Traumatic Experiences and Psychopathological symptoms in Prison Population and General Population

Traumatic events are stressful episodes that exceed an individual's coping resources and have been related to physical and mental health problems, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder. This study aims to compare the prison population and the general population in terms of trauma and psychopathological symptoms derived from exposure to traumatic events in the context of Ecuador. It is a descriptive-comparative and cross-sectional study. The study sample consisted of 99 incarcerated individuals and 84 persons from the general population of Ambato-Ecuador. The results indicate that persons from the prison population have experienced multiple traumas and re-victimization to a greater extent and present a higher percentage of PTSD and psychopathological symptoms than the general population. In that sense, it is a population that requires more significant intervention to reduce symptoms and prevent violent behavior.

Los eventos traumáticos son hechos estresantes que exceden los recursos de afrontamiento de un individuo y han sido relacionados con problemas de salud física y mental, particularmente con el trastorno de estrés postraumàtico. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar las experiencias traumáticas y los síntomas psicopatológicos entre la población penitenciaria y la población general. Es un estudio descriptivo-comparativo de corte transversal. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por 99 individuos encarcelados y 84 individuos de la población general de Ambato (Ecuador). Los resultados indican que los participantes de la población penitenciaria han experimentado en mayor medida múltiples traumas y revictimización; presentan un mayor número de síntomas psicopatológicos y un porcentaje más elevado de TEPT que la población general. Las diferencias que se presentan entre la población penitenciaria y la población general pueden deberse a que las personas encarceladas son más vulnerables a estar expuestas a eventos potencialmente traumáticos por su propia situación social. La población penitenciaria requiere una mayor intervención para reducir los síntomas psicopatológicos provocados por el trauma.

Symptoms and online intimate partner violence during the Covid-19 Quarantine / Síntomas psicopatológicos y violencia online de pareja durante la cuarentena por el covid-19

Abstract Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the physical and mental health of the population in general, in addition, during the quarantine, online intimate partner violence behaviours may arise, which increases the probability of psychopathological symptoms, with alterations in emotional and affective states. Objective: The purpose this study was examine the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and online intimate partner violence behaviours during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: The design was correlational cross-sectional comparative, the sample nonprobability with the participation of 588 people of between 18 and 46 years of age. Symptom ChecklistSCL-36, Cyber dating abuse questionnaire and Sociodemographic questionnaire Results: Out of the total, 60 % reported having perpetrated a controlling behaviour and 54,3 % claimed to have been a victim of online abuse in your relationship, during the quarantine. It was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between cyber abuse, for both victimization and perpetration, and the psychopathological Symptomsby the Symptom Check List-36. A positive and significant relationship was also found between some symptoms assessed by the Symptom Check List-36 and sleep quality, cigarette consumption, and the intake of alcoholic and energising beverages during the quarantine. These results show that mental health may be affected by the confinement during the pandemic. Moreover, during the quarantine, intimate partner violence behaviours may arise, altering the emotional and affective state of individuals, with the appearance of symptoms of psychological disorders. Conclusions: Therefore, future investigations should be geared towards intervention programmes to reduce the psychological impact on the people affected.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia por Covid-19 afecta la salud física y mental de la población en general, además, durante el tiempo de cuarentena se puede presentar violencia online de pareja, lo que aumenta la probabilidad que se presenten síntomas psicopatológicos, con alteraciones en los estados emocionales y afectivos. Objetivo: Por lo tanto, este estudio examinó la relación entre los síntomas psicopatológicos y comportamientos de violencia online de pareja durante Pandemia de covid-19. Método: El diseño fue correlacional comparativo transversal y la muestra no probabilística con la participación de 588 personas (18 y 46 años); los instrumentos que se emplearon en esta investigación fueron el cuestionario SCL-36, Escala de abuso online en relaciones y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Resultados: El 60 % informó haber utilizado conductas de control y el 54,3 % refirieron haber sido víctima de abuso online en su relación en el tiempo de cuarentena. Se encontró que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre las conductas de violencia online tanto para la victimización y perpetración, con los síntomas psicopatológicos que evalúa SCL-36. También se encontró una relación significativa y positiva con algunos síntomas que evalúa el SCL-36 y la calidad del sueño, consumo de cigarrillo, ingesta de bebidas embriagantes y energizantes en el tiempo de cuarentena. Conclusiones: Estos resultados muestran que pueden aparecer síntomas psicopatológicos por el confinamiento durante la pandemia; además, que durante la cuarentena se pueden presentar conductas de violencia online en la pareja alterando el estado emocional y afectivo con la aparición de síntomas de trastornos psicológicos, por lo tanto, las futuras investigaciones deben dirigirse a programas de intervención para disminuir el impacto psicológico en las personas afectadas.

Síntomas psicopatológicos y emocionales asociados a malos tratos en parejas de adolescentes de Floridablanca, Colombia / Psychopathological and emotional symptoms associated with abuse in adolescent couples in Floridablanca, Colombia

Diversos estudios han demostrado que los malos tratos en el noviazgo son un problema de alta prevalencia que afecta a adolescentes de diferentes edades y diversos contextos socioculturales, comprometiendo su desarrollo integral y bienestar. El objetivo general de este estudio fue conocer los síntomas psicopatológicos y emocionales asociados a los malos tratos por parte de la pareja entre adolescentes de Floridablanca, Colombia. Los participantes fueron 261 estudiantes de dos colegios de Floridablanca con edades entre los 13 y 19 años (M = 15; DT = 1.80). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Conflict in Adolescent Dating Re-lationships Inventory (CADRI), versión española, y la Lista de Síntomas SCL-90-R. Se encontró, teniendo en cuenta la direccionalidad en la violencia de género en el noviazgo, una prevalencia general de un 94.2 % de los participantes. En cuanto al género, el 41 % de los hombres participó en alguno de estos roles (perpetración, victimización y violencia mutua), sin encontrarse diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Además, se hallaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la puntuación global de victimización y violencia mutua y las escalas del SCL90-R, además de los tres indicadores que reflejan aspectos diferenciales de los síntomas. Los hallazgos se discuten en relación con los desafíos de desarrollo que enfrentan los adolescentes

Several studies have shown that dating abuse is a highly prevalent problem that affects adolescents of different ages and diverse sociocultural contexts, compromising their comprehensive development and well-being. The general objective was to know the psychopathological and emotional symptoms associated with abuse by the couple among adolescents from Floridablanca, Colombia. The participants were 261 students from two Floridablanca schools aged between 13 and 19 years old (M = 15; SD = 1.80). The instruments used were the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), Spanish version, and the List of Symptoms SCL-90-R. Taking into account the directionality in gender violence in courtship, a general prevalence of 94.2 % of the participants was found. Regarding gender, 41 % of the men participated in one of these roles (perpetration, victimization and mutual violence), with no statistically significant differences being found. In addition, statistically significant correlations were found between the global victimization and mutual violence score and the SCL90-R scales, in addition to the three indicators that reflect differential aspects of the symptoms. Findings are discussed in relation to developmental challenges faced by adolescents

Un modèle d'emboîtement des jeux typiques / Um modelo de entrelaçamento de jogos típicos / A model for interlocking of typical games / Un modelo de entrelazamiento de juegos típicos

Procuro iniciar uma reflexão sobre um modelo de avaliação qualitativa, baseada no jogo e no "jogo potencial" que pode estar subjacente a algumas formas de sintomas psicopatológicos. Para esse efeito, proponho um exemplo de associações de uma série de "jogos típicos" sobre a simbolização da dialética presença/ausência: o "jogo do esconde-achou", o "jogo da espátula", o "jogo da bobina", o "jogo do vá para a guerra". Estes tipos de jogos são analisados a partir dos processos envolvidos na construção do jogo, da sua associação e do aumento da complexidade da sua construção.

The purpose of this article is to launch a debate about a qualitative assessment model based on the game and the "potential play" underlying certain forms of psychopathological symptoms. For this purpose, I offer the example of a series of "typical game's" interlocking concerning the symbolization of presence and absence dialectic, which includes the "peek-a-boo" game, the "spatula game", the "wooden spool" game and the "go to war" game. This series of games is studied through the processes involved in the game's construction, its interlocking and the growing complexity of its construction.

El objetivo que persigo es impulsar la reflexión sobre un modelo de evaluación cualitativa basada en el juego y el "juego potencial" subyacentes a ciertas formas de síntomas psicopatológicos. Para ello, propongo un ejemplo en el que se encadenan una serie de "juegos típicos" sobre la simbolización de la dialéctica presencia-ausencia: el juego del "cucú tras", el juego de "la espátula", el juego de "la bobina", y el juego de "vete a la guerra". Esta cadena de juegos es analizada a partir de los procesos que intervienen en la construcción del juego, en su encadenamiento y en la creciente complejidad de su construcción.

Correlation of health literacy and mobile phone use dependence with psychopathological symptoms in middle school students / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the correlation of health literacy and mobile phone use dependence with psychopathological symptoms in middle school students.@*Methods@#22 628 middle school students in Shenyang, Bengbu, Xinxiang, Ulanqab, Chongqing and Yangjiang were enrolled by multistage cluster sampling method from November 2015 to January 2016. Chinese Adolescent Interactive Health Literacy Questionnaire (CAIHLQ), Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU) and Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA) were applied to acquire basic characteristics, health literacy, mobile phone use dependence and psychopathological symptoms of subjects. Subjects were classified into three groups, low level (<P25), medium level (P25-P75) and high level (>P75), according to the percentile of the questionnaire score. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation of health literacy, mobile phone with psychopathological symptoms.@*Results@#The students were (15.4±1.8) years old with 10 990 boys (48.6%). The score of health literacy of students were (104.1±18.7) points. The rate of mobile phone use dependence was 25.4% (5 752/22 628) and the rate of psychopathological symptoms was 29.1% (6 581/22 628). Compared with high health literacy level, medium and low health literacy levels were related to psychopathological symptoms, with OR (95%CI) about 2.30 (2.10-2.52) and 5.40 (4.89-5.97), respectively. Compared with mobile phone use independence, mobile phone use dependence was related to psychopathological symptoms, with OR (95%CI) about 3.60(3.37-3.85). The highest rate of psychopathological symptoms occurred in students with mobile phone use dependence and low health literacy level [68.0% (1 345/1 977)], with OR (95%CI) about 19.59 (17.07-22.48).@*Conclusion@#Health literacy and mobile phone use dependence are related factors of psychopathological symptoms in middle school students.

Self-report of psychological symptoms in hypoparathyroidism patients on conventional therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by parathyroid hormone deficiency and hypocalcemia. It has been demonstrated that these patients may also present psychiatric symptoms and decrease of quality of life. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of psychopathological symptoms in a cohort of patients with hypoparathyroidism and compare to a control group. Subjects and methods: Patients were submitted to a cross-sectional Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) questionnaire that evaluates psychopathological symptoms by means of the Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptoms Total (PST) and Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI). A score based in the positive symptoms was calculated (T-score). The test group was composed of patients with hypoparathyroidism, and control by thyroidectomized patients without hypoparathyroidism. A correlation between the presence of psychological symptoms and clinical features was analyzed. Results: The study included 57 patients with a mean age of 51.1 ± 16.4 years; 20 as a control and 37, test group. There were no differences between groups regarding gender, mean age and age at diagnose. Hypoparathyroidism patients presented higher GSI index than the control group (p = 0.038). Mean T-score of the test group was as elevated as 58.2 ± 5.3 (reference range < 55). No correlation of the number of psychological symptoms to clinical and laboratorial parameters was observed. Conclusion: Patients with hypoparathyroidism attending our outpatient clinics presented an increase in the number of self-report of psychological symptoms when compared with a control group. However, no correlation with hypocalcemia and clinical parameters was observed. Future studies are necessary to evaluated if the absence of PTH play a role on it.

Papel do ambiente familiar no desenvolvimento de sintomatologia psicopatológica em jovens adultos / Role of family environment in the development of psychopathological symptoms in young adults / Papel del entorno familiar en el desarrollo de síntomas psicopatológicos en jóvenes adultos

A perceção do ambiente familiar constitui um fator essencial para o desenvolvimento psicoafectivo e ajustamento emocional do indivíduo, bem como no desenvolvimento de sintomatologia psicopatológica. Desse modo, a dinâmica das relações pais-filhos parece assumir um papel dicotómico, protetor ou de risco no ajustamento emocional e desenvolvimento de sintomatologia psicopatológica. A presente investigação tem como principal objetivo analisar o efeito do ambiente familiar no desenvolvimento de sintomatologia psicopatológica dos jovens adultos. A amostra é constituída por 432 jovens adultos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos. Para a recolha de dados recorreu-se à Family Environment Scale, o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos e um questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados apontam que a perceção de coesão no ambiente familiar prediz negativamente a sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa, enquanto a perceção de alterações na expressividade e existência de conflitos no ambiente familiar predizem positivamente a sintomatologia ansiosa nos jovens adultos. Os resultados serão analisados à luz da perspetiva ecológica de Bronfenbrenner, no sentido de discutir a importância do ambiente familiar adaptativo no desenvolvimento afetivo e na sintomatologia psicopatológica nos jovens adultos.

The perception of family environment is an essential factor for the development of the individual psycho-affective and emotional adjustment, as well as development of psychopathological symptoms. Thus, the dynamics of parent-child relationships seems to assume a dichotomous, risk or protective role in emotional adjustment and development of psychopathology symptoms. This research aims to analyze the effect of family environment on the development of psychopathological symptoms in young adults. The sample was composed by 432 young adults, aged between 18 and 30 years. To collect data there was recourse to the Family Environment Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory and the sociodemographic questionnaire. The results show that the perception of cohesion in the family environment predicts negatively the depressive and anxious symptoms, while the perception of changes in the expressiveness and existence of conflicts in the family environment predict positively anxious symptomatology in young adults. Results will be analyzed in the the ecological perspective of Bronfenbrenner, to discuss the importance of an adaptive family environment on the emotional development and the psychopathological symptoms in young adults.

La percepción del entorno familiar es un factor esencial para el desarrollo psico-afectivo y ajuste emocional del individuo, así como en el desarrollo de sintomatología psicopatológica. Asi mismo, la dinámica de la relación padre-hijo parece ejercer un papel dicotómico, protector o de riesgo a la adaptación emocional y el desarrollo de los síntomas psicopatológicos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto del entorno familiar en el desarrollo de síntomas psicopatológicos en jóvenes adultos. La muestra se compone por 432 jóvenes adultos entre 18 y 30 años. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la Family Environment Scale, el Brief Symptom Inventory y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados muestran que la percepción de cohesión en el entorno familiar predice negativamente los síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad, mientras que la percepción de los cambios en la expresión y la existencia de conflictos en el ámbito familiar predice positivamente los síntomas de ansiedad en los jóvenes adultos. Los resultados serán analizados a la luz de la perspectiva ecológica de Bronfenbrenner, discutiendo la importancia del ambiente familiar adaptativo en el desarrollo afectivo y síntomas psicopatológicos en jóvenes adultos.

Dificultades del sueño y síntomas psicológicos en estudiantes de medicina de la Ciudad de México / Sleep difficulties and psychological symptoms in medicine students in Mexico

El objetivo del estudio fue describir las dificultades del sueño en estudiantes de Medicina de primer año de una institución pública en la Ciudad de México, en relación con algunos síntomas psicológicos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 572 alumnos de primer año de Medicina, quienes fueron evaluados mediante la Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90). Un 3.5% de los estudiantes manifestó tener muchas dificultades para conciliar el sueño, 6.3% para mantenerlo y 11.4% despertaban muy temprano. Las dificultades del sueño se asociaron en forma significativa con todas las dimensiones de psicopatología. Sus mejores predictores fueron la ansiedad, la hostilidad y la sensibilidad interpersonal. Se concluye que los síntomas asociados a tensión, enojo, preocupación, hiperactivación cognitiva e hipervigilancia son los mejores predictores para las dificultades del sueño en esta población.

The purpose of this study was to describe sleep difficulties in first year medical students associated with psychopathological symptoms. A cross-sectional study in 572 Medicine students, who were assessed by the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), was performed. A 3.5% of students reported having a hard time sleeping, 6.3% had difficulty staying asleep and 11.4% waking up very early. Sleep difficulties were significantly associated with all psychopathological symptoms. The best predictors of sleep difficulties were anxiety, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity. In conclusion, the symptoms associated with stress, anger, worry, cognitive hyperarousal and hypervigilance are the best predictors for sleep difficulties in this population.

Sintomas psicopatológicos em meninas vítimas de abuso sexual abrigadas e não-abrigadas / Síntomas psicopatológicos en niñas víctimas de abuso sexual acogidas y no acogidas por instituciones de protección / Psychopathological symptoms of sheltered and non-sheltered sexually abused girls

A identificação de uma situação de abuso sexual contra uma criança ou adolescente requer medidas de proteção que garantam a segurança da vítima. O abrigamento constitui-se como um recurso protetivo para crianças ou adolescentes que não possuem algum familiar capaz de garantir seus cuidados e segurança. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a presença de sintomas psicológicos em meninas vítimas de abuso sexual, abrigadas e não-abrigadas, como: depressão, ansiedade, stress, transtorno do estresse pós-traumático, e crenças relacionadas ao abuso sexual. As participantes foram 40 meninas com idade entre nove e 16 anos. Os resultados apontaram que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação aos sintomas investigados. Embora estudos apontem o abrigamento como um evento potencializador de sintomas psicopatológicos, os resultados demonstram que em situações extremas de violência, tais como o abuso sexual, o abrigo pode representar uma estratégia não necessariamente negativa para o agravamento de sintomas.

La identificación de una situación de abuso sexual contra un niño, niña o adolescente requiere medidas de protección que garanticen la integridad física y psicológica de la víctima. Llevar a un niño, niña o adolescente a una institución es una medida de protección para quienes no tienen un familiar capaz de garantizar su cuidado. El presente estudio tuvo como finalidad identificar la presencia de síntomas psicopatológicos en niñas víctimas de abuso sexual, que eran acogidas y no acogidas por instituciones de protección, tales como: depresión, ansiedad, estrés, trastorno de estrés postraumático y creencias relacionadas con el abuso sexual. Las participantes fueron 40 niñas con edades entre nueve y 16 años. Los resultados indicaron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos de niñas acogidas y no acogidas por instituciones de protección, en relación con los síntomas investigados. Aunque hay estudios que señalan que en las instituciones se pueden intensificar los síntomas psicopatológicos, estos resultados demuestran que en situaciones extremas de violencia, como el abuso sexual, pueden representar una medida de protección que no empeora los síntomas.

The identification of a sexual abuse episode against a child or adolescent requires protective measures to ensure the safety of the victim and to avoid possible re-victimizations. Among the existing protective measures, the shelter is a resource for those children or adolescents who do not have any family member capable to ensure their care and safety. This study aimed to verify the presence of psychopathological symptoms in non-sheltered and sheltered girls who are victims of sexual abuse. The symptoms examined were: depression, anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, and beliefs related to sexual abuse. The participants were 40 girls aged between nine and 16 years. Results showed that there was no significant difference between groups with respect to the symptoms assessed. Although some studies suggested that the shelter is a context that enhances psychopathological symptoms, the results of this research showed that in situations of extreme violence such as sexual abuse, the shelter might be a strategy which is not necessarily negative and does not contribute to the worsening of symptoms.

Versão portuguesa da escala de dificuldades de regulação emocional e sua relação com sintomas psicopatológicos / The Portuguese version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale and its relationship with psychopathological symptoms

CONTEXTO: As dificuldades de regulação emocional estão presentes em vários quadros psicopatológicos, sendo necessário o recurso a um instrumento que as possa medir adequadamente. OBJECTIVOS: Fazer a adaptação para o português da Escala de Dificuldades de Regulação Emocional e analisar as suas qualidades psicométricas. Um segundo objectivo do estudo era o de explorar a associação entre as dimensões da DERS e sintomas psicopatológicos específicos. MÉTODO: A escala original foi traduzida para o português e preenchida por uma amostra de 324 sujeitos que também preencheram o Inventário Breve de Sintomas. RESULTADOS: Os resultados revelam uma estrutura factorial muito semelhante à da versão original, bons valores de estabilidade temporal, de consistência interna (Cronbach's α = ,93) e bons níveis de validade externa com o BSI. A análise realizada com o subgrupo de 115 sujeitos que compuseram a amostra clínica revelou que os indivíduos com psicopatologia apresentam mais dificuldades de regulação emocional do que os indivíduos normais. Por meio da análise de correlação entre as diferentes subescalas da DERS e do BSI, verificamos que as subescalas Estratégias e Objectivos apresentam o valor mais elevado de associação com todos os sintomas psicopatológicos. DISCUSSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que essas duas dimensões são transversais às várias perturbações psicopatológicas e poderiam, por isso, ser incluídas em intervenções psicológicas focadas na capacidade de regulação emocional.

BACKGROUND: Emotion dysregulation is a unifier dimension of several psychopathological symptoms thus an instrument that measures it is needed. OBJECTIVES: To adapt to Portuguese the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and study its psychometric qualities. A second goal was to explore the association between DERS dimensions and specific types of psychopathology symptoms. METHOD: The original measure was translated to Portuguese and completed by a sample of 324 individuals who also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory. RESULTS: The results show a very similar factor structure to the original measure: good testretest stability, very good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = ,93) and good external validity with BSI. The analysis performed with the subset of 115 individuals that composed the clinical sample showed that psychopathologic individuals present more difficulties in emotion regulation than normal individuals. Through the correlation analysis between the different DERS and BSI subscales, we found that the Strategies and Goals subscales present the highest level of association with all the psychopathological symptoms. DISCUSSION: This may suggest that these two dimensions are present in various psychological disorders and could, therefore, be included in psychological interventions focused on emotion regulation skills.

Avaliação psicológica de obesos grau III antes e depois de Cirurgia Bariátrica / Psychological evaluation of grade III obese patients before and after Bariatric Surgery

Avalia depressão, ansiedade, sintomas psicopatológicos, alexitimia e estilo defensivo de obesos grau III, antes e depois de cirurgia bariátrica. O estudo seguiu delineamento quase-experimental, de tipo cross-sectional. Contou com grupo pré-cirúrgico (Gr1, N=32) e pós-cirúrgico (Gr2, N=33), entre seis e 33 meses após a cirurgia. Instrumentos: Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Escala de Avaliação de Sintomas (EAS-40), Versão em Português da Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto (TAS-26) e Versão em Português do Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Os dois grupos apresentaram baixos níveis de depressão, ansiedade, sintomas psicopatológicos e alexitimia. No entanto, os níveis do Gr 2 foram significantemente inferiores (p<0,05). Em relação ao estilo defensivo, o Gr1 apresentou mais defesas imaturas (p<0,02) do que o Gr 2.

This study evaluates depression, anxiety, psychopathologic symptoms, alexithymia and defensive style of grade III obese patients, before and after bariatric surgery. The study followed a cross-sectional design, with a group of surgical candidates (Gr1, N=32) and one of postoperative patients (Gr2, N=33) between 6 and 33 months after the surgery. Instruments: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Symptom Assessment Scale (EAS-40), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) and Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). The results pointed to low levels of depression, anxiety, psychopathological symptoms and alexithymia in both groups, although those of Gr2 were significantly lower than those of Gr1 (p<0.05). Concerning the defensive style, Gr1 showed more immature defense (p<0. 02) than Gr2.

Reliability and Validity of Self-report Scale of Brief Psychopathological Symptoms / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of self-report scale of brief psychopathological symptoms(SBPS). Methods: The reliability and validity of the scale were tested based on three groups of subjects, including the cases involved forensic problems, the patients with mental disorders and normal persons. Some of them were retested 5-15 days after first examination. Other subjects of them finished MMPI at the same time. Results: ①The Cronbach's ? coefficients of SBPS was 0.91. The split-half reliability was 0.90. The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.73～0.98. ②The correlations between factors scores and the total scores ranged from 0.79 to 0.87. The correlations among the four factors scores, ranged from 0.50 to 0.65. Significant correlation was found between the total scores of SBPS and the fake scores of MMPI (r =0.76). Based on the experts diagnosis, the accuracy rate of SBPS for evaluating malingering was 86.6%. Conclusion: The SBPS has acceptable psychometrics properties on reliability and validity.