Detection of putative Salmonella enterica in retail chicken egg from a selected public market in the City of Manila

Background@#Salmonellosis is one of the most reported bacterial foodborne illnesses worldwide. Salmonella outbreaks are also prevalent in the Philippines, with egg-containing food and feces of chicken as implicated sources. The presence of Salmonella in eggshells and in egg content poses a significant threat to public health. Hence, this study aimed to determine the presence of S. enterica from different parts of chicken eggs sold in a public market in the City of Manila. @*Methodology@#A descriptive study design was employed to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in different parts of retail chicken eggs. A total of 72 egg samples from 24 stalls were included. The methodology for isolation and identification of Salmonella followed the guidelines set by the US Food and Drug Administration as seen in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual with some additions and modifications. @*Results@#Contaminated eggs were found in 21 (87%) of the 24 stalls. A total of 29 (40%) out of 72 eggs were identified as the source of putative Salmonella isolates. Nineteen (66%) eggs had putative Salmonella isolates from the eggshell, while 7 (24%) had putative Salmonella isolates from the egg content. There were three (10%) eggs with both eggshell and egg content possibly contaminated with Salmonella. @*Conclusion@#The presence of putative Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae highlight the need to strengthen food safety at the production and distribution levels of retail chicken eggs. There is also a need to establish a national surveillance system along with strengthened diagnostic capacity for S. enterica in the Philippines.

Trabajo infantil y salud en un mercado público de Valencia, Venezuela / Child labor and health in a public market, Valencia, Venezuela

Objetivo Determinar condiciones de vida, prácticas de trabajo, efectos a la salud y factores de riesgo asociados en un grupo de menores trabajadores de un mercado público en Valencia, Venezuela. Metodología Se aplicó una encuesta con variables demográficas y de exposición y se realizó análisis descriptivo de los datos, seleccionándose 44 menores. Resultados La jornada de trabajo promedio fue de 9,2 ± 3,2 horas/día. La actividad más desempeñada fue la venta de víveres/frutos (43,2 por ciento). El 22,7 por ciento de los menores presentaba retraso escolar evidente. Los síntomas más reportados fueron cefalea (84 por ciento), estrés (59,1 por ciento) y fatiga (58,2 por ciento). El 11,4 por ciento reportaron haber sufrido accidentes y 2,3 por ciento enfermedad relacionados con la actividad presente. Los factores de riesgo más reportados fueron calor (93,2 por ciento), ruido (88,6 por ciento) y repetitividad en la labor (84,1 por ciento). Se encontró una correlación significativa, inversamente proporcional, entre la edad y el estrés (p=0,04) lo cual es consistente con estudios que indican que el impacto negativo del estrés es más profundo en niños que tienen menos de 10 años de edad. Se determinó significativamente que a menor edad hay una mayor exposición a desechos tóxicos orgánicos (p=0,017) y al trabajo bajo presión (p=0,04). Conclusiones No existen procesos de recolección sistemáticos para evaluar el trabajo infantil en nuestro país aún cuando se identificaron una amplia variedad de factores de riesgo percibidas por los niños trabajadores. Para una evaluación más profunda del problema, se requieren indicadores más sensibles que permitan detectar daños tempranos y la forma de controlar la exposición a los mencionados riesgos.

Objectives This study was aimed at determining the living conditions, work practices, health effects and associated occupational risk factors in children working in a public market in Valencia, Venezuela. MethodologyA questionnaire was administered which included demographic and exposure variables; a descriptive analysis was then made of the data. Forty-four children were selected. Results The average workday lasted 9.2 ± 3.2 hours/day. Children were most frequently employed in selling provisions and fruit (43.2 percent); 22.7 percent of them were evidently backward at school. The symptoms most reported were headache (84 percent), stress (59.1 percent) and fatigue (58.2 percent). Occupational accidents were reported by 11.4 percent of the children and 2.3 percent had suffered an occupational disease related to their present activity. The most frequently occurring occupational risks were discomfort caused by heat (93.2 percent), noise (88.6 percent) and repetitive work (84.1 percent). A significant, indirect correlation was found between age and stress (p=0.04), as in publications showing that the negative impact of stress is more severe in children aged less than 10. It was determined that being a minor had greater significant association with the occupational risk of having greater exposure to organic toxic waste (p=0.017) and working under pressure (p=0.04). Conclusions There is no systematic data collection programme for assessing child labour in Venezuela even though a variety of risk factors have been identified and perceived for children. More sensitive indicators are required for the early identification of effects and how to control exposure to the risks mentioned above so that the problem can be studied in greater depth.

O abajurú (Chrysobalanus icaco L. e Eugenia rotundifolia Casar.) comercializado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Abajurú (Chrysobalanus icaco L. and Eugenia rotundifolia Casar.) commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Este artigo analisa as prováveis razões de introdução e comercialização de uma espécie de uso medicinal em um mercado popular urbano na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - o Mercado de Madureira. Durante os anos de 2005 e 2006 aplicaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 15 erveiros obtendo-se o freelist das espécies consideradas como mais comercializadas (97) a partir do qual se calculou o índice de saliência, que para o abajurú (Eugenia rotundifolia Casar), foi elevado. A espécie conhecida na literatura e comercializada como abajurú é Chysobalanus icaco L., que apresenta propriedades hipoglicemiantes comprovadas por pesquisas farmacológicas e é utilizada pela população para este fim; no entanto, verificou-se, nesse mercado, a venda quase exclusiva de E. rotundifolia, com esse nome popular e mesma propriedade. Até o momento não existem dados farmacológicos para essa espécie. Ambas são nativas e ocorrem, predominantemente, nas restingas litorâneas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A atribuição da atividade hipoglicemiante a E. rotundifolia pode indicar uma correlação, por parte dos erveiros, com a farmacologia de outras espécies de Myrtaceae. Questões relacionadas à fiscalização ambiental bem como desconhecimento e coleta equivocada podem também estar envolvidos nesse processo.

The present paper analyzes the commercialization of a new medicinal specie in a public market in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the years 2005-2006 semi-structured interviews were made with 15 herbalists. A free list of the most commercialized species (97) was made, and calculated the salience index in witch Eugenia rotundifolia presented a high value. Chrysobalanus icaco is known in the literature as sold as abajurú, and has hipoglicemient properties, proven by pharmacological research. The local population uses this species for these properties, however in the market in question, E. rotundifolia is almost exclusively sold with the same popular name and medicinal property. Until the present time, no pharmacological data exists for this specie. Both species are native and predominantly present in the coastal formations (restinga) of Rio de Janeiro. The attribution of the hipoglicemient property of E. rotundifolia may indicate a correlation, made by the herbalists, with the pharmacology of other Myrtaceae species. The lack of knowledge, erroneous field surveys and problems related with environmental monitoring may be involved with this process.