido cuestionados y modificados, afectando a la familia y revelando problemas que requieren atención, a pesar de la supuesta igualdad de género lograda en la sociedad contemporánea. El estudio tiene un enfoque cualitativo, se utilizaron entrevistas y análisis temática de contenido. Participaron adolescentes entre 14 y 16 años. Se observó que las interacciones y la socialización que ocurrieron dentro de la familia todavía funcionan como un mecanismo de imposición y refuerzo de roles "naturalizados" como mujeres y hombres que contribuyen a la persistencia de las condiciones sociales de desigualdad. En este contexto, se recomiendan prácticas de educación continua en las escuelas, las sociedades y a través de políticas públicas destinadas a facilitar el proceso de resignificación de los roles de género en la actualidad.

Abstract Female and male roles in Brazilian society have been questioned and modified, affecting the family and revealing issues that require attention despite the supposed gender equality achieved in contemporary society. The study has a qualitative approach, and interviews and thematic content analysis were used. Participants were adolescents between 14 and 16 years old. It was observed that the interactions and socialization that occur within the family still work as mechanisms of imposition and reinforcement of female and male "naturalized" roles, which contributes to the persistence of social conditions of inequality. In this context, continuing education practices are recommended in schools, societies and through public policies aimed at facilitating the process of resignification of gender roles today.

Exposición a la violencia durante la formación profesional de los residentes médicos / Exposure to violence during the vocational training of resident physicians

Resumen Las residencias médicas garantizan la formación y preparación de los futuros especialistas, no solo académica, sino también humana. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de maltrato, discriminación y abusos en los residentes médicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar experiencias de violencia física, psicológica o sexual de los residentes médicos del estado de Veracruz, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante una metodología cuantitativa, de una población conformada por 656 médicos residentes de 16 unidades receptoras durante el año 2014. El 87 % reportó por lo menos una experiencia de agresión en su tiempo de formación como especialistas y hasta el 50.46 % refirió violencia psicológica. Sus principales agresores fueron jefes de servicio (33.5 %) y compañeros residentes (33.5 %), viéndose más afectados en el turno matutino (34.76 %). De la población total, 51.52 % son hombres y 48.48 % mujeres. En relación al análisis bivariado se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: correlación entre sexo y violencia psicológica: X 2 = 9.740 6, p = 0.004; violencia fisica: X 2 = 4.876 4, p = 0.003; y violencia sexual: X 2 = 4.868 4, P = 0.001. Los varones presentaron tasas de agresión más altas en el grupo de médicos residentes sometidos a mayor nivel de violencia psicológica, física y sexual. Con este estudio se enfatiza la importancia de forjar valores institucionales en la práctica médica, como el respeto y la dignidad, entre los médicos residentes, superiores y/o profesionales que intervienen en la formación y perfeccionamiento de sus especialidades.

Abstract The Medical residencies guarantee the academic and human apprenticeship and training of the future medical specialists. Nevertheless, there is evidence of maltreatment, discrimination and abuse against the medical residents. The purpose of this work was to identify experiences of physical, psychological or sexual violence of medical residents in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. A cross-sectional quantitative analysis was carried out focusing on a population of 656 residents from 16 receiving medical centers during 2014. Results indicate that 87% reported at least one experience of physical violence during their medical internship as specialists. Additionally, and up to 50.46% it reported psychological violence. The main aggressors were reported to be chiefs of service (33T5 %) and resident partners (33.5 %) and participants were more affected during the morning shift (34.76 %). 51.52 % of the participating population are males and 48.48 % are fema les. As regards The bivariate analysis revealed the following results: correlation between gender and psychological violence: X2 = 9.740 6, p = 0.004; physical violence: X2 = 4.876 4, p = 0.003; and sexual violence: X2 = 4.868 4, p = 0.001. Males reported higher aggression rates in their medical internships since they were subject to higher levels of psychological, physical and sexual violence. The results of the study emphasize the importance of forging institutional values as an integral part of medical residency programs. Respect and the dignity among medical residents, superiors and health professionals who are involved in training and apprenticeships of specialists should be promoted.

Violência conjugal: mapeamento do fenômeno no Rio Grande do Sul / Intimate partner violence: mapping the phenomenon in Rio Grande do Sul / La violencia conyugal: mapeo del fenómeno en Rio Grande do Sul

Os dados sobre violência conjugal costumam ser imprecisos devido a diversos fatores. Entre eles, o fato de retratarem, preponderantemente, a violência visível (física ou sexual), serem obtidos em delegacias e basearem-se na visão de apenas um dos parceiros; sendo que muitos casos não são denunciados. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear a violência conjugal no Rio Grande do Sul, em relação à presença de coerção sexual, agressão física e psicológica. Participaram 751 casais de distintas regiões do Estado. Os instrumentos foram: questionário de dados sociodemográficos e Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Os resultados evidenciaram índices elevados de violência mútua e simétrica entre os casais, ou seja, cometida por ambos os parceiros. Identificou-se que a idade, a escolaridade, a renda e o tempo de relacionamento estiveram associados aos níveis de violência conjugal em suas diferentes dimensões (p<0,05). Ressalta-se a necessidade de se repensar as intervenções com casais em situação de violência.

Data on intimate partner violence are often inaccurate due to several factors. Among them, there are the facts that they portray mainly the visible violence (physical or sexual), are obtained in police stations and are based on the view of only one of the partners; considering that many cases are not reported. The aim of this study was to map domestic violence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in relation to the presence of sexual coercion, physical and psychological aggression. 751 couples from different geographical areas of the state participated. The instruments used were: a socio-demographic questionnaire and Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Level of education, income, length and situation of the relationship were associated with conjugal violence in its different dimensions (p<0,05). The results highlighted the existence of mutual and symmetrical aggressions between couples, differently from the traditional gender studies, pointing the importance to rethink the interventions with couples in situations of violence.

Los datos sobre la violencia de la pareja son a menudo inexactos debido a varios factores. Entre ellos, el hecho de retratar principalmente a la violencia visible (física o sexual), seren obtenidos en las comisarías y considerar la opinión de uno solo de los cónyuges. También demasiados casos no se notifican. El objetivo de este estudio fue mapear la violencia doméstica en Rio Grande do Sul, por la presencia de la coerción sexual, violencia física y agresión psicológica. Participaron 751 parejas de diferentes regiones del estado. Los instrumentos fueran cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Los resultados mostraron altos índices de violencia cometidos por los cónyuges. Se encontró que la edad, la educación, los ingresos y la duración de la relación se asociaron con niveles de violencia doméstica en sus distintas dimensiones (p<0,05). Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de replantear las intervenciones con las parejas en situación de violencia.

Violência contra o homem perpetrada por sua parceira: perspectivas de psicólogos e assistentes sociais / Violence against man perpetrated by his partner: perspectives of psychologists and social workers

A violência entre parceiros íntimos (VPI) é um fenômeno social e um problema de saúde pública. Entretanto, na maioria dos casos, é abordada apresentando a mulher como vítima e homem seu respectivo agressor. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa realizou um levantamento com profissionais e estagiários de psicologia e do serviço social a fim de investigar suas percepções, visões e experiências acerca da violência contra o homem, perpetrada por sua parceira íntima, no município de Juiz de Fora/MG, bem como levantar dados da VPI contra o homem. Para análise utilizou-se estatística descritiva e a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Inicialmente foi feito um mapeamento das instituições e do número de profissionais. Por fim, o estudo entrevistou 40 profissionais e estagiários da psicologia e do serviço social atuantes na área judicial, CRAS e CREAS. Dos resultados 95.0% informaram acreditar que o homem pode ser vítima da VP e 37.5% já atenderam homens. Desta forma, percebe-se a existência da VPI contra o homem no município.

The intimate partner violence (IPV) is a social phenomenon and a public health problem. However, in most of cases, is addressed presenting the woman as victim and man as her respective aggressor. The present study aimed to collect data with psychology and social service professionals and interns in order to investigate their perceptions, views and experiences about violence against men perpetrated by their intimate partner in the city of Fora / MG. Besides that, raise data about VPI against man. For analysis, we used descriptive statistics and analysis of content by Bardin. Initially, the researchers mapped the institutions and the number of professionals working. In the end, 40 professionals and trainees in psychology and social service who have worked in the judiciary service, CRAS and CREAS were interviewed. Of total results 95.0% reported to believe in men victims of IPV and 37.5% had already treated male victims. Thus, we find the existence of IPV against men in this city.

A queixa de assédio moral no trabalho e a psicoterapia / The workplace mobbing complaint and the psychotherapy / La queja de acoso moral laboral y la psicoterapia

As relações interpessoais em ambientes de trabalho podem ser complexas, permeadas de múltiplas significações. Por vezes, alguns trabalhadores podem chegar a ser submetidos a situações emocionalmente penosas ou mesmo humilhantes. Classificam-se como assédio moral as situações em que a violência emocional é deliberada e repetidamente provocada contra uma pessoa. Dada a importância que o trabalho tem para as pessoas, dificuldades experimentadas no seu âmbito podem ter importantes repercussões subjetivas. Há pessoas que buscam atendimento por distúrbios desencadeados por situações consideradas como assédio moral no trabalho. Neste artigo, discute-se a psicoterapia nestas situações, chamando à atenção o manejo clínico no que se refere às conjugações de aspectos do contexto social de trabalho, eventualmente violentos e injustos, e os aspectos da subjetividade característicos da constituição psíquica de cada um. Recorrendo a autores como Ferenczi, valoriza-se o reconhecimento do potencial traumatogênico de algumas situações do contexto em que o indivíduo se insere. Por outro lado, são apontados os riscos que a psicoterapia corre quando o entendimento do psicoterapeuta passa a ser pautado pela crítica social, comprometendo a especificidade da escuta clínica.

Interpersonal relationships at work can be complex, with multiple meanings. Sometimes people experience emotionally painful or even humiliating situations at work. Psychological harassment and mobbing are expressions used to refer to situations in which emotional violence is deliberately and repeatedly committed against a person in a professional environment. Given the importance of work to people, difficulties experienced in work context may have important subjective repercussions. There are people who seek psychotherapy for experiencing disorders caused by situations qualified as mobbing at work. This paper aims to discuss psychotherapy in such cases, focusing on the clinical handling that should take into account combinations of aspects of the social context of work, which are eventually violent and unfair, and the subjective aspects of the psychic constitution of each individual. Based on authors like Ferenczi, emphasis is given to the importance of recognizing the traumatogenic potential eventually presented by some situations in which the individual is involved. On the other hand, there is also discussion on the risks that psychotherapy runs when the psychotherapist's understanding is supported on social criticism, thus compromising the specificity of clinical listening.

Las relaciones interpersonales en los ambientes de trabajo pueden ser complejas, con múltiples significados. A veces algunos trabajadores están sujetos a situaciones emocionalmente penosas, aun humillantes. Son clasificadas como acoso moral aquellas situaciones en que ocurre violencia emocional deliberada y repetidamente dirigida contra una persona. Dada la importancia que el trabajo tiene para la gente, las dificultades allí experimentadas pueden tener importantes repercusiones subjetivas. Hay personas que buscan la psicoterapia a partir de trastornos posiblemente relacionados a situaciones de acoso moral en el trabajo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el manejo clínico de la psicoterapia en estas situaciones, marcadas por combinaciones de aspectos del contexto social del trabajo, a veces violento e injusto, y aspectos característicos de la constitución psíquica de cada uno. Utilizando autores como Ferenczi, se valora el reconocimiento del potencial traumatogénico de algunas situaciones del contexto en el cual se inserta el individuo. Por otro lado, son discutidos los riesgos a que la psicoterapia está sujeta cuando la comprensión del psicoterapeuta queda marcada por la crítica social y por posiciones políticas tomadas a priori, resultando en perjuicio de la especificidad de la escucha clínica.