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1.
Neumol. pediátr. (En línea) ; 17(1): 9-11, 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1379403

ABSTRACT

La principal función del aparato respiratorio es permitir el intercambio gaseoso, el cual se produce en las unidades alveolares. Para definir y conocer la ventilación alveolar, es necesario estar familiarizado con los volúmenes y capacidades pulmonares, además de conocer los principios fisiológicos que nos permiten medirlos y/o estimarlos. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar estos conceptos, para aumentar el entendimiento de la fisiología del aparato respiratorio.


The main function of the respiratory system is to allow gas exchange, which occurs in the alveolar units. To define and know alveolar ventilation, it is necessary to be familiarized with lung volumes and capacities, in addition to understand the physiological principles that allow us measure and / or estimate them. The objective of this article is to review these concepts, to increase the understanding of the physiology of the respiratory system.


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
2.
J. bras. pneumol ; 45(3): e20180065, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012556

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To derive reference values for healthy white Brazilian adults who have never smoked and to compare the obtained values with reference values derived by Crapo and by Neder. Methods: Reference equations by quantile regressions were derived in 122 men and 122 women, non-obese, living in seven cities in Brazil. Age ranged from 21 to 92 years in women and from 25 to 88 years in men. Lung function tests were performed using SensorMedics automated body plethysmographies according ATS/ERS recommendations. Lower and upper limits were derived by specific equations for 5 and 95 percentiles. The results were compared to those suggested by Crapo in 1982, and Neder in 1999. Results: Median values for total lung capacity (TLC) were influenced only by stature in men, and by stature and age in women. Residual volume was influenced by age and stature in both genders. Weight was directly related to inspiratory capacity and inversely with functional residual capacity and expiratory reserve volume in both genders. A comparison of observed TLC data with values predicted by Neder equations showed significant lower values by the present data. Mean values were similar between data from present study and those derived by Crapo. Conclusion: New predicted values for lung volumes were obtained in a sample of white Brazilians. The values differ from those derived by Neder, but are similar to those derived by Crapo.


RESUMO Objetivo: Derivar valores de referência para brasileiros adultos brancos saudáveis que nunca fumaram e comparar os valores obtidos com os valores de referência derivados por Crapo e por Neder. Métodos: Equações de referência por regressões quantílicas foram derivadas em 122 homens e 122 mulheres, não obesos, em sete cidades do Brasil. A idade variou entre 21 e 92 anos nas mulheres e de 25 a 88 anos nos homens. Os volumes pulmonares foram medidos por pletismógrafo de corpo automatizados SensorMedics, de acordo com as recomendações da SBPT e ATS/ERS. Os limites inferior e superior, expressos pelo percentil 5 e 95, foram derivados por equações específicas. Os resultados foram comparados aos sugeridos por Crapo em 1982 e Neder em 1999. Resultados: Os valores medianos para a capacidade pulmonar total (CPT) foram influenciados apenas pela estatura nos homens, e pela estatura e idade nas mulheres. O volume residual foi influenciado pela idade e estatura em ambos os sexos. O peso se correlacionou diretamente com a capacidade inspiratória e inversamente com a capacidade residual funcional e com o volume de reserva expiratório em ambos os sexos. A CPT observada, comparada com os valores previstos pela equação de Neder, foi significativamente menor. Os valores médios foram semelhantes entre os dados do presente estudo e os de Crapo. Conclusões: Novos valores previstos para os volumes pulmonares foram obtidos em uma amostra de brasileiros de raça branca. Os valores diferem daqueles derivados por Neder, mas são semelhantes aos derivados por Crapo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Plethysmography/methods , Total Lung Capacity/physiology , Lung/physiology , Lung Volume Measurements/methods , Reference Values , Respiratory Function Tests , Brazil , Body Mass Index , Sex Factors , Age Factors
3.
RBM rev. bras. med ; 72(1/2)jan.-fev. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-737644

ABSTRACT

No envelhecimento ocorrem alterações em vários sistemas, entre eles o respiratório, que determina uma diminuição da função pulmonar. O estudo foi realizado com objetivo de investigar os volumes e pressões pulmonares em idosos institucionalizados na cidade de Tupã e avaliar suas relações com: gênero, faixa etária, tabagismo e realização de fisioterapia. Foram estudados 30 idosos de ambos os gêneros com média de idade: 73,6 ± 12,3 anos. Foram submetidos à avaliação contendo dados e antecedentes pessoais; além de testes específicos para avaliar as pressões respiratórias máximas (PImax e PEmax) por meio da manuvacuometria e para avaliar o volume minuto (Vm), volume corrente (VC) e capacidade vital (CV) por meio da ventilometria. Foi realizada análise estatística pelo teste t e correlação de Person, adotou-se nível de 5%. Foram observados valores abaixo do previsto para as variáveis de PImax (43,6 ± 30,5 cmH2O) e PEmax (45,8 ± 23,6 cmH2O). Foi observado resultado estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) na relação entre gênero com: PImax, PEmax, Vm, VC e CV; em que os homens obtiveram os melhores resultados. Na comparação entre realização de fisioterapia com as variáveis de pressão e volume se observou resultado significante (p<0,005) para pressões respiratórias máximas. Foram observadas correlações significantes entre as variáveis: Vm, VC e CV. Os resultados sugerem que os idosos estudados apresentam debilidade muscular respiratória e a realização de fisioterapia tem influência benéfica no desempenho da força muscular respiratória. A população estudada não alcançou os valores previstos pela literatura para pressões e volumes pulmonares...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged
4.
Clinics ; 69(7): 483-486, 7/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-714602

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing abdominal surgery are at risk for pulmonary complications. The principal cause of postoperative pulmonary complications is a significant reduction in pulmonary volumes (FEV1 and FVC) to approximately 65-70% of the predicted value. Another frequent occurrence after abdominal surgery is increased intra-abdominal pressure. The aim of this study was to correlate changes in pulmonary volumes with the values of intra-abdominal pressure after abdominal surgery, according to the surgical incision in the abdomen (superior or inferior). METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 60 patients who underwent elective open abdominal surgery with a surgical time greater than 240 minutes. Patients were evaluated before surgery and on the 3rd postoperative day. Spirometry was assessed by maximal respiratory maneuvers and flow-volume curves. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured in the postoperative period using the bladder technique. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56±13 years, and 41.6% 25 were female; 50 patients (83.3%) had malignant disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical incision (superior or inferior). The lung volumes in the preoperative period showed no abnormalities. After surgery, there was a significant reduction in both FEV1 (1.6±0.6 L) and FVC (2.0±0.7 L) with maintenance of FEV1/FVC of 0.8±0.2 in both groups. The maximum intra-abdominal pressure values were similar (p = 0.59) for the two groups. There was no association between pulmonary volumes and intra-abdominal pressure measured in any of the groups analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that superior and inferior abdominal surgery determines hypoventilation, unrelated to increased intra-abdominal pressure. Patients at high risk of pulmonary complications should receive respiratory care even if undergoing inferior abdominal surgery. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Abdomen/surgery , Lung/physiopathology , Pressure , Postoperative Complications/physiopathology , Analysis of Variance , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Prospective Studies , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Spirometry , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Vital Capacity/physiology
5.
Braz. j. phys. ther. (Impr.) ; 12(2): 94-99, Mar.-Apr. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-484325

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As complicações respiratórias são as principais causas de aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade em indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de andar superior do abdômen. A eficácia dos procedimentos fisioterapêuticos precisa ser melhor definida, assim como é necessário o conhecimento da melhor estratégia terapêutica a ser implementada. OBJETIVO: Comparar o volume inspiratório mobilizado durante a técnica de breath stacking, com o volume na inspirometria de incentivo em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes, no primeiro dia de pós-operatório, foram orientados a inspirar profundamente por meio do inspirômetro de incentivo Voldyne® e a realizar esforços inspiratórios sucessivos pela máscara facial adaptada para realização da manobra de breath stacking. Cada técnica foi realizada cinco vezes de acordo com a randomização. No período pré-operatório, os pacientes realizaram prova espirométrica, foram avaliados e instruídos quanto à realização das técnicas. Um ventilômetro de Wright® permitiu o registro da capacidade inspiratória. RESULTADOS: A capacidade inspiratória foi significativamente maior durante o breath stacking do que durante a inspirometria de incentivo, tanto no pré quanto no pós-operatório. Houve redução significativa dos volumes após o procedimento cirúrgico, independentemente da técnica realizada. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de breath stacking mostrou-se eficaz e superior à inspirometria de incentivo para a geração e sustentação de volumes inspiratórios. Por não haver descrição de efeitos adversos, essa técnica pode, provavelmente, ser utilizada de forma segura e eficaz, principalmente em pacientes pouco cooperativos.


BACKGROUND: Respiratory complications are the main causes of increased morbidity and mortality in individuals who undergo upper abdominal surgery. The efficacy of physical therapy procedures needs clarification, and it is necessary to know which therapeutic approaches are the best ones to implement. OBJECTIVE: To compare the inspiratory volume during the breath stacking maneuver with the volume during incentive spirometry, in abdominal surgery patients. METHODS: Twelve patients, on their first postoperative day, were instructed to take a deep breath through the VoldyneTM incentive spirometer and to make successive inspiratory efforts using a facemask that had been adapted for performing the breath stacking maneuver. Each technique was performed five times according to the randomization. Before the operation, the patients performed a spirometric test. They were also assessed and instructed about the procedures. A WrightTM ventilometer allowed inspiratory capacity to be recorded. RESULTS: The inspiratory capacity during breath stacking was significantly higher than during incentive spirometry, both before and after the operation. There was a significant reduction in volumes after the surgical procedure, independent of the technique performed. CONCLUSIONS: The breath stacking technique was shown to be effective. This technique was better than incentive spirometry for generating and sustaining inspiratory volumes. Since no adverse effects have been described, this technique can probably be used safely and effectively, particularly in uncooperative patients.


Subject(s)
Breathing Exercises , Inspiratory Capacity , Physical Therapy Modalities , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Total Lung Capacity
6.
Clinics ; 63(6): 719-724, 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-497903

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Obesity can cause deleterious effects on respiratory function and impair health and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of obesity on the pulmonary function of adult women. METHODS: An obese group, constituted of 20 women between 20 and 35 years old with a BMI of 35 - 49.99 kg/m² who were non-smokers and sedentary and had no lung disease were recruited. The non-obese group consisted of 20 women between 20 and 35 years old who were sedentary and non-smokers and had no lung disease and a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.99 kg/m². Spirometry was performed in all subjects. The statistical analysis consisted of parametric or non-parametric tests, depending on the distribution of each variable, considering p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The obese group presented a mean age of 25.85 ± 3.89 years and a mean BMI of 41.1 ± 3.46 kg/m², and the non-obese group presented a mean age of 23.9 ± 2.97 years and a mean body mass index of 21.91 ± 1.81 kg/m². There were no significant differences between the obese group and the non-obese group as to the age, vital capacity, tidal volume, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second. However, the obese group presented a greater inspiratory reserve volume (2.44 ± 0.47 L vs. 1.87 ± 0.42 L), a lower expiratory reserve volume (0.52 ± 0.32 L vs. 1.15 ± 0.32 L), and a maximal voluntary ventilation (108.5 ± 13.3 L/min vs. 122.6 ± 19.8 L/min) than the non-obese group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The alterations evidenced in the components of the vital capacity (inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume) suggest damage to the chest mechanics caused by obesity. These factors probably contributed to a reduction of the maximal voluntary ventilation.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Obesity/physiopathology , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology , Body Mass Index , Case-Control Studies , Respiratory Function Tests , Risk Factors , Young Adult
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