ABSTRACT
Pulmonary vein thrombosis (PVT) is a potentially fatal complication following lung transplantation (LT). The clinical presentation of PVT is nonspecific and mimics other common postoperative complications such as reperfusion injury, infection, and rejection. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a pivotal role in detecting abnormalities of the pulmonary venous anastomosis in the perioperative period. Echocardiographic findings that warrant concern include a visible thrombus in pulmonary vein, pulmonary vein diameter <5mm, turbulence on color Doppler, and peak systolic velocity >100 cm/s.Transplant centers should strongly considerTEE in individual patients with unexplained graft failure.
ABSTRACT
Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary vein thrombosis is rare in children but does occur.Compare to adults,the vast majority of children with PE have risk factors.The clinical manifestation includes shortness of breath,pleuritic chest pain,and hemoptysis,however,which are not specific.The majority of evidence for treatments in the pediatric population is extrapolated from adult populations; the choice of treatment should be guided by risks and benefits,underlying disease,and especially,the hemodynamic stability of the patient.This article reviews the current knowledge of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary vein thrombosis in the pediatric population,summarizing its characteristics from epidemiological aspects to diagnostic and therapeutic relevant issues.