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1.
Ciênc. rural ; 40(1): 246-253, jan.-fev. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-537354

ABSTRACT

A pressão intrapleural normalmente é menor que a pressão intrapulmonar. Consequentemente , os pulmões tendem ao colapso e se retraem, afastando-se da parede torácica. No início do século XX, Pasteur descreveu a atelectasia pulmonar, que ocorre com frequência durante a indução anestésica, persiste no período pós-operatório e pode contribuir de maneira significativa para a morbidade e o aumento nos gastos com medicamentos. Em medicina veterinária, no entanto, a atelectasia não é frequentemente diagnosticada, apesar de que isso não implica afirmar que tal afecção não ocorra, visto que existem relatos do desenvolvimento desse quadro em cães e em outras espécies. No contexto da anestesia geral, essa complicação pulmonar pode ser encontrada em animais que respiram 80 a 100 por cento de oxigênio. A partir dessas informações, torna-se necessário que o profissional da anestesiologia veterinária obtenha conhecimentos complementares sobre o tema. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se descrever alguns dos mecanismos da atelectasia e seus pontos relevantes, de modo a familiarizar os profissionais quanto aos pormenores dessa importante, e nem sempre bem compreendida, alteração fisiológica respiratória.


Pleural pressure is usually lower than pulmonary pressure. Therefore, the lungs tend to collapse and increase its distance from thoracic walls. At the beginning of 20th century, Pasteur described the pulmonary atelectasis, which develops during induction of anesthesia and persists to the postoperative period. It can contribute significantly to morbidity and to increase the medical expenses. In veterinary medicine, pulmonary atelectasis is not frequently diagnosed, which doesn't rule out the occurrence of this disease, since there are reports of atelectsasis in dogs. This pulmonary complication can be found in animals that breathe 80 percent to 100 percent oxygen in anesthetic procedures. Based on this information, the veterinary anesthesiologist is required to search for complementary knowledge regarding to pulmonary atelectasis. This study, therefore, aimed to describe some of the mechanisms involved in the development of atelectasis. It aimed also to familiarize the anesthesiologist to this not always well- understood physiological breathing change.

2.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 58(2): 112-123, mar.-abr. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-477730

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Manobras de recrutamento alveolar (MRA) utilizando pressões de 40 cmH2O nas vias aéreas são efetivas em reverter as atelectasias após revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio (RM), contudo não existem estudos avaliando o impacto hemodinâmico dessa manobra em pacientes que evoluíram com choque cardiogênico. O objetivo foi testar a tolerância hemodinâmica à MRA em pacientes evoluindo com choque cardiogênico após RM. MÉTODO: Após admissão na UTI e estabilização hemodinâmica, foram estudados dez pacientes hipoxêmicos e em choque cardiogênico após RM. Os ajustes ventilatórios foram volume corrente de 8 mL.kg-1, PEEP 5 cmH2O, FR de 12 ipm e FiO2 de 0,6. Pressão contínua de 40 cmH2O foi aplicada nas vias aéreas por 40 segundos em três ciclos. Entre os ciclos, os pacientes foram ventilados por 30 segundos e após o último ciclo a PEEP foi ajustada em 10 cmH2O. Foram obtidas medidas hemodinâmicas após 1, 10, 30 e 60 minutos da MRA e colhidas amostras sangüíneas arteriais e venosas para mensuração de lactato e gases sangüíneos 10 e 60 minutos após. Dados analisados por meio de ANOVA e teste de Friedman. Valor de p fixado em 0,05. RESULTADOS: A MRA aumentou a relação PaO2/FiO2 de 87 para 129,5 após 10 minutos e 120 após 60 minutos (p < 0,05) e reduziu o shunt pulmonar de 30 por cento para 20 por cento (p < 0,05). Não foram detectadas alterações hemodinâmicas ou no transporte de oxigênio imediatamente ou em até 60 minutos após a MRA. CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes que evoluíram com choque cardiogênico após RM e hipoxemia, a MRA melhorou a oxigenação e foi bem tolerada sob o ponto de vista hemodinâmico.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) with pressures of 40 cmH2 O in the airways is effective in the reversal of atelectasis after myocardial revascularization (MR); however, there is a lack of studies evaluating the hemodynamic impact of this maneuver in patients who evolve with cardiogenic shock after MR. The objective of this study was to test the hemodynamic tolerance to ARM in patients who develop cardiogenic shock after MR. METHODS: Ten hypoxemic patients in cardiogenic shock after MR were evaluated after admission to the ICU and hemodynamic stabilization. Ventilatory adjustments included tidal volume of 8 mL.kg-1, PEEP 5 cmH2O, RR 12, and FiO2 0.6. Continuous pressure of 40 cmH2O was applied to the airways for 40 seconds in three cycles. Between cycles, patients were ventilated for 30 seconds, and after the last cycle, PEEP was set at 10 cmH2O. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained 1, 10, 30, and 60 minutes after ARM, and arterial and venous blood samples were drawn 10 and 60 minutes after the maneuver to determine lactate levels and blood gases. ANOVA and the Friedman test were used to analyze the data. A p of 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Alveolar recruitment maneuver increased the ratio PaO2/FiO2 from 87 to 129.5 after 10 minutes and to 120 after 60 minutes (p < 0.05) and reduced pulmonary shunting from 30 percent to 20 percent (p < 0.05). Hemodynamic changes or changes in oxygen transport immediately after or up to 60 minutes after the maneuver were not detected. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who evolved to cardiogenic shock and hypoxemia after MR, ARM improved oxygenation and was well tolerated hemodynamically.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Maniobras de reclutamiento alveolar (MRA) utilizando presiones de 40 cmH2O en las vías aéreas son efectivas en revertir las atelectasias después de la revascularización quirúrgica del miocardio (RM), sin embargo, no existen estudios que evalúen el impacto hemodinámico de esta maniobra en pacientes que evolucionaron con choque cardiogénico. El objetivo fue probar la tolerancia hemodinámica a la MRA en pacientes que evolucionan con choque cardiogénico después de la RM. MÉTODO: Después de la entrada en la UCI y de la estabilización hemodinámica, se estudiaron 10 pacientes hipoxémicos y en choque cardiogénico después de RM. Los ajustes de ventilación fueron volumen corriente de 8 mL.kg-1, PEEP 5 cmH2O, FR de 12 ipm y FiO2 de 0,6. Presión continua de 40 cmH2O se aplicó en las vías aéreas por 40 segundos en tres ciclos. Entre los ciclos, los pacientes fueron ventilados por 30 segundos y después del último ciclo, la PEEP fue ajustada en 10 cmH2O. Fueron obtenidas medidas hemodinámicas después de 1, 10, 30 y 60 minutos de la MRA y recogidas muestras de sangre arteriales y venosas para la medida de lactato y de los gases sanguíneos 10 y 60 minutos después. Datos analizados a través de ANOVA y test de Friedman. Valor de p fijado en 0,05. RESULTADOS: La MRA aumentó la relación PaO2/FiO2 de 87 para 129,5 después de 10 minutos y 120 después de 60 minutos (p < 0,05) y redujo el shunt pulmonar de 30 por ciento para 20 por ciento (p < 0,05). No se detectaron alteraciones hemodinámicas o en el transporte de oxígeno inmediatamente o en hasta 60 minutos después de la MRA. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes que evolucionaron con choque cardiogénico después de RM e hipoxemia, la MRA mejoró la oxigenación y fue bien tolerada hemodinámicamente.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Hemodynamics , Myocardial Revascularization/adverse effects , Respiration, Artificial , Shock, Cardiogenic/etiology , Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy , Shock, Cardiogenic/physiopathology , Time Factors
3.
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology ; : 415-418, 2003.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-60282

ABSTRACT

Although segmental or subsegmental atelectasis may occur during anesthesia, mucous plugging of a mainstem bronchus has been uncommonly reported in anesthetized patients with chronic respiratory disease. However, pulmonary atelectasis following mucous plugging may rarely result normal patients. We report this case of an allegedly healthy patient was developed a left main stem bronchus obstruction, resulting in subsegmental collapse of left lower lung after the induction of general anesthesia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia , Anesthesia, General , Bronchi , Lung , Pulmonary Atelectasis
4.
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology ; : 722-727, 1995.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-187300

ABSTRACT

Identification of the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly patient who was scheduled for surgery is vitally important. If appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures should not be instituted, tracheal intubation of the patient should be associated with a number of complications. We experienced a case of acute attack of asthma and pulmonary collapse during endotracheal intubation. A 54-year-old male who was scheduled for an emergency of primary corneo-scleral suture have had history of bronchial asthma. On the preoperative physical examination, there was no specific finding except expiratory wheezing. After endotracheal intubation with the aid of ketamine 2 mg/kg, pancuronium bromide 0.1 mg/kg and lidocaine 2 mg/kg, iv, acute asthmatic attack was appeared. Breathing sounds on the both lung fields can not be audible during manual ventilation and SpO(2) was dropped to 70% at F(1)O(2) 1.0. To relieve asthmatic attack, epinephrine(1: 1.000) 0.5 ml, sc, aminophylline 4 mg/kg, iv and methyprednisolone 1 mg/kg, iv were injected. Erosion of tracheal mucosa, blood clots and mucous plugs were found by the fibroptic bronchoscopy. After removal of blood clots and mucus, lung compliance and SpO2 were improved. The patient was discharged 7 days later without any complications or sequelae.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aminophylline , Asthma , Bronchoscopy , Emergencies , Intubation , Intubation, Intratracheal , Ketamine , Lidocaine , Lung , Lung Compliance , Mucous Membrane , Mucus , Pancuronium , Physical Examination , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Respiratory Sounds , Sutures , Ventilation
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