Health protection guideline of passenger transport stations and transportation facilities during COVID-19 outbreak / 中华预防医学杂志

During COVID-19 outbreak, the transportation industries are faced with the more burdensome tasks of outbreak prevention and control as well as ensuring smooth transportation. It is important to organize transportation in order to restore the order of production and life, ensure the normal economic and social operation, and control the outbreak in the whole society. From the perspective of health, this guideline puts forward technical requirements on the operation management, personnel requirements and health protection of passenger transportation places such as aviation, railway, subway, bus, taxi, ship, etc., which reduces the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the transportation industry and personal health risks.

Health protection guideline of passenger transport stations and transportation facilities during novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) outbreak / 中华预防医学杂志

During the coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) outbreak, the transportation industries are faced with the more burdensome tasks of outbreak prevention and control as well as ensuring smooth transportation. It is important to organize transportation in order to restore the order of production and life, ensure the normal economic and social operation, and control the outbreak in the whole society. From the perspective of health, this guideline puts forward technical requirements on the operation management, personnel requirements and health protection of passenger transportation places such as aviation, railway, subway, bus, taxi, ship, etc., which reduces the impact of the NCP outbreak on the transportation industry and personal health risks.

Health protection guideline of passenger transport stations and transportation facilities during novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) outbreak / 中华预防医学杂志

@#During the coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) outbreak, the transportation industries are faced with the more burdensome tasks of outbreak prevention and control as well as ensuring smooth transportation. It is important to organize transportation in order to restore the order of production and life, ensure the normal economic and social operation, and control the outbreak in the whole society. From the perspective of health, this guideline puts forward technical requirements on the operation management, personnel requirements and health protection of passenger transportation places such as aviation, railway, subway, bus, taxi, ship, etc., which reduces the impact of the NCP outbreak on the transportation industry and personal health risks.

Regulación y poder empresarial: el caso del transporte público en Santiago (2007-2017) / Regulação e poder de negócios: o caso do transporte público em Santiago (2007-2017) / Regulation and business power: the case of public transportation in Santiago (2007-2017)

Resumen Una plena comprensión de los procesos regulatorios requiere tomar en cuenta su dimensión política, hasta ahora escasamente considerada en la literatura de administración pública. A este objetivo contribuye el concepto de poder empresarial que ha desarrollado la economía política. Como lo demuestra el estudio de caso de Transantiago, resulta de especial interés la vertiente estructural del poder empresarial. El process tracing aplicado al caso de este sistema de transporte demuestra que la incapacidad de las autoridades de imponer sus preferencias se debe principalmente a las restricciones estructurales que enfrentan, cuyos efectos se manifiestan de manera distinta en la etapa de adjudicación de la licitación y en la fase de implementación.

Resumo O pleno entendimento dos processos regulatórios exige considerar sua dimensão política, até agora raramente considerada na literatura da administração pública. O conceito de poder de negócio desenvolvido pela economia política contribui para esse objetivo. Como demonstra o estudo de caso do Transantiago, o poder estrutural dos negócios é de especial interesse. O process tracing aplicado ao caso desse sistema de transporte, inaugurado em 2007, mostra que a incapacidade das autoridades em impor suas preferências se deve principalmente às restrições estruturais que enfrentam, cujos efeitos variam na fase de leilão e implementação do processo de regulação.

Abstract Full understanding of regulatory processes requires taking into account their political dimension, until now rarely considered in public administration literature. The concept of 'business power' developed in comparative political economy contributes to comprehend this dimension. The case study of the transport system "Transantiago" presented in this article demonstrates that businesses' structural power is of special interest. The process tracing applied to the case of Transantiago, shows that the inability of the authorities to impose their preferences is mainly due to the structural constraints they faced. The effects of this inability are observed in the bidding process and in the phase of implementation of the regulation process.

Female non-smokers' environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze environmental tobacco smoking exposure in female nonsmokers by public transportation mode using representative data of Koreans. METHODS: Data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Urine cotinine was analyzed by public transport behavior, secondhand smoke exposure, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors. Participants were 1322 adult females; those with the top 75% urine cotinine concentrations were assigned to the high exposure group. A logistic regression analysis was performed considering appropriate weights and stratification according to the sample design of the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey. RESULTS: The geometric mean of urine cotinine concentrations differed according to public transportation modes: subway (1.66 μg/g creatinine) bus (1.77 μg/g creatinine), and taxi (1.94 μg/g creatinine). The odds ratio [OR] was calculated for the high exposure group. The OR of the taxi (2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–5.69) was statistically significantly higher than the subway value (reference), and marginally significant after adjusted with life style, sociodemographic factors and involuntary smoking frequency (2.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.97–6.04). CONCLUSIONS: The odds ratio of passengers who mainly used taxis was marginally significantly higher than those of passengers who used subways and buses after adjusted with life style and sociodemographic factors. Implementation of supplementary measures and further studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in taxis are warranted.

Influência do combustível (diesel e biodiesel) e das características da frota de veículos do transporte coletivo de Curitiba, Paraná, nas emissões de NOx / Influence of fuel (diesel and biodiesel) features and fleet vehicles transport group of NOx emissions in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

RESUMO: O sistema de transporte coletivo da cidade de Curitiba, no Paraná, é reconhecido pelas suas soluções inovadoras e modelo para o Brasil. Neste trabalho foi analisada a influência do combustível (diesel e biodiesel) e das condições da frota de veículos do transporte coletivo de Curitiba nas emissões de NOx, e essa é uma iniciativa pioneira. Foram selecionados 188 veículos (9,7% do total) com motores de 7 a 12 L, denominados B7R, B10M, B12M e B215RH, e foram realizadas medições de NO e NO2 na saída dos escapamentos. Com relação ao tipo de combustível, as emissões de NO e NO2 para o biodiesel (B100) foram, respectivamente, 37 e 26% superiores aos valores observados com o combustível diesel (S10). Comparando motores B12M com até 3 e 10 anos de operação, as emissões médias de NOx foram próximas de 40% maior. Assim, foi possível observar que os veículos a biodiesel tiveram maior emissão de NOx quando comparados com veículos a diesel, em condições similares de operação e tempo de uso do motor. Entretanto, embora o uso de biodiesel traga vantagens ambientais, como energia renovável, novas tecnologias e dispositivos devem ser desenvolvidos para controlar emissões de NO e NO2 em motores que utilizam esse tipo de combustível. Para trabalhos futuros, os autores recomendam testes em dinamômetro, para simular emissões de NOx em motores a diesel e biodiesel em diferentes condições de carga e regime de rotação do motor.

ABSTRACT: The public transportation system in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, is recognized by its innovative solutions; and is a model for Brazil. In this work, the influence of fuel (diesel and biodiesel) and the conditions of the public transport vehicle fleet of Curitiba in NOx emissions was assessed, and this is a pioneered initiative. A total of 188 vehicles (9.7% of the total) with engines of 7 and 12 L were selected, named B7R, B10M, B12M and B215RH, and measurements of NO and NO2 were performed in the exhaust output. In relation to the type of fuel, the emissions of NO and NO2 for biodiesel (B100) were, respectively, 37 and 26% superior to the values observed with the fuel diesel (S10). Comparing the engines B12M with up to 3 and 10 years of operation, the average emissions of NOx were close to 40% higher. Thus, it was possible to observe that the biodiesel vehicles had higher NOx emissions when compared with diesel vehicles in similar conditions of operation and engine wear time. Therefore, although the use of biodiesel brings environmental advantages, as renewable fuel, new technologies and devices must be developed to control emissions of NO and NO2 in engines that use this type of fuel. For future works the authors recommend tests on dynamometer to simulate NOx emission in diesel and biodiesel engine in different conditions of charge and engine speed.

Estudios sobre burnout y carga mental en conductores del transporte público de Chile (Transantiago) / Studies on burnout and mental workload in drivers of public transportation in chile (Transantiago)

Objetivo: Conocer los niveles de Burnout y Carga mental en una muestra de conductores del transporte público de Chile (Transantiago), y la posible relación entre estas variables. Material y Métodos: La muestra del estudio la componen 112 conductores de transporte público de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el CESQT y el NASA-TLX (Task Load Index). Los análisis descriptivos y correlacionales se realizaron mediante el programa SPSS 22. Resultados: Confirmaron la hipótesis, Burnout se correlaciona con Carga mental, pues los niveles del síndrome se asociaron positiva y significativamente. Todas las subescalas presentaron valores de consistencia interna superiores a 0,70. La prevalencia del Burnout fue del 23,22% para el Perfil 1 y un 6,25% para el nivel clínico (Perfil 2) (Gil-Monte, 2005). Conclusiones: Los niveles de Burnout en la muestra recabada, de acuerdo a la literatura internacional, es alto, y se confirma la importancia de estos fenómenos en la salud mental de los conductores del transporte público de Santiago de Chile.

Objective: Knowing Burnout levels and mental workload in a sample of drivers of public transportation in Chile (Transantiago), and the possible relationship between these variables. Material and Methods: The study sample comprised 112 public transportation drivers in the city of Santiago de Chile. The instruments used were the CESQT and NASA TLX (Task Load Index). Descriptive and correlational analyzes were performed using the SPSS 22 program. Results: The results confirmed the hypothesis, Burnout correlates with mental workload, as levels of the syndrome were associated positively and significantly. All subscales had internal consistency values higher than 0,70. Burnout prevalence was 23,22% for Profile 1 and 6,25% for the clinical level (Profile 2) (Gil-Monte, 2005). Conclusions: Burnout levels in the sample collected, according to the international literature, are high, and the importance of these phenomena on the mental health of drivers of public transport is confirmed in Santiago, Chile.

Mobilidade urbana: um desafio paulistano / Urban mobility: a challenge for the people of São Paulo

Na “leitura” de uma cidade distingo infraestruturas físicas e sistemas de vida,a fim de avaliar se as primeiras dão suporte adequado às segundas. Para a abordagem e compreensão da cidade dou mais importância a aspectos antropológicos do que aos estatísticos. Para avaliar mobilidade urbana há que considerar três fluxos: os imateriais(informações), cargas (bens) e pessoas. Na de pessoas há expectativa de proximidade de embarque, pontualidade e conforto. Transporte público é sistema, do qual participam os diversos modais, inclusive o do pedestre. No futuro haverá mais locação do que propriedade privada do automóvel; e indústria de reciclagem dos elementos de carros usados. Deve o direito à mobilidade ser gratuito para o usuário ou ser por ele pago com subsídio? Políticas públicas deverão ter no urbanismo um processo de melhor gestão urbana, diminuir necessidade de deslocamentos, alterar o uso do carro, monitorar serviços com participação pública, sistematizar modais, garantir pontualidade e conforto do transporte.

When "reading" a city, I distinguish physical infrastructures from life systems in order to assess whether the former provide adequate support for the latter. To approach and understand a city, I attribute greater importance to anthropological than to statistical aspects. In evaluating urban mobility, we must consider three different flows: of intangibles (information), freight (goods) and people. Regarding the flow of people, the expectations are proximity to boarding points, punctuality and comfort. Public transportation is a system comprising various modes, including pedestrians. In the future, there will be more leasing than ownership of automobiles, as well as an industry devoted to recycling used cars parts. Should the right to mobility be free of charge to users or should they be made to pay, albeit with subsidies? Public policies must apply urban planning to improve urban management, reduce the need to commute, change car usage patterns, monitor services with governmental participation, systematize transportation modes, and ensure punctuality and comfort in transportation.

Percepciones de personas mayores sobre su desempeño en el uso de transporte público en Santiago de Chile / Perceptions of older people on their performance in the use of public transportation in Santiago, Chile

Justificación: la movilidad en la comunidad es esencial en la vida de toda persona. El uso de transporte es una actividad instrumental que posibilita la movilidad en la comunidad. En la vejez esta actividad puede presentar características asociables al envejecimiento individual, la actividad misma, y el ambiente. Emerge la relevancia de conocer esta ocupación en las personas mayores chilenas y su implicancia para la terapia ocupacional como disciplina promotora de participación y autonomía en la vejez. Objetivo: se buscó explorar características del desempeño de un grupo de personas mayores en el uso transporte en Santiago a partir de sus experiencias y percepciones. Metodología: se realizó diez entrevistas a adultos mayores que luego fueron analizadas con un enfoque interpretativo – hermenéutico. Resultados: cinco temas principales emergieron del análisis de entrevistas: “función del uso del transporte público”, “adaptaciones preparatorias para un mejor desempeño”, “influencia del ambiente”, “¿bus o metro? razones para la elección” y “significado del uso: autonomía versus exclusión”. Conclusiones: en el grupo participante el uso del transporte se veía limitado por el ambiente físico, y facilitado por el ambiente social, y las personas desplegaban estrategias adaptativas para un mejor desempeño. El significado del uso de transporte se relacionó con la mantención de la autonomía y la identidad. El sistema de transporte en Santiago puede no ajustarse a las necesidades de la población mayor y puede percibirse como un elemento de exclusión social para las personas mayores.

Justification: community mobility is essential for daily living. The use of transportation is an instrumental activity of daily living that facilitates community mobility. In the elderly this activity may be conditioned by features related to the aging process, the activity itself, and the environment in which it is carried out. The importance of learning about the characteristics of this occupation in Chilean older people emerges as well as implications for occupational therapy as a promoter of social participation and autonomy in old age. Objective: to explore performance characteristics of a group of older people in the use of public transportation system in the city of Santiago. Methods: ten interviews were conducted to older adults. Interviews were later interpretively analyzed from a hermeneutic approach. Results: five main themes emerged from the speeches of the participants, "function of the use of public transportation", "preparatory adaptations for better performance," "environmental influence", "bus or subway? Reasons for this choice" and "meaning of the use of transport: autonomy versus exclusion." Conclusions: in the group of participants the use of transport is interfered by the physical environment, and facilitated by the social environment, and adaptive strategies are deployed. The meaning of the activity relates to the maintenance of autonomy and identity. The transport system in Santiago may not fit the needs of older people and may be perceived as an element of social exclusion in the elderly.

Evaluation of drivers’ knowledge and attitude toward preventing from car accident in darkhan-uul province / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

IntroductionTraffic accident is the accident that of transport unit`s accident. Every year about 1.2 million people die because of automobile accident and 20-50 million people gets injured or gets disabled. 2.1 percent of total mortality is caused by accident and 22.8 percent of them because of the road accident. In Mongolia accident injury is in 5-th place of causes of mortality since 1991 and growth to 3-th place causes of mortality since 2000 year. Last 5 years increased external caused disease in Darkhan-Uul aimag. Mortality, which is caused by road accident is takes the third place. Causes of traffic accident: drinking when driving, driving with nervousness, use of cellphone while driving, no use of seat belt, over speeding, no use of car seats for children, driving with child at the front seat, drive in technically unsafe vehicle in the traffic.GoalThis study is aimed to evaluate drivers’ knowledge and attitude to prevent from automobile accident. Objectives:1. Evaluate a knowledge and attitude of driver`s in evaluation from traffic accident 2. Relate causes of injury and accident of public transportation driver`s in Darkhan-Uul aimag.Materials and MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate drivers’ knowledge and attitude to prevent from automobile accident involving 172 drivers who work at the Public transportation service of Darkhan-Uul aimag. In terms of evaluating drivers’ knowledge, 10 questions were prepared and 3 or less correct answers was considered as unsatisfactory; 4-7 correct answers accepted as average; 8-10 correct answers were accepted as satisfactory.ResultsOut of total 172 participant drivers, 113 (65.7%) serves within the city range and 59 (34.3) serves for inter-city range. 75.6% of them drives a car, 17.4% drives micro-bus and 7% drives bus. According to this, only 5.8% of the drivers achieved satisfactory level, 18.6% was evaluated unsatisfactory and remaining 75.6% got an average mark. About seat belt, 95.3% of the drivers had positive attitude and 66.3% of them are already used to fasten the seat belt and 27.3% reported as does so seldom. Speaking on phone or writing message (50.6%) while driving, being drunk at any extent (66.3%), driving vehicles incomplete (50.6%) are considered as extremely dangerous. Also exceeding speed and breaking traffic rules (84.9%) are reported as dangerous. Relate the driver`s causes of last 30 day: 44 (25.6%) violated a traffic rules once or more, 23 (13.4%) drive when used an alcohol. 54 (31.4%) used a cellphone or send a message while driving.Conclusions:1. Darkhan-Uul aimag public transportation service drivers’ knowledge about preventing from accident is truly unsatisfactory.2. There are risky behaviors such as speaking on the phone, writing text message (31.4%), breaking traffic regulation rule (25.3%), driving when after using alcohol (13.4) are revealed among the participant drivers.