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1.
Psico (Porto Alegre) ; 47(3): 209-215, 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-955496

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar as curvas de sensibilidade ao contraste de adultos e idosos. Foi medida a FSC para grades senoidais verticais utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada (2AFC). Participaram desse estudo 18 adultos com idade entre 20 e 29 anos e 18 idosos com idade entre 60 a 69 anos, de ambos os sexos. A ANOVA mostrou efeito principal entre os grupos [F(1, 156) = 173,160; p < 0,001] e de interação entre as frequências espaciais e a idade [F(3,427) = 163,365; p < 0,001]. Já o teste Bonferroni mostrou diferenças significantes em todas as frequências testadas (p < 0,001). Verificou-se que o padrão da curva de SC se mantém com o envelhecimento, com a menor sensibilidade localizada nos extremos da curva e a maior sensibilidade localizada próxima ao centro da curva. Além disso, sugere-se alterações no processo senso perceptivo visual ao longo da vida.


The aim of this study was to compare the behavior of the contrast sensitivity curve and older adults. We measured the CFS for vertical sinusoidal gratings using the psychophysical forced-choice method (2AFC). Participants were 18 volunteers aged 20-29 years old (M = 23.94, SD = 2.57), and 18 elderly aged 60-69 years old (M = 66.05, SD = 3.65) of both sexes. The ANOVA showed main effects between groups [F(1, 156) = 173.160; p < 0.001] and interaction between the frequencies and age [F(3,427) = 163.365; p < 0.001]. But the Bonferroni showed significant differences in all tested frequencies (p < 0.001). It was found that the standard curve CS is maintained with aging, with the lowest sensitivity is located at the extreme bow and greater sensitivity is near the center of the curve. Furthermore, is suggested changes in visual sense perceptual process throughout life.


El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las curvas de sensibilidad al contraste (SC) en adultos y ancianos. La FSC se midió por rejillas sinusoidales verticales utilizando el método psicofísico de elección forzada (2AFC). Los participantes fueron 18 adultos de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 29 años y 18 ancianos de 60 a 69 años, de ambos sexos. La ANOVA mostró diferencias significativas en los efectos principales de los grupos [F(1, 156) = 173.160; p < 0.001] y una interacción entre las frecuencias y la edad [F(3,427) = 163.365; p < 0,001]. En el test de Bonferroni fueron encontradas diferencias significativas en todas las frecuencias analizadas (p < 0,001). Se encontró que el estándar de la SC se mantiene con el envejecimiento, teniendo la zona de menor sensibilidad situada en el extremo de la curva y una mayor sensibilidad cerca del centro de la curva. Además, se sugiere cambios en el sentido visual y perceptual a lo largo de la vida.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aging/physiology , Behavior , Life Style
2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 47(4): 321-327, 8/4/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-705767

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess contrast sensitivity for angular frequency stimuli as well as for sine-wave gratings in adults under the effect of acute ingestion of alcohol. We measured the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for gratings of 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 4, 10, and 20 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd) as well as for angular frequency stimuli of 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 96 cycles/360°. Twenty adults free of ocular diseases, with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and no history of alcoholism were enrolled in two experimental groups: 1) no alcohol intake (control group) and 2) alcohol ingestion (experimental group). The average concentration of alcohol in the experimental group was set to about 0.08%. We used a paradigm involving a forced-choice method. Maximum sensitivity to contrast for sine-wave gratings in the two groups occurred at 4 cpd sine-wave gratings and at 24 and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Significant changes in contrast sensitivity were observed after alcohol intake compared with the control condition at spatial frequency of 4 cpd and 1, 24, and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Alcohol intake seems to affect the processing of sine-wave gratings at maximum sensitivity and at the low and high frequency ends for angular frequency stimuli, both under photopic luminance conditions.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Contrast Sensitivity/drug effects , Fourier Analysis , Color Vision/drug effects , Ethanol/analysis , Psychophysics/methods , Review Literature as Topic , Size Perception , Task Performance and Analysis , Visual Acuity , Visual Perception/drug effects
3.
Estud. psicol. (Natal) ; 17(1): 115-120, Jan.-Apr. 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-643700

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi medir a sensibilidade ao contraste, SC, visual de grades senoidais circulares concêntricas com frequências espaciais de 0,25; 4 e 8 cpg, ciclos por grau de ângulo visual, em adultos saudáveis e com depressão maior. Foram estimadas a SC de 20 participantes, 10 saudáveis e 10 participantes com depressão maior, utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada e luminância média de 0,7 cd/m². Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal ou corrigida e estavam livres de doenças identificáveis. Os resultados mostraram que a SC visual máxima ocorreu na faixa de 0,25 cpg para os dois grupos. Os resultados demonstraram ainda que a SC visual dos participantes com depressão maior foi mais baixa do que a dos participantes saudáveis (p < 0,05), pois os participantes com transtorno precisaram de mais contraste para detectar as frequências espaciais testadas. Estes resultados sugerem alterações na percepção visual relacionadas à depressão maior.


The aim of this study was to measure visual contrast sensitivity, CS, for concentric circular sine-wave gratings with spatial frequencies of 0.25, 4 and 8 cpd, cycles per degree of visual angle, in adults without and with major depression disorder. We measured the visual CS for 20 participants, ten without and ten with major depression disorder medicated, using a temporal two-alternative forced-choice psychophysical method with mean luminance of 0.7 cd/m². All volunteers were free from identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. The results showed maximum contrast sensitivity to spatial frequency occurred in the range of 0.25 cpd for both groups. The results also showed that the visual CS for major depression was lower than those of adults without depression (p < 0.05). These results showed alterations in the visual perception related the major depression.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Contrast Sensitivity , Depression/pathology , Neurosciences , Visual Perception
4.
Psicol. teor. prát ; 13(3): 15-25, dez. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-692975

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) de adultos jovens para frequências espaciais de grades senoidais verticais em condições de luminância fotópica e escotópica. Utilizou-se o método psicofísico da escolha forçada para estimativa da sensibilidade ao contraste para as frequências de 0,6, 2,5 e 5,0 cpg. Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal ou corrigida e estavam livres de doenças oculares identificáveis. As análises estatísticas mostraram que houve diferenças entre as condições de luminância e que os adultos foram mais sensíveis às frequências média e alta na condição de luminância fotópica. Esses resultados indicam que as características do sistema visual humano para detectar frequências espaciais em condições de luminância fotópica e escotópica passam por mecanismos distintos que tornam possível a diferenciação de contraste.


The aim of this study was to measure the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) of young adults for spatial frequencies of vertical sine-wave gratings in terms of photopic and scotopic luminance. We used the forced-choice psychophysical method to estimate contrast sensitivity for frequencies of 0.6, 2.5 and 5.0 cpd. All participants had normal or corrected acuity and they were free of ocular pathologies. Statistical analysis showed that there were differences between the conditions of luminance, where adults were more sensitive to middle and high frequencies in the photopic luminance condition. These results indicate that the characteristics of human visual system to detect spatial frequencies in photopic conditions of luminance and scotopic pass through distinct mechanisms that make possible the differentiation of contrast.


El objetivo de este estudio fue medir la función de sensibilidad al contraste (FSC) de los adultos jóvenes para frecuencias espaciales de las verticales redes sinusoidales en condiciones de luminosidad fotópica y escotópica. Se utilizó el método psicofísico de elección forzada para estimar la sensibilidad al contraste para las frecuencias de 0,6, 2,5 y 5,0 cpg. Todos los participantes presentaban acuidad visual normal o corigida y estaban libres de patología ocular. El análisis estadístico mostró que hay diferencias entre las condiciones de luminancia, y que los adultos son más sensibles a las frecuencias medias y altas en la condición de luminancia fotópica. Estos resultados indican que las características del sistema visual humano para la detección de frecuencias espaciales en condiciones de luminancia fotópica y escotópica pasan por diferentes mecanismos que hacen posible la diferenciación de contraste.

5.
Psicol. teor. prát ; 12(1): 59-70, 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-591809

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) de adolescentes e adultos jovens. Mediu-se a FSC para estímulos de grade senoidal linear com frequências espaciais de 0,25, 1,0, 2,0 e 8,0 cpg, utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada com duas alternativas temporais. As medidas foram obtidas com visão binocular e luminância média de 42,6 cd/m². Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal e estavam livres de doenças oculares identificáveis. As análises apontaram diferenças significantes entre os dois grupos nas frequências baixas, médias e altas. Os adultos foram mais sensíveis que os adolescentes nas frequências baixas (0,25 cpg), e os adolescentes foram mais sensíveis que os adultos nas frequências médias e altas (2,0 e 8,0 cpg). Esses resultados sugerem que o processo de desenvolvimento e maturação da percepção visual de contraste interage de maneira distinta com os mecanismos que processam frequências espaciais.


The aim of this study was to characterize the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) of adolescents and young adults. Was measured FSC for linear sine-wave grating stimuli with spatial frequencies of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 8.0 cpd, using the forced-choice psychophysic method with two alternatives temporal. The measurements were performed with binocular vision and the medium luminance of 42.6 cd/m². All participants had normal acuity and were free of ocular pathology. The analysis showed significant differences between the two groups in the low medium and high frequencies. The adults were more sensitive than adolescents in low frequencies (0.25 cpd) and adolescents were more sensitive than adults in middle and high frequencies (2.0 and 8.0 cpd). These results suggest that the process of development and maturation of the visual perception of contrast interacts differently with the mechanisms that process spatial frequencies.


El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la función de sensibilidad al contraste (FSC) de los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Se midió la FSC para estímulos de onda senoidal con frecuencias espaciales lineal de 0,25, 1,0, 2,0 y 8,0 cpg, utilizando el método psicofísico de la elección forzada con dos alternativas. Las mediciones se realizaron con la visión binocular y la luminancia media del 42,6 cd/m². Todos los participantes presentaban acuidad visual normal y estaban libres de enfermedades oculares identificables. El análisis mostró diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en las frecuencias de bajo, medio y alto. Los adultos eran más sensibles que los adolescentes en las frecuencias bajas (0,25 cpg) y los adolescentes eran más sensibles que los adultos en las frecuencias medias y altas (2,0 y 8,0 cpg). Estos resultados sugieren que el proceso de desarrollo y maduración de la percepción visual de contraste interactúa de manera diferente con los mecanismos que las frecuencias de proceso espacial.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Contrast Sensitivity , Nervous System , Visual Perception , Psychophysics/classification , Psychophysics/statistics & numerical data , Psychophysics/methods
6.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 2(1): 11-15, June 2009. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-567683

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the contrast sensitivity curves of sine-wave gratings with spatial frequencies of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 and 8.0 cycles per degree (cpd) of visual angle in 16 female subjects aged 7 to 9 years old, eight well-nourished and eight with acute protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). All participants had normal visual acuity and were free of identifiable ocular illness. Contrast threshold was measured using a temporal two-alternative forced-choice psychophysical method, at a distance of 150 cm of the stimuli, binocularly, with mean luminance of 40.1 cd/m2. We detected a general decline in contrast sensitivity for children with acute malnutrition at all spatial frequencies compared to well-nourished children. The malnourished group needed in average 1.37 times more contrast to detect the stimulus in comparison with the well-nourished one. Differences between the groups were statistically significant at all spatial frequencies (p < .001). These results suggest that acute PEM changes the visual perception for sine-wave gratings.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Child Nutrition Disorders , Contrast Sensitivity , Visual Perception
7.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 22(2): 230-235, 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-527499

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) de crianças surdas e crianças ouvintes para freqüências espaciais de 0,25 a 2,0 cpg (ciclos por grau de ângulo visual) em nível de luminância mesópica (0,7 cd/m²), utilizando o método psicofísico da escolha forçada. Vinte crianças (7-12 anos) participaram desta pesquisa, dez com surdez pré-lingual e dez ouvintes. Todos os participantes apresentavam acuidade visual normal ou corrigida. A ANOVA mostrou diferença significante entre os grupos [F(1, 238) = 15,487; p < 0,001], porém a análise com o teste post-hoc Tukey HSD não revelou diferença significante na comparação freqüência a freqüência entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Os resultados sugerem alterações na FSC para estímulos de grade senoidal das crianças surdas em níveis de luminância mesópica.


The aim of this study was to compare the contrast sensitivity (CSF) of deaf children and hearing children to spatial frequency of 0.25 to 2.0 cpd (cycles per degree of visual angle) at mesopic luminance level (0.7 cd/m²), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. Twenty children (7-12 years old) participated in this research, ten with prelingual deafness and ten with normal hearing. All participants had normal or corrected visual acuity. The ANOVA showed significant difference between the two groups [F(1, 238) = 15.487; p < 0.001], but the post-hoc Tukey HSD test analysis did not reveal significant difference in frequency to frequency comparison between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results suggest alterations in CSF to sine-wave gratings stimuli of deaf children at mesopic luminance level.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Contrast Sensitivity , Persons With Hearing Impairments/psychology , Visual Perception
8.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; 24(4): 515-518, out.-dez. 2008. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-508897

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a função de sensibilidade ao contraste (FSC) para freqüências espaciais de 0,25, 1,0 e 4,0 cpg (ciclos por grau de ângulo visual) na ausência (Grupo Controle-GC) e após a ingestão moderada de álcool (Grupo Experimental-GE). Para tanto, foi utilizado o método psicofísico da escolha forçada. Participaram do estudo quatro mulheres, de 21 a 30 anos, com acuidade visual normal ou corrigida. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos na freqüência de 4,0 cpg (p = 0,039), sendo o GE mais sensível ao contraste do que o GC. Estes resultados sugerem alterações na FSC relacionadas à ingestão moderada de álcool.


The purpose of this paper was to characterize the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for spatial frequencies equal to 0.25, 1.0 and 4.0 cpd (cycles per degree) in the absence (Control Group-CG) and after moderate alcohol ingestion (Experimental Group-EG). For such, the forced choice psychophysical method was used. The participants were four 21 to 30 year-old-women with normal or corrected visual acuity. The results showed a significant difference between groups at the spatial frequency of 4.0 cpd (p= 0.039), such that the EG was more sensitive to contrast than the CG. These results suggest alcohol-related alterations in the CSF.


Subject(s)
Alcohol-Related Disorders/psychology
9.
Korean Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery ; : 389-396, 1997.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-643895

ABSTRACT

There are many variables that can be manipulated in the study of olfactory thresholds. They include the choice of odorant, the way to bring the stimulus to the subject's nose, number of trials, interval between trials, dilution method, environmental conditions, as well as psychophysical method. The focus of this study lay on how much differences were made by the psychophysical method, the sequence of presentations of stimuli that led to calculation of an index of sensitivity and how reliable the result of step method in olfactory threshold testing is. The olfactory threshold tests entailed comparison of procedures: 1) a procedure of two-alternative forced-choice(2AFC) testing by an ascending method of limits(CCCRC test), 2) a two-alternative forced-choice(2AFC) version of step method that used a computerized algorithm to calculate threshold on an ongoing basis throughout testing. As a result, mean concentration difference of 7.6-fold was achieved in the thresholds by the two procedures and inter-test correlation coefficient was 0.46. Estimation of threshold in the step method remained relatively constant after 10 trials to the end of the 30 test-trials without biases, which meant step method showed coherent data. Accordingly step method is suitable for olfactory threshold test despite of relatively long testing time.


Subject(s)
Bias , Nose , Odorants
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