Características relacionadas à ocorrência de infecção puerperal em mulheres submetidas ao parto cesáreo / Characteristics related to the occurrence of puerperal infection in women submitted to cesarrel delivery

Objetivo: Este artigo de revisão sistemática tem como objetivo analisar as principais características relacionadas à infeção puerperal em mulheres submetidas ao parto cesáreo. Fonte dos dados: Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados on-line Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e PubMed. Seleção dos estudos: Selecionaram-se artigos publicados nos últimos 11 anos (2010-2021), totalizando 12 artigos analisados. Coleta de dados: Realizou-se a busca dos artigos a partir dos descritores infecção puerperal, mortalidade materna, cesárea, fatores de risco em inglês e português. Em seguida à adequação aos critérios de inclusão (artigos em inglês, português e espanhol, com publicação nos últimos 11 anos, realizados em humanos) e exclusão (artigos duplicados, revisão de literatura, estudos de caso e dissertações), a análise dos títulos e dos resumos dos artigos encontrados permitiu a exclusão daqueles que se afastavam do tema em estudo. Síntese dos dados: Dentre os fatores sociodemográficos, destacam-se mulheres nos extremos de idade, negras, residentes na zona rural, com baixo nível econômico e escolar, primíparas e tabagistas. Em relação aos fatores clínicos, obesidade, HIV, diabetes mellitus, doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, pré-eclâmpsia e eclâmpsia, anemia e infecções geniturinárias apresentaram-se como fatores de risco para infecção puerperal. Fatores obstétricos também foram avaliados, identificando-se como variáveis importantes o parto cesáreo, rotura prematura de membranas, tempo de membrana rota, trabalho de parto maior que 12 horas, parto prematuro e trabalho de parto induzido, hemorragia pós-parto, transfusão prévia e mecônio em líquido amniótico. Por fim, as características assistenciais trazem o baixo número de consultas de pré-natal e número de toques vaginais antes e após a ruptura de membranas como variáveis de risco. Conclusão: Muitos dos fatores identificados são passíveis de controle, e a sua reversão contribui para a redução dos índices de infecção puerperal e, consequentemente, de mortalidade materna.(AU)

Objective: This systematic review article aims to analyze the main characteristics related to puerperal infection in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Source of data: A search was performed in the online databases Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Pub- Med. Selection of studies: Articles published in the last 11 years were selected, totaling 12 analyzed articles. Data collection: Articles were searched based on the keywords puerperal infection, maternal mortality, cesarean section, risk factors in English and Portuguese. Following the adaptation to the inclusion criteria (articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish, publication in the last 11 years, carried out in humans) and exclusion (duplicates, literature review, case studies and dissertations), the analysis of the titles and abstracts of the found articles allowed the exclusion of those who departed from the topic under study. Summary of the findings: Among the sociodemographic factors, women of extreme age, blacks, residents in the rural area, with low economic and educational status, primiparous women and smokers, stand out. Regarding clinical factors, obesity, HIV, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia, Anemia and genitourinary infections were risk factors for puerperal infection. Obstetric factors were also evaluated, identifying as important variables cesarean delivery, premature rupture of membranes, ruptured membrane time, labor longer than 12 hours, premature labor and induced labor, postpartum hemorrhage, previous transfusion and meconium in amniotic fluid. Finally, the care characteristics bring the low number of prenatal consultations, the number of vaginal touches before and after rupture of membranes as risk variables. Conclusion: Many of the identified factors are possible to control and their reversion contributes to the reduction of puerperal infection rates and consequently maternal mortality.(AU)

Early recognition and management of sepsis during pregnancy and puerperium / 中华围产医学杂志

Sepsis and septic shock are obstetric emergencies, which bring clinical issues for obstetricians to pay attention to, such as early identification and emergency intervention before transferring the patients to intensive care. Physiological changes during pregnancy and puerperium result in difficulty in identifying the clinical features of sepsis. Simple bedside screening tools can be used for early identification and screening for possible sepsis. If initial sepsis screening is positive with suspected or evidence of infection, regardless of the presence of fever, further evaluation of organ damage is required for the diagnosis of sepsis. Bundle therapy should be initiated within 1 h after the identification of sepsis: For pregnant women or puerpera with suspected or confirmed sepsis, bacterial culture (blood, urine, respiratory tract, and other body fluids) and serum lactate level detection should be conducted promptly, moreover, empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics given within 1 h are recommended; For patients with sepsis complicated by hypotension or organ hypoperfusion, it is recommended to administer 1-2 L crystal solution as soon as possible for liquid resuscitation; For those with persistent hypotension and/or organ hypoperfusion despite fluid resuscitation, vasopressors are recommended to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), with norepinephrine as the first-line vasopressor. When sepsis is suspected or confirmed, the focus of infection should be actively sought to effectively control the source. Termination of pregnancy should be considered individually and comprehensively on the basis of obstetric indications, gestational age, and maternal and fetal conditions, but not depend on sepsis alone. If intrauterine infection is confirmed, pregnancy should be terminated immediately. Cesarean delivery usually requires general anesthesia for pregnant women with sepsis and intraspinal anesthesia is relatively contraindicated. The diagnosis and treatment of sepsis in pregnancy and puerperium should be individualized in accordance with the corresponding guidelines.

Fascitis necrotizante por Enterococcus gallinarum en una puérpera. Presentación de un caso / Necrotizing fasciitis due to Enterococcus gallinarum in a pospartum patient. Case report

RESUMEN Fundamento: La fascitis necrotizante es una infección que se desarrolla de manera rápida, afecta la piel, tejido celular subcutáneo, fascia superficial y en ocasiones la profunda, en heridas quirúrgicas al producir necrosis hística y severa toxicidad sistémica. Es una afectación sistémica acompañante, que a su vez a ella se asocian factores predisponentes endógenos como: diabetes mellitus, obesidad, alcoholismo, infección por VIH, y exógenos: cirugía ginecobstétrica, inyecciones, traumatismos; por lo que estos pacientes resultan ser enfermos críticos en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, con un curso clínico no uniforme, al llevar a una evolución fulminante cuando corresponde con la variante hiperaguda o fulminante. Objetivo: Describir la presencia de fascitis necrotizante hiperaguda causada por Enterococcus gallinarum, en una puérpera. Reporte de caso: Puérpera que se le practicó parto distócico por cesárea electiva a las 38.3 semanas, a las 24 h presentó manifestaciones generales que se acompañaron de lesiones en la piel; se le realizó cirugía ginecobstétrica, su evolución fue tórpida y falleció por fallo multiorgánico a los 3 días debido a las consecuencias de fascitis necrotizante hiperaguda o fulminante, causada esta por un Enterococcus gallinarum. Conclusiones: La fascitis necrotizante es una enfermedad poco frecuente y mortal si no se trata a tiempo; su diagnóstico resulta difícil en su fase inicial, debido a que casi siempre es clínico. El tratamiento quirúrgico debe ser urgente, combinarse este con antibióticoterapia sistémica, debido al germen causal y la toxicidad que producen.

ABSTRACT Background: Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection that develops rapidly, affecting the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, superficial fascia and sometimes deep fascia, in surgical wounds by producing hystenotic necrosis and severe systemic toxicity. It is a supplementary systemic affectation, which in turn is associated with endogenous predisposing factors such as: diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcoholism, HIV infection, and exogenous: gynecobstetric surgery, injections, traumatisms; so these patients are critical patients in intensive care units, with a non-uniform clinical progression, leading to a fulminant evolution when parallel to the hyperacute or fulminant variant. Objective: To describe the presence of hyperacute necrotizing fasciitis caused by Enterococcus gallinarum in a puerperal. Case report: A puerperal who suffered from dystocia delivery by elective cesarean section at 38.3 weeks, at 24 h presented general manifestations accompanied by skin lesions; she underwent gynecobstetric surgery, her evolution was torpid and she died of multiorgan failure after 3 days due to the consequences of hyperacute or fulminant necrotizing fasciitis, caused by Enterococcus gallinarum. Conclusions: Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and fatal disease if not treated in time; its diagnosis is difficult in its early phase because it is often clinical. Surgical treatment should be urgent and combined with systemic antibiotic therapy due to the causative germ and the toxicity they produce.

Infecção do sítio cirúrgico após cesariana em uma maternidade de Manaus, Brasil: a importância do uso racional da antibioticoterapia / Surgical site infection after cesarean section in a maternity hospital in Manaus, Brazil: the importance of rational antibiotic therapy

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e microbiológico das puérperas com diagnóstico de infecção após cesárea, caracterizando as infecções de sítio cirúrgico e o tratamento. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva de parturientes submetidas a parto cesáreo em maternidade pública de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, com diagnóstico de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, entre 1º de julho de 2019 e 30 de abril de 2020. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos. Para a investigação do perfil microbiológico, foi realizada a identificação da cultura a partir da secreção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico e do antibiograma das culturas. Resultados: Um total de 81 pacientes foi diagnosticado com infecção de sítio cirúrgico durante o período de estudo. A taxa de infecção de sítio cirúrgico na maternidade em estudo foi de 6,0%. As pacientes possuíam baixa escolaridade e baixa renda mensal, com ocupações que requerem menor qualificação, sendo a maioria solteira. Entre as pacientes, 70,4% eram obesas e 28,4% apresentaram sobrepeso; 45,6% delas tiveram parto cesáreo de emergência e 29,6% não usaram antibióticos profiláticos. Staphylococcus aureus foi a cultura identificada mais frequentemente e apresentou resistência ao antibiótico mais prescrito: a gentamicina. Conclusão: A taxa de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foi alta durante o período do estudo. Ressaltamos a necessidade de um protocolo eficaz de identificação bacteriana e acompanhamento da puérpera. O conhecimento das características epidemiológicas e microbiológicas pode auxiliar no planejamento dos cuidados realizados pelas instituições de saúde para minimizar os casos de infecção de sítio cirúrgico e suas consequências.(AU)

Objective: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological profiles of puerperal women diagnosed with the infection after cesarean sections, characterizing the surgical site infections and treatment. Methods: Prospective cohort of parturients underwent cesarean delivery at a public maternity hospital in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, diagnosed with surgical site infection between July 1, 2019, and April 30, 2020. Epidemiological data were collected. To investigate the microbiological profile, both culture identification from surgical site infection secretion and antibiogram for the cultures were performed. Results: A total of 81 patients were confirmed to have surgical site infection during this study period; The surgical site infection rate in the maternity hospital under study was 6.0%. The patients presented a low level of education and monthly income, with occupations that require lower qualification, and most of them are single. Seventy point four percent of the patients were obese, and 28.4% were overweight. Forty-five point six percent of patients had an emergency cesarean delivery, and 29.6% did not use prophylactic antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent culture identified from surgical site infection secretion and presented resistance to the most prescribed antibiotic, Gentamicin. Conclusion: The rate of surgical site infection was high during the study period. We highlight the need for an effective bacterial identification protocol and monitoring of puerperal women. Knowledge of epidemiological and microbiological characteristics can assist in the planning of care performed by the health institutions to minimize cases of surgical site infection and its consequences.(AU)

Ocorrência de infecções de sítio cirúrgico pós-cesárea em uma maternidade pública / Ocurrencia de infecciones de sitio quirúrgico post-cesárea en una maternidad pública / Occurrence of possessional surgical site infections in a public maternity

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar ocorrências de infecção do sítio cirúrgico pós-cesárea em uma maternidade. Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo com abordagem quantitativa desenvolvido em uma maternidade pública de referência em obstetrícia localizada na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A amostra constou de 53 prontuários de mulheres com infecção no sítio cirúrgico pós-cesárea no período de 2010 a 2013 e o instrumento de coleta de dados foi um formulário estruturado. Os dados foram analisados em software estatístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 20.0 apresentados na forma descritiva com frequências e percentuais. Os resultados mostraram taxa de infecção no sítio cirúrgico pós-cesárea de 2,92%; as usuárias apresentaram como fatores de risco baixa escolaridade, ocorrência de infecção urinária, hipertensão arterial, obesidade e tabagismo. Observou-se que a taxa de infecção no sítio cirúrgico pós-cesárea e fatores de risco identificados ressaltam a necessidade de investigação prévia e registro destes com cuidados preventivos de orientação e preparo das usuárias de forma segura com protocolos que direcionem condutas mais uniformes no tratamento destas infecções.

Resumen El objetivo fue identificar casos de infección del sitio quirúrgico post cesárea en una maternidad. Se trata de un estudio transversal retrospectivo con abordaje cuantitativo desarrollado en una maternidad pública de referencia en obstetricia localizada en la Región Noreste de Brasil. La muestra constó de 53 prontuarios de mujeres con infección en el sitio quirúrgico post-cesárea en el período de 2010 a 2013 y el instrumento de recolección de datos fue un formulario estructurado. Los datos fueron analizados en software estadístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 20.0 presentados en la forma descriptiva con frecuencias y porcentajes. Los resultados mostraron tasa de infección en el sitio quirúrgico post cesárea del 2,92%; las usuarias presentaron como factores de riesgo baja escolaridad, ocurrencia de infección urinaria, hipertensión arterial, obesidad y tabaquismo. Concluye que la tasa de infección en el sitio quirúrgico post cesárea y factores de riesgo identificados resalta la necesidad de investigación previa y registro de éstos con cuidados preventivos de orientación y preparación de las usuarias de forma segura con protocolos que direccionan conductas más uniformes en el tratamiento de estas infecciones.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of post-cesarean surgical site infection in a maternity hospital. This is a cross-sectional retrospective study with a quantitative approach developed in a reference public maternity in obstetrics located in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The sample consisted of 53 medical records of women with post-cesarean surgical site infection from 2010 to 2013, and the data collection instrument was a structured form. The data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 presented in descriptive form with frequencies and percentages. The results showed post-cesarean surgical site infection rate of 2.92%; the users presented as low risk factors schooling, occurrence of urinary infection, hypertension, obesity and smoking. It was concluded that the post-cesarean surgical site infection rate and identified risk factors underscore the need for prior investigation and registration of these with preventive care of orientation and preparation of the users in a safe way with protocols that guide more uniform conduct in the treatment of these infections.

Causas de mortalidad por enfermedades puerperales en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX / Mortality caused by postpartum diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) during the 19th century

Resumen Introducción. Las causas de mortalidad por enfermedades puerperales halladas en Jerez de los Caballeros durante el siglo XIX han sido agrupadas según la clasificación de Bertillon. Objetivo. Estudiar las causas de mortalidad por enfermedades del estado puerperal en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) en el siglo XIX. Materiales y métodos. Se consultaron los libros de defunción y se reunieron 26 203 muertes; para el análisis se utilizaron los 18 538 registros en los que constaba la causa de fallecimiento y se excluyeron los 7 665 restantes. Resultados. Se encontraron 168 de casos de muerte en estado puerperal, en las cuales el sobreparto y la fiebre fueron las causas de fallecimiento más frecuentes. El año con más muertes fue 1875 con 7 muertes, la franja de edad de 25-34 años arrojó mayor mortalidad con 77 defunciones (45.9%) y los meses de mayor mortalidad fueron agosto y noviembre con 22 difuntas (13.1%) cada uno. Conclusiones. El sobreparto fue la causa más frecuente de defunción en estado puerperal con un 35.1% de las muertes. La fiebre en esta etapa alcanzó las cifras más elevadas en la última década del siglo XIX, lo cual quizá se debe a errores de diagnóstico o de interpretación.

Abstract Introduction: The causes of death related to puerperal diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros during the 19th century have been categorized according to the Bertillon classification. Objective: To study the causes of death by puerperal diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) in the 19th century. Materials and methods: Death books were consulted and 26 203 deaths were recorded. In total, 18 538 records reporting the cause of death were used for the analysis, while the remaining 7 665 were excluded. Results: Death in the puerperal period was confirmed in 168 cases, and the most common causes of death were postpartum complications and puerperal fever. The year with the highest number of deaths was 1875 with 7 deaths. The highest mortality rate was found in the 25-34 years age group with 77 deaths (45.9%). The months with the highest mortality rates are August and November with 22 deaths (13.1%). Conclusions: Postpartum complications was the most common cause of death with 35.1%. In Jerez, puerperal fever reached its highest levels in the last decade of the 19th century, probably due to misdiagnosis or misinterpretation.

Infected delayed puerperal hematoma complicated by retention of urine: a case report and literature review

The puerperal hematoma corresponds to a tissue cleavage, most often paravaginal or vulvar, in which the vascular wounds, linked to the detachment, have no spontaneous tendency to haemostasis. The aggravation of this pathology is progressive. Diagnosis and management must be an obstetric emergency. Author report a case of infected puerperal hematoma complicated by rectal compression and acute retention of urine. This is a 26-year-old patient with a history of chronic hypertension. Labor was induced by misoprostol. The delivery was uneventful at 37 weeks vaginally. Ten days after delivery, she returned to the obstetrical emergency service for acute urine retention. The examination with the vaginal speculum showed a tumefaction of six centimeters on the left lateral side of the vagina. Surgical treatment has been performed. The suite was without particularity. The diagnosis of puerperal hematoma must be early. Even for the delayed form, the complications are identical. Blood loss, compression of proximity organs and infection are the most common complications. The care must be multidisciplinary. Resuscitation of the patient associated with haemostasis of the vessel is the main treatment in cases of large hematoma with hemodynamic instability.

Mortalidade materna no estado do amazonas: estudo epidemiológico / Mortalidad materna en el estado de amazonas: estudio epidemiológico / Maternal mortality in the state of amazonas: an epidemiological study

Objetivo analisar o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade materna no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Método estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e ecológico, baseado em dados secundários do Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade e Sistema de Informação Sobre Nascidos Vivos do Ministério da Saúde, gerados pelo Departamento de Análise e Tabulação de Dados do Sistema Único de Saúde. Utilizou-se os dados dos óbitos maternos e suas causas, além dos dados dos nascidos vivos do Amazonas, Brasil, do período de 2006-2015, sendo estes coletados em 2017. Resultados ocorreram 564 óbitos maternos, sendo 329 na capital e 235 no interior, resultando um coeficiente de mortalidade materna de 73,45 óbitos/100.000 nascidos vivos. As principais causas de óbitos maternos foram: infecção puerperal, eclâmpsia e hemorragia pós-parto. Conclusão as mulheres solteiras, entre 20-29 anos, pardas e baixa escolaridade apresentaram maior prevalência de óbito materno. Entre os óbitos, a infecção puerperal foi a mais evidenciada entre as causas obstétricas diretas.

Objetivo analizar el perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad materna en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Método estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y ecológico, basado en datos secundarios del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad y sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos del Ministerio de Salud, generados por el Departamento de Análisis y Tabulación de Datos del Sistema Único de Salud. Se utilizaron datos de óbitos maternos y sus causas, datos de nacidos vivos en Amazonas, Brasil de 2006-2015, recolectados en 2017. Resultados hubo 564 óbitos maternos; 329 en la capital y 235 en el interior, determinando un coeficiente de 73,45 óbitos maternos/100.000 nacidos vivos. Las principales causas de óbito fueron: infección puerperal, eclampsia y hemorragia posparto. Conclusión las mujeres solteras, de entre 20-29 años, mestizas y de baja escolarización expresaron mayor prevalencia de óbito materno. La infección puerperal fue la causa obstétrica directa más evidenciada entre los óbitos.

Objective to analyze the epidemiological profile of maternal mortality in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Method a descriptive and ecological epidemiological study was carried out based on secondary data from the Mortality Information System Database and Live Births Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, generated by the Department of Data Analysis and Tabulation of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Data collection was carried out in 2017, using data from maternal deaths and their causes, in addition to data from live births of the state of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2006 to 2015. Results the total number of maternal deaths was 564, being 329 in the capital city and 235 in the countryside, resulting in a maternal mortality ratio of 73.45 deaths per 100,000 live births. The main causes of maternal deaths were, as follows: puerperal infection, eclampsia, and postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusion s ingle women aged between 20 and 29 years, brown, and with a low education level presented a higher prevalence of maternal death. Puerperal infection stood out among the direct obstetric causes.

Identification of post-cesarean surgical site infection: nursing consultation / Identificación de la infección de sitio quirúrgico después de la cesárea: consulta de enfermería / Identificação da infecção de sítio cirúrgico pós-cesariana: consulta de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the profile of women in relation to their living conditions, health status and socio-demographic profile, correlating it with the presence of signs and symptoms suggestive of post-cesarean surgical site infection, identifying information to be considered in the puerperium consultation performed by nurses and proposing a roadmap for the systematization of care. Method: Quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective review of medical records of women who had cesarean deliveries in 2014, in the city of São Paulo. Results: 89 medical records were analyzed, 62 of them with incomplete information. In 11, there was at least one of the signs and symptoms suggestive of infection. Conclusion: Given the results of the study, the systematization of puerperal consultation is essential. The roadmap is an instrument that can potentially improve the quality of service and the recording of information.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el perfil de las mujeres en relación con sus condiciones de vida, de salud, así como el perfil sociodemográfico, que correlacionan con la presencia de signos y síntomas sugestivos de infección del sitio quirúrgico post-cesárea; identificar informaciones a ser consideradas en la consulta de puerperio realizada por el enfermero y proponer un itinerario para la sistematización de la asistencia. Método: Investigación cuantitativa, exploratoria, descriptiva, transversal y retrospectiva de revisión de prontuarios de mujeres que tuvieron parto cesárea en 2014, en el municipio de São Paulo. Resultados: Se analizaron 89 prontuarios, 62 de ellos con informaciones incompletas. En 11 de ellos, hubo la presencia de al menos uno de los signos y síntomas sugestivos de infección. Conclusión: Ante los resultados del estudio, la sistematización de la consulta puerperal es indispensable. El itinerario es un instrumento que puede potencialmente mejorar la calidad de la atención y el registro de las informaciones.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das mulheres em relação às suas condições de vida, de saúde e perfil sociodemográfico, correlacionando com a presença de sinais e sintomas sugestivos de infecção do sítio cirúrgico pós-cesariana, identificar informações a serem consideradas na consulta de puerpério realizada pelo enfermeiro e propor um roteiro para a sistematização da assistência. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, exploratória, descritiva, transversal e retrospectiva de revisão de prontuários de mulheres que tiveram parto cesariano em 2014, no município de São Paulo. Resultados: 89 prontuários foram analisados, 62 deles com informações incompletas. Em 11, houve a presença de, pelo menos, um dos sinais e sintomas sugestivos de infecção. Conclusão: Diante dos resultados do estudo, a sistematização da consulta puerperal é imprescindível. O roteiro é um instrumento que pode potencialmente melhorar a qualidade do atendimento e o registro das informações.

Distribution of pathogens and drug resistance of puerperal infection in 41 twin pregnancies / 中国医师杂志

Objective The distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria of the twin pregnancy with puerperal infection were analyzed.Methods 41 twin pregnancy cases with puerperal infection were screened out and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results A total of 48 main pathogenic bacteria were detected,including 21 Gram-positive bacteria:9 Staphylococcus aureus (18.8％),7 Streptococcus hemolyticus (14.6％) and 5 Enterococcus faecalis (10.4％);27 Gram-negative bacteria:12 Escherichia coli (25.0％),8 Aerogenic Enterobacter (16.7％) and 7 Gardnerella vaginalis (14.6％).Drug resistance:3 kinds of Gram-positive bacteria were strongly resistant to ceftazidime,and were sensitive to piperacillin sulbactam.Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus hemolytic streptococcus were sensitive to clindamycin,and Enterococcus faecalis was strongly resistant to penicillin.3 kinds of Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to gentamicin and were strongly resistant to ampicillin and cefazolin.Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to cefepime,and Gardnerella vaginalis were sensitive to levofloxacin,and were strongly resistant to cefepime.The main pathogenic bacteria were sensitive to meropenem and vancomycin.Conclusions According to the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens,we should rationally choose antimicrobial agents to prevent and cure puerperal infection of twin pregnancy.

Puerperal septic shock and necrotizing fasciitis caused by Staphylococcus caprae and Escherichia coli / 영남의대학술지

Puerperal sepsis is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Postpartum pelvic infections can cause various complications, including wound infections and necrotizing fasciitis. Several microorganisms are known to cause such infections; however, no study has reported on Staphylococcus caprae, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus that is isolated frequently from animals and infrequently from human specimens, as a causative agent. Here, we report a rare case of septic shock complicated by necrotizing fasciitis after a cesarean section. This is the first report of a human isolate of S. caprae in association with puerperal sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis.

Related factors and bacteriological analysis of puerperal infection in pregnant women with scarred uterus / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors and etiology of puerperal infection in pregnant women with scar uterus.Methods 276 cases of uterine scar pregnant women were prospectively collected in the hos-pital,according to the development of postpartum puerperal infection or not,all pregnant women were divided into an infection group(n=25)or a non infection group(control group)(n=251).The main clinical features between the two groups were compared and the risk factors of puerperal infection in pregnant women with u-terine scar were analyzed.Results Compared with the control group,the incidence of gestational <37 weeks, perilous placenta previa,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of membranes,placental abruption,preg-nancy induced hypertension and the past history of vaginitis was significantly higher in the infection group,and the difference was statistically significant(P< 0.05).Multivariate logistics regression analysis showed that the risk factors of puerperal infection in pregnant women with scarred uterus included dangerous placenta pre-via,postpartum hemorrhage and placental abruption.Gram negative bacteria were more common,accounting for 72.00%,the most common gram negative bacteria were Escherichia coli(32.00%),the most common gram positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus(12.00%).Conclusion Dangerous placenta previa,post-partum hemorrhage and placental abruption are the risk factors of puerperal infection in pregnant women with uterine scar,and Gram negative bacteria are common pathogens.

Study on the correlation analysis and the mechanism of PCT, CRP level and the puerperal infection after cesarean section / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate procalcitonin (PCT) and C reactive protein (CRP) expression in patients with puerperal infection after cesarean section and its clinical significance.Methods From January 2014 to January 2016,134 cases of cesarean section puerperal infection patients in our hospital were enrolled in observation group,according to 1∶3 matching,we selected 402 cases of cesarean section without puerperal infection as the control group.Then the levels of PCT and CRP in two groups were detected.Results CRP and PCT levels of 24 h,48 h and 72 h of the patients in the observation group were (13.16 ± 1.06)mg/L and (1.05 ±0.42)g/L,(15.15 ± 1.50)mg/L and (1.67 ±0.31)g/L,(16.01 ± 2.32) mg/L and (2.10 ± 0.92) g/L respectively,significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.05);72 h CRP and PCT levels of pelvic cavity peritonitis patients were (17.13 ± 1.46)mg/L and (2.81 ± 0.97) g/L respectively,significantly higher than that in patients with vulvovaginal and cervicitis,endometritis and fallopian tube (P ＜ 0.05);72 h CRP and PCT in patients with endometritis and fallopian tube inflammation were (15.89 ± 1.06) mg/L and (2.06 ± 0.83) g/L,significantly higher than that of vaginal and Cervicitis Patients (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions CRP and PCT increase rapidly in patients with puerperal infection after cesarean section,and there are a certain relationship with puerperal infection disease and they are of certain clinical application value.

Efficacy and Safety of Metronidazole Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide for Uterine Cavity Lavage in the Treatment of Puerperal Infection:A Meta-analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of metronidazole combined with hydrogen peroxide for uterine cavity lavage in the treatment of puerperal infection. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,Cochrane library,Wanfang database,VIP,CBM and CNKI,Meta-analysis was performed by using Cochrane collaboration Rev Man 5.3 software after data extraction and quality evaluation with modified Jadad scale. RESULTS:A total of 16 RCTs were included,involving 1 280 patients. Meta-analysis showed that total response rate of observation group was significantly higher than that of control group [OR＝5.76,95%CI(3.21,10.35),P＜0.001],but febrile duration [MD＝－2.08,95%CI(－2.32,－1.84),P＜0.001],duration of clinical symptom [MD＝－2.71,95%CI(－2.89,－2.53),P＜0.001] and average hospital stay [MD＝－3.05,95%CI(－3.32,－2.79),P＜0.001] are significantly shorter than control group; the incidence of ADR [OR＝0.27,95%CI(0.08,0.89),P＝0.03] was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS:Metronidazole combined with hydrogen peroxide for uterine cavity lavage show good therapeutic efficacy and safety in the treatment of puerperal infection.

Characterisation of maternal mortality in Colombian indigenous communities, 2011 to 2013. Study of cases based on sentinel surveillance / Caracterización de la mortalidad materna en comunidades indígenas Colombianas, 2011 a 2013. Estudio de los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica de casos centinela

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterise the behaviour of maternal mortality (MM) in Colombian indigenous populations during the triennium 2011-2013. Materials and methods: Study based on epidemiological surveillance of maternal mortality cases. The study population included all maternal deaths, direct and indirect, and live births reported in the indigenous population in the country. Cases of mortality coinciding with pregnancy, such as deaths due to injuries from external causes, accidental and incidental causes, were excluded. The search of MM sentinel cases was made in the databases of the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA) from the National Health Institute (INS), and registries of births and deaths of the National Administrative Statistics Department (DANE) for the time period between 2011 and 2013. Sociodemographic variables, maternal and childbirth care variables, geographical area and place of death, and grouped and specific causes of maternal death were measured. A descriptive analysis of the information was carried out using absolute and relative frequency measurements for the data. Results: In Colombia, 1546 cases of deaths in pregnant women were reported during the triennium 2011-2013, of which 143 cases of MM were analysed in indigenous communities: 130 met the inclusion criteria and 13 were excluded due to incidental or accidental causes. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) for this population was 327.5 per 100,000 live births during the triennium, while in the non-indigenous population it was 60.9. Of maternal deaths in indigenous population, 22.3% were in girls under 19 years of age and 29.2% in women over 35 years of age. The main causes of MM were postpartum haemorrhage, eclampsia and puerperal sepsis. Conclusion: Indigenous communities, maternal mortality is five times greater than in the non-indigenous population of the country. Multisectorial interventions that take into consideration the cultures of these peoples are needed in order to reduce inequities that affect them.

RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar la población que presentó mortalidad materna (MM) en las poblaciones indígenas colombianas durante el trienio 2011-2013. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio con los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica de casos de mortalidad materna. La población de estudio incluyó todas las muertes maternas, directas e indirectas, y los nacidos vivos, reportadas en la población de la etnia indígena en el país; se excluyeron los casos de mortalidad coincidente con el embarazo, como las muertes por lesiones de causa externa, causas accidentales e incidentales. Se realizó la búsqueda de los casos de MM en las bases de datos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), y los registros de nacimientos y defunciones del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) de los años 2011 a 2013. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, maternas y de la atención del parto, área y lugar de defunción, y causas agrupadas y específicas de la muerte materna. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la información utilizando medidas de frecuencia absoluta y relativa para los datos. Resultados: en Colombia se presentaron 1.546 casos de muertes en mujeres embarazadas durante el trienio 2011-2013, de estos se analizaron 143 casos de MM en comunidades indígenas: 130 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y 13 se excluyeron por causas incidentales o accidentales. La razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) para esta población fue 327,5 por 100.000 nacidos vivos durante el trienio, mientras que en la población no indígena fue de 60,9. El 22,3 % de las muertes maternas en indígenas fue en menores de 19 años, y el 29,2 % en mayores de 35 años. Las principales causas de MM fueron hemorragia posparto, eclampsia y sepsis puerperal. Conclusión: en las comunidades indígenas existe una mortalidad materna cinco veces mayor a la de la población no indígena del país. Se requieren intervenciones multisectoriales que tengan en cuenta la cultura de estos pueblos para reducir la inequidad que los afecta.

Late puerperal sepsis, case report and literature review / Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura sepsis puerperal tardía

A case of extremely rare puerperal sepsis is presented in this paper. Postpartum infection is an entity given in between 0.1% and 10% of postpartum patients and has a mortality rate ranging from 2% to 11%. In this case report, a primigravida patient, age 19, presented hypogastric pain, emesis and fever five days after delivery. Postpartum endometritis and retained products of conception were diagnosed; uterine curettage was performed and antibiotic treatment was formulated with satisfactory outcome. The patient was discharged on the fourth day. The patient was readmitted 27 days after delivery with hypogastric persistent pain and fever, vomiting, hypotension and pulmonary dysfunction; gynecological examination showed findings consistent with salpingitis and a laparotomy was performed to confirm the diagnosis, finding salpingitis along with pelvic peritonitis. An intravenous antibiotic treatment, laparotomy and peritoneal washings were provided with satisfactory evolution. The literature on puerperal sepsis, myometritis and postpartum salpingitis is reviewed because, in order to improve morbidity and mortality, timely diagnosis and treatment are determining.

Se presenta un caso de sepsis puerperal de evolución poco frecuente. La infección pos-parto es una entidad que se da entre el 0.1% y 10% de las pacientes en posparto y tie-ne una mortalidad que varía del 2% al 11%. En este reporte de caso, se presenta una paciente primigestante de 19 años, quién a los cinco días posparto presenta cuadro de dolor en hipogastrio, emesis y fiebre. Se diagnostica endometritis posparto y reten-ción de restos, se realiza legrado uterino y se le formula tratamiento antibiótico con evolu-ción satisfactoria y salida al cuarto día. La paciente reingresó a los 27 días pos-parto con dolor en hipogastrio y fiebre, persis-tencia del dolor, vómito, hipotensión y disfun-ción pulmonar; el examen ginecológico arrojó hallazgos compatibles con salpingitis, por lo que fue llevada a laparotomía confirmándose el diagnóstico de salpingitis con pelvi-perito-nitis. Se comenzó tratamiento antibiótico intra-venoso, laparostomía y lavados peritoneales con evolución satisfactoria. Para mejorar la morbimortalidad, es im-portante un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportu-no, por lo cual se revisa la literatura de sepsis puerperal, miometritis y salpingitis posparto.

Infecção no período puerperal: implicações para a enfermagem / Infection postpartum period: implications for nursing

A enfermagem é uma profissão voltada para o cuidado das pessoas nas diferentes fases da vida, o ato de cuidar é a essência no fazer da enfermeira, e, possui uma inquietação com o conjunto de prioridade de pesquisa em seu meio. Neste sentido, a saúde materna considerada um indicador sensível à qualidade de vida de uma população é uma delas. O presente estudo é uma revisão integrativa da literatura que teve como objetivo descrever as infecções mais frequentes que a mulher está exposta durante o período puerperal, investigadas em publicações nacional e internacional da área da saúde, além de identificar o nível de evidência cientifica de cada artigo. Para a seleção dos estudos foram utilizadas três bases de dados, ScienceDirect, Pubmed e Lilacs. O recorte temporal foi de 2009 a 2013 e, a amostra foi composta por 19 artigos, relacionado à infecção puerperal. Os dados foram coletados da segunda quinzena de setembro à primeira de outubro. A análise dos estudos permitiu identificar que mais da metade das publicações foi no Brasil. Dois estudos identificaram enfermeiros como autores. A maioria dos periódicos de veiculação dos estudos era da área medica. Doze estudos apresentaram delineamento não experimental, três eram estudo de caso e quatro apresentaram delineamento experimental. As principais infecções puerperais encontradas foram a endometrite, a infecção urinária, a infecção do sítio cirúrgico, a sepse puerperal, a mastite, a cervicite. Os resultados mostraram que são necessárias mais pesquisas com delineamento experimental, principalmente no que tange a área da enfermagem...

Nursing is a profession focused on the care of people at different stages of life, the act of caring is the essence in making the nurse, and has a concern with the search priority set in their midst. In this sense, the maternal considered a sensitive indicator of the quality of life of a population is one. This study is an integrative literature review that aimed to describe the most common infections that a woman is exposed during the postpartum period, investigated in national and international publications in the health field, and identify the level of scientific evidence of each article. For the selection of studies have used three databases, ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Lilacs. The time frame was 2009 to 2013 and the sample consisted of 19 articles related to puerperal infection. Data were collected from the second half of September to the first of October. The studies identified that more than half of the papers in Brazil. Two studies identified nurses as authors. Most of the studies serving journals was the medical area. Twelve studies showed no experimental design, three were case study and four presented experimental design. The main puerperal infections were found endometritis, urinary infection, surgical site infection, puerperal sepsis, mastitis, the cervicitis...

Clinical observation of heat-clearing and detoxifying Liangxue prescription decocting-free granules in treatment of puerperal infection / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the application of heat-clearing and detoxifying Liangxue prescription decocting-free granules in puerperal infection and its clinical curative effect.Methods 97 cases patients with puerperal infection were chosen in the hospital from Dec.2012 to Dec.2014, according to the digital method, which were randomly divided into experimental group (n=49) and control group (n=48).The two groups were given metronidazole injection 250 mL/d, and 0.2 g mesylate levofloxacin added into 5% glucose injection 250 mL, intravenous drip, twice per day.On the basis of above therapy, experimental group were treated with heat-clearing and detoxifying Liangxue prescription decocting-free granules, orally, twice per day, one bag each time.Both of two groups were treated for 2 weeks as one course.Clinical symptom score, hemodynamic indexes, inflammatory factor, blood biochemical indexes and efficacy were observed and compared between two groups.Results Total effective rate of experimental group was 95.92%, which was significantly higher than 75.00% of control group ( U =3.58, P<0.01 ) .After treatment, the cell count of white blood cell ( WBC) and neutrophilic granulocyte ( GRAN ) , values of middle cell percentage (%MON ) , neutrophilic granulocyte ratio (%GRAN ) , and lymphocyte percentage (%LYM) in both of two groups significantly decreased compared with before treatment (P<0.05), and the above indexes in experimental group were lower than those in control group ( P<0.05 ) .After treatment, the serum IL-6 and TNF-αlevels in two groups decreased compared with before treatment ( P<0.05 ) , and the above indexes in experimental group were lower than those in control group ( P<0.05 ) .After treatment, the hemodynamic indexes including cell aggregation index, whole blood viscosity ( high, medium and low shear ) and plasma viscosity significantly improved compared with before treatment than control group ( P<0.05 ) , and the above indexes in experimental group significantly improved compared with control group (P<0.05).After treatment, the score of hypogastralgia, chills and fever, uterine body tender and a funicular tenderness of attachment area, lochia score and total score significantly decreased compared with before treatment (P<0.05), and the above indexes in experimental group significantly were lower than control group ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion The heat-clearing and detoxifying Liangxue prescription decocting-free granules can significantly improve the inflammatory symptoms in treatment of puerperal infection, and its mechanism of action may improve microcirculation, reduce inflammatory reaction.The clinical efficacy of therapy is obviously better than western medicine treatment alone, which can be popularized in clinical application.

Fatores predisponentes para infecção da ferida operatória pós-cesárea: uma revisão integrativa / Factores de riesgo a infección de la herida quirúrgica después de la cesárea: una revisión integradora / Risk factors for wound infection after cesarean section: an integrative review

Objective: to study the predisposing factors that interfere with the emergence of infection in surgical wound after cesarean section. Method: It is an integrative review about the predisposing factors for infection of the surgical wound after cesarean section. It has as guiding question, which is the scientific production in the last five years about the predisposing factors for infection of the surgical wound after cesarean section? Results: We found five publications, which showed the main predisposing factors for infection: obesity, diabetes, low socioeconomic status, duration of labor and premature rupture of membranes. Conclusion: The subject is little explored in the scientific world and in the studies analyzed, concern over use of antibiotic therapy was superior to the conditions, which concern the pre, intra and postoperative great.

Objetivo: estudar os fatores predisponentes, que interferem no surgimento da infecção em ferida operatória pós-cesárea. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa sobre os fatores predisponentes para infecção da ferida operatória pós-cesárea. Tem como questão norteadora qual a produção científica nos últimos cinco anos acerca dos fatores predisponentes para infecção da ferida operatória pós-cesárea? Resultados: encontramos cinco publicações, que apontaram como os principais fatores predisponentes para a infecção: a obesidade, diabetes, baixo status socioeconômicos, duração do trabalho de parto e ruptura prematura de membranas. Conclusão: O assunto é pouco explorado no meio científico e, nos estudos analisados, a preocupação com uso da antibioticoterapia foi superior às condições, que concernem ao pré, trans e pós-operatório ótimo.

Objetivo: estudiar los factores predisponentes, que interfieren en el surgimiento de la infección en herida operatoria pos-cesárea. Método: se trata de una revisión integrativa sobre los factores predisponentes para infección de la herida operatoria post-cesárea. Tiene como pregunta guiadora ¿cuál es la producción científica en los últimos cinco años acerca de los factores predisponentes para infección de la herida operatoria post-cesárea? Resultados: encontramos cinco publicaciones, que apuntaran como los principales factores predisponentes para la infección: la obesidad, diabetes, bajo status socioeconómicos, duración del trabajo de parto y ruptura prematura de membranas. Conclusión: El asunto es poco explorado en el medio científico y, en los estudios analizados, la preocupación con uso de la terapia antibiótico fue superior a las condiciones, que conciernen al pre, trans y post-operatorio óptimo.

Iatrogenia institucional y muerte materna: semmelweis y la fiebre puerperal / Institutional iatrogeny and maternal death: semmelweis and puerperal fever

La fiebre puerperal es una enfermedad que asume carácter epidémico en el siglo XVIII como consecuencia de dos factores: las masas trabajadoras urbanas generadas por la revolución industrial, y la progresiva hegemonización y medicalización de la atención del parto en grandes hospitales públicos. La mortalidad materna institucionalizada alcanza cifras superiores al 30%, en tanto con la atención por parteras es menor al 2%. Semmelweis, médico húngaro, postula que los médicos contaminaban a las parturientas por insuficiente higiene luego de realizar necropsias, e implanta medidas profilácticas en el Hospital de Viena, las cuales reducen dramáticamente la mortalidad, pero sus ideas son rechazadas por que afectan el proceso de institucionalización de la medicina basado en el altruismo y honor, por los que supuestamente era imposible que causen daño a sus pacientes. Es obligado a retirarse del Hospital de Viena, y continua su lucha en Budapest, pero el rechazo y la incomprensión de sus colegas por su doctrina afecta su salud mental. Muere en un asilo, pocos años antes que Pasteur y Koch demuestren las bacterias causantes de enfermedades como la fiebre puerperal.

Puerperal fever is a disease that becomes epidemic in the eighteenth century as a result of two factors: the urban working masses generated by the industrial revolution and the progressive hegemonization and medicalization of birth care in large public hospitals. Institutionalized maternal death reached figures above 30%, while in the case of birth care provided by midwives, it was than 2%. Semmelweis, an Hungarian physician, sustained that physicians contaminated women in labor due to insufficient hygiene after performing necropsies and established prophylactic measures in the Vienna Hospital that reduced mortality dramatically. However, his ideas were rejected because they affected the institutionalization process of medicine, based on altruism and honor, which would make it impossible to cause harm to patients. He was forced to leave Vienna Hospital and he continued his struggle in Budapest, but the rejection and disagreement of his peers with his doctrine affected his mental health. He died in an asylum, a few years before Pasteur and Koch proved the existence of the bacteria that caused diseases such as puerperal fever.