ABSTRACT
This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 2018 constructed according to the SHA2011, which is a manual for System of Health Accounts (SHA) that was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. Comparison is made with international trends by collecting and analyzing health accounts of OECD member countries. Particularly, scale and trends of the total CHE financing as well as public-private mix are parsed in depth. In the case of private financing, estimation of total expenditures for (revenues by) provider groups (HP) is made from both survey on the benefit coverage rate of National Health Insurance (by National Health Insurance Service) and Economic Census and Service Industry Census (by National Statistical Office); and other pieces of information from Korean Health Panel Study, etc. are supplementarily used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. CHE was 144.4 trillion won in 2018, which accounts for 8.1% of Korea's gross domestic product (GDP). It was a big increase of 12.8 trillion won, or 9.7%, from the previous year. GDP share of Korean CHE has already been close to the average of OECD member countries. Government and compulsory schemes' share (or public share), 59.8% of the CHE in 2018, is much lower than the OECD average of 73.6%. ‘Transfers from government domestic revenue’ share of total revenue of health financing was 16.9% in Korea, lower than the other social insurance countries. When it comes to ‘compulsory contributory health financing schemes,’ ‘transfers from government domestic revenue’ share of 13.5% was again much lower compared to Japan (43.0%) and Belgium (30.1%) with social insurance scheme.
Subject(s)
Belgium , Censuses , Classification , Gross Domestic Product , Guanosine Diphosphate , Health Expenditures , Healthcare Financing , Japan , Korea , National Health Programs , Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development , Social Security , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Resumo A chamada dupla porta de entrada - uma para usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e outra para clientela privada - é fenômeno crescente nos serviços de saúde, sobretudo no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, onde diversos hospitais de ensino destinam parcela dos recursos existentes para atender pacientes de planos de saúde em suas dependências. O objetivo do artigo é compreender as razões que justificam a adoção (ou não) da dupla porta de entrada em hospitais vinculados a universidades públicas, buscando identificar suas implicações socioeconômicas. Os métodos incluíram pesquisa documental e a realização de entrevistas com representantes dos hospitais selecionados no período de abril a junho de 2014. Os resultados evidenciam a existência de duas narrativas divergentes sobre o tema. A narrativa favorável enfatiza o aporte adicional de recursos e a possibilidade de manter os médicos docentes integralmente dedicados à universidade; a narrativa desfavorável enfatiza as discriminações decorrentes da segmentação entre pagantes e não pagantes, assim como o uso de recursos públicos para o atendimento de clientela privada. Conclui-se que a adoção da dupla porta de entrada, ao enfatizar a solução de problemas estruturais mediante a privatização de serviços públicos, reforça as desigualdades existentes na sociedade.
Abstract The so-called double entry door - one for the patients of the public system and another one for customers of private health plans - is a growing phenomenon in many public health care facilities, especially in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, where several university hospitals linked to public universities assign resources to attend private clientele. The objective of this article is to understand the reasons for the adoption (or not) of the double entry door at two public university hospitals, seeking to identify its implications for the hospital and other stakeholders. Methods included desk research of relevant literature and interviews conducted in 2014 with representatives of selected hospitals. The results show the existence of two divergent narratives on the subject. The favorable narrative emphasizes the additional fundraising and the possibility of keeping fully dedicated teachers working at the university. The unfavorable narrative emphasizes the discrimination arising from the segmentation between paying and non-paying patients and the use of public resources for attending private clientele. By emphasizing the solution of structural problems through the privatization of public services, we conclude that the adoption of double entry door in university hospitals reinforces existing inequalities in society.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Social Justice , Unified Health System , Public Sector , Supplemental Health , Delivery of Health Care , Health Status Disparities , Health Services , Health Services Accessibility , Hospitals, University , Public Policy , Politics , Health Systems , Health Planning GuidelinesABSTRACT
Treatment adherence plays a key role towards the achievement of TB control programmes. Poor or non-adherence to TB treatment among TB patients can pose the risk for drug resistance, relapse and prolonged illness. This study is to assess the treatment adherence among TB patients under Public-Private-Mix (PPM) DOTS program in Yangon, Myanmar and to identify the influencing factors. A total of 175 TB patients who have been receiving anti TB treatment from the general practitioners’ clinics were used in this cross sectional study and individually interviewed to collect data: socio demography, clinical characteristics, adherence to anti TB treatment, knowledge, perception, accessibility, affordability, availability and acceptability of service; and social support. Of 175 respondent TB patients, a majority of 167 (95.4%) were adherent to the treatment whereas 8 (4.6%) were non adherent mainly due to co morbidities and suffering multiple side effects. There were significant associations between perception, accessibility to and availability of services and social support and treatment adherence. Co morbidity and multiple side effects had also significant association with treatment adherence.It can be concluded that this study revealed the good adherence among TB patients and reflected some influencing factors for treatment adherence which would be beneficial to takeremedial measures for program ‘s weaknesses and for further successful implementation of PPM DOTS program and national TB control program as well.
Subject(s)
Tuberculosis , Antitubercular AgentsABSTRACT
Com o objetivo de identificar possíveis efeitos negativos dos seguros privados na universalidade de sistemas nacionais de saúde, o artigo sistematiza conceitos operacionais da tipologia de mix público-privado, apresenta resultados de estudos internacionais sobre coberturas suplementar e duplicada e mostra que a universalidade é afetada por iniquidades derivadas da cobertura duplicada e não da suplementar. Desmitifica o caráter suplementar do seguro privado como vilão do sistema de saúde brasileiro e recomenda que as políticas públicas sejam orientadas para a melhoria do sistema público, e não de seguros privados.
This paper seeks to identify the potential negative effects of private health insurance on the universality of National Health Systems. It systematizes the operational concepts of the public-private mix model and presents the results from international research into duplicated and supplementary coverage that shows that universality is negatively affected by inequities derived from duplicated coverage though not from supplementary coverage. It demystifies the supplementary nature of private health insurance as the villain in the Brazilian healthcare system and recommends that public policies should be fully oriented to improving the public health system instead of private health insurance.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Insurance Coverage , Public-Private Sector Partnerships , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a utilização de serviços de saúde financiados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde por beneficiários de planos de saúde e pretende contribuir para o debate sobre o mix público-privado no sistema de saúde brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo baseado nos microdados de 1998 e 2003 da PNAD / IBGE e em dados secundários provenientes de bases de dados da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS). Com base na tipologia de mix público-privado proposta pela OECD (2004) e no referencial teórico acerca do acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde, buscou-se analisar aspectos relacionados à cobertura duplicada do segmento privado de saúde brasileiro e as desigualdades no uso dos serviços de saúde, a partir dos tipos de serviços mais utilizados, das diferenças regionais do uso do SUS por pessoas com cobertura de planos de saúde, do perfil dos usuários e das características dos planos de saúde cujos beneficiários mais fazem uso do sistema público no atendimento às demandas por serviços de saúde. Como resultado concluiu-se que, a despeito dos avanços alcançados com a regulamentação do setor suplementar, o SUS é responsável por uma parcela importante na assistência à saúde dos beneficiários de planos de saúde, tanto para as internações (10,7%) como para os demais atendimentos (11,0%), sendo a única fonte de financiamento que apresentou incremento da participação relativa entre 1998 e 2003 (+ 12,5% nas internações e +29,6% nos atendimentos), contribuindo para a existência de desigualdades no sistema de saúde brasileiro.
The present research aims at analyzing the use of health services funded by theNational Health System (called SUS) for the population with health plans and tocontribute to the debate on the public-private mix in the Brazilian health system. This is a quantitative study based on micro-data of the National Sample Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE), from 1998 and 2003, and secondary data from databases of the national regulatory agency for private health plans. (Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar - ANS). Based on the taxonomy of public-private mix proposed by the OECD (2004) andthe theoretical framework on access and use of health services, sought to examine issues related to duplicated coverage of the private health insurance in the Brazilian Health System and inequalities in use of health services, from the types of services most used,regional differences in the use of SUS for people with health coverage plans, the profile of users and the characteristics of health plans whose customers make more use of the public to supply his needs for health care. As a result it was concluded that, despite the progress made with the regulationsof the private health sector, the SUS is responsible for an important part in health care of population with health plans, both for hospital admissions (10,7%) as for the others health services (11,0%), being the only source of funding showed that increasing the relative share between 1998 and 2003 (+12.5% in hospital admissions and +29.6% inothers health services), contributing to the existence of inequalities in the Brazilian health system.
Subject(s)
Health Systems , Private Health Care Coverage , State Health Care Coverage , Health Services , Unified Health System , Fee-for-Service Plans , Health Services Accessibility , Supplemental HealthABSTRACT
O artigo analisa o mix público-privado do sistema de saúde brasileiro a partir da oferta, utilização e financiamento dos serviços de saúde. Contempla os subsídios públicos para o setor privado. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseado em dados secundários provenientes de bases de dados oficiais. Mostra que existem desigualdades na oferta e na utilização de serviços em prol da população com plano de saúde, em decorrência da peculiar inserção do setor suplementar, que oferece cobertura suplementar e duplicada ao sistema público (SUS), sem desconsiderar que outros fatores podem determinar o uso de serviços de saúde e aumentar as desigualdades. A análise é feita com base na tipologia de mix público-privado desenvolvida pela OECD em 2004, que auxilia a compreensão das desigualdades que ocorrem em cada tipo de mix, e mostra que as que ocorrem no sistema de saúde brasileiro se dão pelo fato de a cobertura de serviços ofertados pelo segmento de seguro privado ser duplicada à cobertura de serviços do SUS. Ainda, as desigualdades verificadas no sistema de saúde brasileiro ocorrem num sistema de saúde em que o financiamento público ao SUS é minoritário e existem grandes subsídios públicos para o setor privado.
This paper analyzes the public-private mix in the Brazilian Health System from the perspective of health care delivery, utilization and financing. Moreover, this quantitative study based on secondary data from official databases contemplates the subsidies granted by the government to the private sector. It shows the existence of some inequalities favoring the population having private health plans, a result of the peculiar participation of the private sector in the Brazilian Health System not only offering supplementary care but duplicating the coverage offered by the public system (called SUS). The analysis is made on the basis of the classification of public-private mix in Health Systems developed by the OECD in 2004, that helps understanding the kinds of inequalities occurring in each type of public-private mix. The inequalities that occur in the Brazilian system must be understood as the result of the duplicated coverage offered by the private market and of the weak public funding for the SUS while granting important subsidies to the private sector.
Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care , Private Sector , Public Sector , Brazil , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
O trabalho analisou a experiência de saúde-doença-cuidados referida por usuários do segmento suplementar com situações ou necessidades de saúde nas áreas de cuidado cardiovascular, oncológico, saúde mental e obstétrico, no município de Florianópolis, capital de Santa Catarina. Discute-se o processo de escolha das situações marcadoras nessas áreas, o infarto agudo do miocárdio; o câncer de mama, o alcoolismo e o parto, além dos procedimentos sugeridos para explorar contribuições da socioantropologia no campo da gestão. Os resultados revelam a procura de recursos nos subsistemas de saúde profissional, informal e popular, sendo os dois últimos importantes nas áreas da saúde mental e oncologia. O uso combinado dos serviços públicos e da assistência suplementar aparece no cuidado cardiovascular e oncológico. Diversos arranjos se estabelecem no cotidiano assistencial dos usuários quando procuram superar lacunas do acesso e da integralidade da atenção através de suas próprias escolhas, caminhos ou estratégias. A abordagem socioantropológica mostra-se útil para uma compreensão mais abrangente do significado de público e privado no sistema de saúde, bem como dos modelos de cuidados empreendidos pelos usuários.
This study analyzes the health-disease-care experience reported by users of the Brazilian supplementary system in cardiovascular, oncological, mental health and obstetric care in Florianópolis, capital of the state of Santa Catarina. It discusses the selection of indicators in these areas such as myocardial infarction, breast cancer, alcoholism and childbirth besides exploring socio-anthropological contributions to the management field. The results show a search for solutions in three interconnected sub-sectors of the system - the professional sector, the popular sector and the folk sector, the two latter being of greatest importance in mental and oncological care. Combined use of public and private services appears in cardiovascular and oncological field. Seeking to overcome the gaps with respect to access and integrality by using their own choices with respect to accessibility and comprehensiveness of care by using paths or strategies the users establish a variety of arrangements in their everyday life. The socio-anthropological approach is therefore useful for deepening the understanding of the meaning of public and private in health systems as well as of the care models undertaken by the patients.