Mother Behavior Q-Set (MBQS)Dimensionalidad del Q-set del comportamiento materno en muestras de México, Colombia y Uruguay / Mother Behavior Q-Set (MBQS): Dimensionality of the Mother Behavior Q-Set in samples from Mexico, Colombia and Uruguay

La sensibilidad se refiere a la capacidad del cuidador para percibir las señales del niño, interpretarlas correctamente y responder a ellas de manera contingente y apropiada. El Q Set del Comportamiento Materno (MBQS) fue creado a partir de descripciones teóricas y empíricas de la sensibilidad. Los Q-sorts se asocian con la metodología cuantitativa debido a que asignan puntajes; además, combinan la metodología cualitativa al hacer un estudio sistemático de la subjetividad. Son pocos los artículos que se ocupan de explorar el análisis, la validez interna, la confiabilidad o la replicabilidad externa de los Q-sorts. Usualmente los datos se reducen por medio de un análisis de componentes principales o análisis factorial. Sin embargo, en los Q-sorts se correlacionan los participantes para dilucidar las relaciones entre ellos en lugar de correlacionar las variables. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue encontrar evidencia respecto a la validez basada en la estructura interna del MBQS con el apoyo del software R y el paquete qmethod. Colaboraron 37 díadas mexicanas mamá-bebés, 35 colombianas y 24 uruguayas. En el 2002, Posada y colaboradores propusieron siete escalas. Las escalas en las que nuestro modelo factorial presentó un buen ajuste son las que tienen menos ítems, lo cual puede ser indicativo de que la falta de ajuste tiene que ver con la identificación del modelo debido a que se cuenta con pocas observaciones. Consideramos que tanto el uso del MBQS para evaluar la sensibilidad como del paquete qmethod para realizar el análisis resulta novedoso, relevante y pertinente

Sensitivity refers to the caregiver's ability to perceive infant's cues, interpret them correctly, and respond to them in a contingent and appropriate way. The Maternal Behavior Q Set (MBQS) was created from theoretical and empirical descriptions of sensitivity. Q-methodology is associated with the quantitative methodology because it assigns scores; in addition, it combines qualitative methodology by making a systematic study of subjectivity. Few papers are concerned with exploring the analysis, internal validity, reliability, or external replicability of Q studies. Usually analyses reduce data to a few summarizing factors, based on principal component analysis or centroid factor analysis. Q-factor analysis method was developed especially for q-sorted data; it is a by-person factor analysis which is used to identify groups of participants who make sense of a pool of items in comparable way. The aim of this study was to find evidence regarding the validity based on the internal structure of the MBQS using the R software and the qmethod package. Thirty-seven Mexican, 35 Colombian and 24 Uruguayan mother-baby dyads collaborated. In 2002, Posada et al. proposed seven scales. The scales in which our factorial model presented a good fit are those with the fewest items, which may be indicative that the lack of fit has to do with the identification of the model because there are few observations. We consider that both the use of the MBQS to assess sensitivity and the qmethod package to perform the analysis is novel, relevant and pertinent.

Subjectivity Study on Smoking Cessation of Korean Adult Males: Q-Methodological Approach

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify subjectivity on smoking cessation of Korean adult males, and to provide basic data, for non-smoking policies. METHODS: Q-methodology, a method of analyzing subjectivity of each item, was used. Thirty-nine adult males, classified 36 selected Q-statements into normal distribution, using a 9-point scale. Collected data were analyzed, using the pc-QUNAL program. RESULTS: Among the Korean adult males, three types of smoking cessation were identified. The name for Type I was ‘pursuit of faith’, for Type II, ‘factor of relationship disturbance’ and for Type III ‘ambivalence’. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that different approaches to intervention on smoking cessation are best served for Korean adult males, based on the three types of smoking cessation, and their characteristics.

Types of Perception toward Ethical Issues in Perioperative Nurses: Q-Methodological Approach

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at identifying the types of perceptions of ethical issues among perioperative nurses. METHODS: Q-methodology focusing on individual subjectivity was used with data collected in November 2016. Thirty-four Q-statements were selected and scored by the 35 participants on a 9-point scale with normal distribution. Participants were perioperative nurses working in advanced general hospitals and general hospitals. The data were analyzed using the PC-QUANL program. RESULTS: total of 35 perioperative nurses were classified into 4 factors based on the following viewpoints: self-centered (type 1), onlooking and avoiding (type 2), patient-centered (type 3), and problem-centered (type 4). The 4 factors accounted for 57.84% of the total variance. Individual contributions of factors 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 41.80%, 7.18%, 5.20%, and 3.66%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The major contribution of this study is the clarification of perioperative nurses' subjective perceptions of ethical issues. These findings can be used in formulating effective strategies for nursing educators, professional nurses, and nursing administrators to improve ethical decision-making abilities and to perform ethical nursing care by the appropriate management of ethical issues in everyday nursing practice.

Comparison of two scales for evaluation of smile and dental attractiveness

OBJECTIVE: To compare the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the simplified Q-sort method used to investigate the highest level of agreement among dentists, orthodontists and laypeople when assessing smile and dental attractiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An album containing 258 photos of 86 individuals with their lips at rest, a slight and broad smile, was assessed by 25 dentists (general clinicians and various specialties), 23 orthodontists and 27 laypeople with regard to smile and dental attractiveness. To this end, both VAS and simplified Q-sort method were used. Agreements were calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: For the single measurement between the VAS method and the simplified Q-sort method, all simplified Q-sort rates were higher in all groups. The simplified Q-sort method results ranged between 0.42 and 0.49 while those of the VAS method varied between 0.37 and 0.42. The simplified Q-sort method also presented higher mean measurement values (0.95 and 0.96) in comparison to VAS (0.94 and 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Both scales may be considered reliable for evaluating smile and dental attractiveness; however, the simplified Q-Sort method presented slightly higher values than the VAS method. .

OBJETIVO: comparar a escala visual analógica (EVA) e o método Q-sort simplificado quanto à maior concordância nas avaliações entre cirurgiões-dentistas, ortodontistas e leigos em atratividade dentária e do sorriso. MÉTODOS: 258 fotografias, provenientes de 86 indivíduos, fotografados com os lábios em repouso, sorriso leve e sorriso amplo, foram avaliadas quanto à atratividade dentária e do sorriso por meio da EVA e do Q-sort simplificado por 25 cirurgiões-dentistas (clínicos gerais e especialidades diversas), 23 Ortodontistas e 27 leigos. As concordâncias foram calculadas pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). RESULTADOS: para medida única entre a EVA e o método Q-sort simplificado, todas as taxas do Q-sort simplificado foram maiores em todos os grupos. O resultado do Q-sort simplificado variou entre 0,42 e 0,49, e da EVA entre 0,37 e 0,42. O Q-sort simplificado também apresentou valores de medida média superiores (0,95 e 0,96) em relação à EVA (0,94 e 0,95). CONCLUSÃO: pode-se considerar que ambas as escalas são confiáveis para avaliação da atratividade dentária e do sorriso; porém, o método Q-sort simplificado apresentou valores ligeiramente maiores que os da EVA. .

Changes in Perceptions of George W. Bush's Personality in the Wake of the September 11 2001 World Trade Center Attacks / Cambios en la percepción de la personalidad de George W. Bush posterior a los ataques al World Trade Center el 11 de Septiembre de 2001

Using data gathered just before and just after the September 11th terrorist attacks, we examine how perceptions of Bush's personality changed in the following two weeks. Fifty participants provided ratings of Bush using the California Q-sort at various times before (including immediately before) and after the attacks. At each time interjudge agreement was strong. There was general consistency between the pre-and post-attack assessments, but the common view of Bush shifted in several important ways. Consistent with his soaring popularity, the changes were toward more positive perceptions, even for characteristics unrelated to the attacks. Findings are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms driving the changes in perception. These findings, which are based on careful assessments conducted shortly before the emergence of any hint of what was to come, provide a unique perspective on changes in Bush's image as they unfolded in the immediate wake of the terrorist attacks.

Utilizando información recolectada justo antes y justo después de los ataques terroristas de septiembre 11 de 2001, se examinó cómo las percepciones de la personalidad de George Bush cambiaron en las dos semanas subsecuentes. Cincuenta participantes proveyeron puntajes sobre Bush utilizando el California Q-Sort en diferentes momentos antes (incluyendo el "inmediatamente antes") y después de los ataques. En cada momento temporal el acuerdo entre-jueces fue alto. Hubo consistencia general entre las evaluaciones antes y después de los ataques, pero la manera de ver a Bush tuvo cambios importantes en algunos puntos específicos. De manera consistente con su altísima popularidad, los cambios fueron hacia percepciones más positivas, aún en características no relacionadas con los ataques. Los hallazgos son discutidos en términos de mecanismos positivos que conducen los cambios en la percepción. Estos hallazgos, que están basados en evaluaciones cuidadosamente realizadas antes de siquiera haber tenido noción de lo que iba a suceder, proveen una perspectiva única de los cambios en la imagen de Bush tal y como se desarrollaron después de los ataques terroristas.

Attitude of Korean Lawyers toward Withdrawal of Life Sustaining Treatment / 한국호스피스완화의료학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to study the attitude of Korean lawyers toward withdrawal of life sustaining treatment, and compare and analyze different types of their attitudes. METHODS: Research design of this project was Q methodology approach. The study population was 24 lawyers, aged from 32 to 69 years. Q sample to investigate the attitude of the lawyers toward withdrawal of life sustaining treatment included 34 statements obtained from literatures, TV debate, and depth interviews of 5 lawyers among the lawyers included. After listening to the purpose and method of the study, the 24 lawyers agreed to fill out a survey asking sociodemographic information, and the information was distributed in 9 scale Q-sample. RESULTS: The collected data were processed through QUANL PC program and sorted into 5 types as follows: The first type was 'Choosing to withdraw life sustaining treatment', the second 'Withholding life sustaining treatment' regardless of the cost, the third is neutral type that claims that humans have the right to decide the death and life, and demands the proper legalization to protect such rights, the fourth type agrees to withdrawal of life sustaining treatment, nevertheless, admits that one has a rigt to withhold one's own life treatment, categorized as self contradiction type. The fifth type believed that 'Life and death are providential' with the faith, therefore, such authority to decide life and death belongs to God, but not human beings. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the lawyer's attitudes toward withdrawal of life sustaining treatment were grouped into five different types as follows: 'Choosing to withdraw life sustaining treatment', 'Withholding life sustaining treatment', 'Demanding legalization', 'Self contradiction type', and 'Life and death are providential'.

The initial probation of attachment Q sort in autism children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To test the attachment quality of autism children between 2～6 years with attach-ment Q-Sort,and to understand the difference from normal children. Methods Use the AQS to test the parents of 167 normal children and 55 autism children,which can evaluate the children' attachment types. Results The rate of security attachment in normal children was 68.3% ,and the rate of unsure attachment was 31.7%. The rate of security attachment in autism children was 29.1% ,and the rate of unsure attachment was 70.9% ;and the rates of security attachment in normal and autism children were different significantly(X2=26.16, P<0.01). Attachment quality was not associated with sex both in normal and autism children and neither age was. Conclusions Most of the normal children have the security attachment,and the autism children have the unsure attachment. Neither age nor sex is associated with attachment quality both normal children and autism children.