Turnaround time for the issuing of packed red cells: A retrospective study in a tertiary care hospita

Introduction: Turnaround time (TAT) is one of the most crucial performance indicators for blood transfusion and laboratory services. It is especially crucial in transfusion services due to its seminal role as a determining factor in patient care outcomes. We examined our institution’s TAT for issuing blood units. Materials and Methods: The Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, MGM Medical College and Hospital in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, undertook this retrospective noninterventional study over 12 months from January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2020. TAT was determined using a random audit of 10% of all monthly requests at the blood center. All requests for packed red cells (PRCs) received in the blood center during the study period were included in the evaluation. All requests for other blood components such as fresh-frozen plasma, random donor platelets, and cryoprecipitates were excluded along with all reservations for PRCs. A team of investigators tracked 369 requests for packed red cells over the year, noting the turnaround time. The standard TAT was set depending on the nature of the clinical case. Any significant deviation from institutionally established TAT was investigated, and root cause analysis was done. Results: The majority of transfusion requests were routine (72%) followed by emergency (23%) and lifesaving (5%). For routine cases, the average TAT was observed at 104 minutes. For emergency cases, the average TAT was observed at 39 minutes. For lifesaving cases, the average TAT was observed at 12 minutes. The highest number of cases were categorized under routine, followed by emergency cases and lifesaving categories. Conclusion: It was observed that there were no significant variations in turnaround time in routine, emergency, or lifesaving cases. Overall, as per our blood center standards, TAT for the issue of packed red cells was observed to fall under the normal range for routine, emergency, and lifesaving. Any outliers observed during the duration of the study were mainly due to inadequate samples or patient details received at the blood center or the presence of irregular antibodies encountered during the crossmatch.

Analysis on the results of external quality assessment for quality indicators of clinical laboratory in China / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the implementation of the external quality assessment plan for quality indicators of clinical laboratories in China from 2016 to 2021, as well as that of the external quality assessment of 15 quality indicators in clinical laboratories, in order to provide reference for quality management of clinical laboratory specialties.Methods:The research data was collected from the external quality assessment plan for quality indicators, which was conducted by the National Center for Clinical Laboratories joining the clinical laboratory centers of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly). The essential information reported by each participating clinical laboratory from 2016 to 2021 and the external quality assessment data of 15 quality indicators in clinical laboratories were collected, followed by a descriptive analysis on the number of participating laboratories and the number of returns for each indicator. Median representation was used for the external quality assessment data of 15 quality indicators in clinical laboratories, and the TOPSIS method was applied to comprehensively evaluate the quality of the total testing process of participating clinical laboratories in each year.Results:From 2016 to 2021, the number of laboratories participating in the external quality assessment plan for quality indicators of clinical laboratory increased from 7 704 to 12 142. Quality indicators in pre-analytical phases: the incorrect sample type rate, incorrect sample container rater, and incorrect fill level rate had been decreasing year by year, reaching 0, 0, and 0.005 8% in 2021, respectively. The anticoagulant samples clotted rate had decreased from 0.068 6% in 2016 to 0.042 8% in 2021, and the blood culture contamination rate from 2017 to 2021 had been 0 without exception. The pre-examination turnaround time had been shortened from 28 minutes in 2016 to 2019 to 24 minutes in 2020 and 2021. Quality indicators in analytical phases: the intra-laboratory turnaround time had been extended from 45 minutes in 2016 to 2019 to 50 minutes in 2020 and 2021. Test covered by an IQC rate had been increasing year by year, reaching 60.61% in 2021. Test with inappropriate IQC performances rate was 0 in 2020 and 2021, the test covered by an EQA-PT control rate was 100%, and unacceptable performances in EQA-PT schemes rate from 2017 to 2021 was 0. The inter-laboratory comparison rate had increased from 1.56% in 2016 to 3.00% in 2021. Quality indicators in post-analytical phases: the incorrect laboratory reports rate, critical values notification rate and timely critical values notification rate had been 0, 100%, and 100%from 2016 to 2021 respectively. The comprehensive evaluation results of TOPSIS method showed that the overall quality level of clinical laboratory testing in 2020 was the highest, with Ci value of 0.850 5, while the lowest Ci value in 2016 was 0.143 6. Conclusions:The quality of clinical laboratory testing in China has been effectively improved. Clinical laboratories should continue to strengthen their monitoring of quality indicators, especially the intra-laboratory turnover time and the inter-laboratory comparison rate, for the purposes of identifying errors, analyzing causes and taking corrective measures to improve quality.

Analysis of external quality assessment results of quality indicators for national emergency examination turnaround time / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To establish preliminary quality specifications for emergency examination turnaround time (TAT).Methods:The National Center for Clinical Laboratories organized 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly) and Xinjiang production and Construction Corps centers to launch a synchronous Quality Indicators (QIs)-External Quality Assessment (EQA) program and the collected data were reported via developed online EQA system. The essential information of the clinical laboratories, the data of pre-examination and intra-laboratory TAT quality indicators of emergency departments at each specialty (biochemistry, automatic immunity, three routines tests and coagulation) and four specific tests (blood potassium, troponin I/T, white blood cell count and international normalized ratio (INR)) were collected from 2019 to 2021. TAT returned the median and 90th percentile ( P90) of the specified month were calculated. The median (lower quartile, upper quartile) of the TAT returned laboratories were calculated and second result grading statistics for 2021 (2 422 tertiary hospital and 5 088 secondary hospital) were performed to understand the difference of pre-examination and the laboratory TAT between different tertiary hospitals. Results:From 2019 to 2021, there were 9 540 laboratories, 9 709 laboratories and 10 653 returned laboratories. The pre-examination TAT of each specialty was similar, and the results were relatively stable. The median distribution was about 15 (10, 30) min, and the monthly P90 distribution was about 20 (10, 30) min. The distribution results of the median intra-laboratory TAT in each specialty were as follows: automatic immunity≥biochemistry>coagulation>three routine tests. The distribution of the latest (second result in 2021) survey results of each specialty were as follows: automatic immunity 53 (30, 60) min, biochemistry 45 (30, 60) min, coagulation 30 (23, 40) min, and three routine tests 20 (11, 30) min. The median results of monthly P90 of intra-laboratory TAT were as follows: 60 min for automatic immunity and biochemistry specialty, about 38 min for coagulation specialty, and about 27 min for three routines tests. The hierarchical statistical results showed that the monthly P90 distribution of laboratory TAT of the pre-examination and intra-laboratory TAT from the tertiary hospital was higher than that of the secondary hospital. The pre-examination TAT of each specialty of the tertiary hospital/secondary hospital was as follows: biochemistry 35 (22, 60)/20 (11, 30) min, automatic immunity 33 (20, 60)/20 (10, 30) min, three routine tests 30 (20, 49)/20 (10, 30) min and coagulation 31 (20, 58)/20 (10, 30) min, the intra-laboratory TAT of each specialty of the tertiary hospital/secondary hospital was as follows: biochemistry 65 (50, 91)/60 (40, 70) min, automatic immunity 75 (55, 113)/60 (40, 90) min, three routine tests 30 (23, 38)/28 (19, 30) min and coagulation 53 (36, 72)/35 (30, 57) min. In terms of the distribution results of the median of intra-laboratory TAT of the four specific tests, 96.76% (9 484/9 801) of the blood potassium and 95.96% (8 733/9 101) of the troponin I/T medical institutions were TAT within 69 min in the laboratories, 95.34% (9 679/10 152) of the white blood cell count medical institutions were TAT within 31 min in the laboratories, and 98.85% (9 462/9 572) of the INR medical institutions were TAT within 66 min in the laboratories. Conclusions:This survey provides a preliminary quality specification for the emergency department turnaround time at each specialty. Lower quartile, median and upper quartile of the monthly P90 at the tertiary and secondary hospitals can be used to define the best, appropriate and minimum performance levels, respectively.

Factores organizativos que influyen en el desempeño de una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Organizational Factors Influencing the Performance of An Intensive Care Unit

Algunas deficiencias vinculadas a la organización laboral en el proceso de atención médica repercuten en la supervivencia general, la del paciente crítico y en varias afecciones muy graves como la sepsis y el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, entre otros indicadores importantes de las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de reflexionar y favorecer el debate sobre los factores organizativos determinantes intermediarios de la calidad de la atención en las terapias intensivas, porque suelen ser desestimados a pesar de ser modificables las fisuras que dichos factores producen en ella. El trabajo en equipo, la disciplina, el liderazgo, la labor investigativa, el humanismo, la docencia, el trabajo multidisciplinario, la superación profesional y el apoyo administrativo son factores fundamentales para que un grupo de trabajo de salud alcance un buen desempeño. A pesar del gran impacto que, en general, la tecnología y el grado de desarrollo socioeconómico ejercen a favor de la salud existen muchos aspectos no vinculados a estos que son decisivos para lograr buenos indicadores de calidad(AU)

Some deficiencies linked to the work organization in the medical care process have an impact on overall survival, that of the critical patient and on several very serious conditions such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, among other important indicators of intensive care units. This work aims to reflect and promote the debate on the organizational factors that determine the quality of care in intensive care units, because they are usually dismissed despite the fissures that these factors produce in it are modifiable. Teamwork, discipline, leadership, research work, humanism, teaching, multidisciplinary work, professional improvement and administrative support are fundamental factors for a health work group to achieve good performance. Despite the great impact that, in general, technology and the degree of socioeconomic development exert in favor of health, there are many aspects not linked to them that are decisive to achieve good quality indicators(AU)

Evaluation of Causes and Rate of Wastage of Blood and its Components – An Important Quality Indicator in Blood Banks.

Background: The evaluation of wastage of blood products represents an important element in the appropriate use of blood components, a critical control point in the system of blood administration. Discarding or wastage of blood can be attributed to several reasons namely time expiry, wasted import, non-usage of ordered blood, broken bags and seal with leakage, hemolytic reasons, clotted blood, returned after 30 min, and miscellaneous others.Wasting of blood and blood components are an inefficient use of resources and may be avoided. The present study was undertaken with aim of primarily to determine the frequency of blood products wasting and secondarily to determine the factors that affect blood products wastage at our institute. Methods: The present study is a retrospective cross sectional descriptive study conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital located in South Delhi catering to low socioeconomic population. Blood component wastage was defined as components that did not meet the required standards of hospitals or fractionation centres during collection, processing and storage. The main reasons included expiry date, inappropriate volume, haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs), contamination of plasma or platelets with RBCs, blood bag leakage, reactive infectious disease tests and inappropriate temperature during storage or transportation. The required data from clinical units and blood bank were collected and analyzed for a period of 7 years. Results: A total of 13728 blood units were received during the specified period. Overall wasted factor was of 18.5% with maximum wastage of platelet concentrate units (53.7%). Analyzing the causes of blood and blood product wastage in the hospital for this study showed that blood and blood product wastage were associated with many causes of which the common causes, included the expiration of the usability period (69.2%), sero-reactivity for infectious diseases (13.7%) and Quality Control units (9.2%). Conclusion: Blood is an irreplaceable precious resource which needs to be properly utilized with minimal wastage. Although present study was limited due to its retrospective nature but it still outlines the importance to emphasize that measures should be taken into account for formulating guidelines, effective policies, and training efforts for personnel.

Indicadores de saúde mental para a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial brasileira: uma proposta / Mental Health Indicators for the Brazilian Psychosocial Care Network: A proposal / Indicadores de salud mental para la Red Brasileña de Atención Psicosocial: una propuesta

Resumo Objetivo: propor indicadores de saúde mental destinados a gestão da Rede de Atenção em saúde mental, a começar da convergência da sua utilização, em países com organização pública de saúde. Método: análise exploratória dos indicadores, adotados e utilizados nesses países, a partir da análise detalhada dos seus respectivos documentos normativos, considerando as orientações da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Após a seleção dos indicadores, adotou-se a Matriz de Saúde Mental como sugestão para seu desenvolvimento e aplicação na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial brasileira. Respeitando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos indicadores estudados, a matriz foi construída, em duas dimensões: geográfica: (nacional/regional, local, individual) e temporal (entrada, processo e resultados). Resultados: a análise aponta 41 indicadores que apresentaram evidências quanto ao seu uso. Todos foram posicionados na Matriz de Saúde Mental, contribuindo como uma métrica para analisar a finalidade dos serviços de saúde mental, nos níveis e fases de cada dimensão. Conclusão: os indicadores selecionados, distribuídos nas diferentes dimensões da Matriz de Saúde Mental, estão sendo disponibilizados para uso, para a gestão e na prática clínica, bem como para estudos científicos e, num horizonte futuro, para uso como definidor de políticas de saúde mental.

Abstract Objective: to propose Mental Health Indicators aimed at management of the Mental Health Care Network, starting with convergence of their use, in countries with public health organization. Method: an exploratory analysis of the indicators adopted and used in these countries, from the detailed analysis of their respective normative documents, considering the World Health Organization guidelines. After selection of the indicators, the Mental Health Matrix was adopted as a suggestion for their development and application in the Brazilian Psychosocial Care Network. The matrix was prepared in two dimensions, respecting the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the indicators studied, as follows: geographical (national/regional, local, individual), and time (entry, process and results). Results: the analysis indicates 41 indicators that presented diverse evidence regarding their use. All were allocated in the Mental Health Matrix, contributing as a metric to analyze the purpose of the Mental Health services, in the levels and phases of each dimension. Conclusion: the indicators selected, distributed in the different Mental Health Matrix dimensions, are being made available for their use in management and in the clinical practice, as well as for scientific studies and, in the future, to be used as definers of Mental Health policies.

Resumen Objetivo: proponer indicadores de salud mental para la gestión de la Red de Atención en Salud Mental, a partir de la convergencia de uso en países con organización pública de salud. Método: análisis exploratorio de los indicadores que adoptan y utilizan estos países, a partir del análisis detallado de sus respectivos documentos normativos, considerando las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Después de seleccionar los indicadores, se sugirió adoptar la Matriz de Salud Mental para desarrollarlos y aplicarlos en la Red Brasileña de Atención Psicosocial. Respetando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de los indicadores estudiados, la matriz fue construida en dos dimensiones: geográfica (nacional/regional, local, individual) y temporal (entrada, proceso y resultados). Resultados: el análisis indica que 41 indicadores presentaron evidencia de uso. Todos fueron posicionados en la Matriz de Salud Mental, y contribuyeron como métrica para analizar la finalidad de los servicios de salud mental, en los niveles y fases de cada dimensión. Conclusión: los indicadores seleccionados, distribuidos en diferentes dimensiones de la Matriz de Salud Mental, están disponibles para ser utilizados tanto en la gestión y en la práctica clínica, como en estudios científicos y, en un horizonte futuro, para definir políticas de salud mental.

Avaliação da implementação do processo de enfermagem em um hospital universitário / Assessment of the implementation of the nursing process in a university hospital / Evaluación de la implementación del proceso de enfermería en un hospital universitario

Objetivo: Avaliar a implementação do processo de enfermagem em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, documental, com abordagem quantitativa dos dados. A amostra foi composta por 808 registros de atendimentos de pacientes internados entre janeiro a março de 2020, nos setores em que o processo de enfermagem estava implementado. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de relatórios extraídos do Sistema TASY®. Resultados: Avaliou-se a taxa de processo de enfermagem realizado em 24 horas, destacando-se a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal 1,200(0,48) e a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica 1,133(0,73). Ao analisarmos os diagnósticos de enfermagem utilizados, os inerentes aos domínios 4 - Atividade/Repouso e 11 - Segurança/Proteção, foram os mais frequentes. Conclusão: Constata-se que apesar dos profissionais terem recebido capacitação para a implementação, alguns setores ainda não a realizam conforme determinado pelo Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Desse modo, é necessário fortalecer as práticas de sensibilização e de valorização deste instrumento na assistência. (AU)

Objective: To assess the implementation of the nursing process in a university hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, documentary study with a quantitative approach to the data. The sample consisted of 808 records of care for patients hospitalized from January to March 2020, in the units where the nursing process was implemented. Data collection took place through reports extracted from the TASY® System. Results: We assessed the rate of the nursing process performed in 24 hours, with emphasis on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 1,200 (0.48) and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 1,133 (0.73). When analyzing the nursing diagnoses employed, those related to dimensions 4 - Activity/Rest and 11 - Safety/Protection, were the most frequent. Conclusion: It is verified that even though the professionals received training for the implementation, some units still do not perform it as determined by the Federal Nursing Council. Thus, it is necessary to consolidate the practices of raising awareness and valuing this instrument in assistance. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la implementación del proceso de enfermería en un hospital universitario. Métodos: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo, documental, con abordaje cuantitativo de los datos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 808 registros de atención a pacientes hospitalizados entre enero y marzo de 2020, en los sectores donde el proceso de enfermería estaba implementado. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de informes extraídos del Sistema TASY®. Resultados: Se evaluó la tasa de proceso de enfermería realizado en 24 horas, con énfasis en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales 1.200(0,48) y la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos 1.133(0,73). Al analizar los diagnósticos de enfermería utilizados, los inherentes a los dominios 4 ­ Actividad/Reposo y 11 - Seguridad/Protección, fueron los más frecuentes. Conclusión: Se constató que a pesar de que los profesionales hayan recibido capacitación para la implementación, algunos sectores aún no la realizan según lo determinado por el Consejo Federal de Enfermería. Por lo tanto, es necesario fortalecer las prácticas de sensibilización y valoración de este instrumento en la asistencia. (AU)

Zooplankton communities and their relationship with water quality in eight reservoirs from the midwestern and southeastern regions of Brazil / Comunidades de zooplâncton e sua relação com a qualidade da água em oito reservatórios das regiões Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil

Abstract Zooplankton are widely recognised as being regulated primarily by predators and food availability. In reservoirs, the quantity and quality of food resources are generally affected by the characteristics of the water, which in turn are controlled by the flow pulse generated by operation of the dams. In this study, we investigated the relationship between zooplankton, water quality and food availability (phytoplankton) in eight hydroelectric reservoirs located in Brazil. Samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods between 2008 and 2009. In general, the reservoirs exhibited mesotrophic conditions and Cyanobacteria were the predominant phytoplankton. The results showed that the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp., and Polyarthra vulgaris were present, indicating nutrient-rich environments. In addition, the copepod Thermocyclops decipiens occurred in eutrophic environments. In contrast, the cladoceran Daphnia gessneri and copepod Notodiaptomus henseni were considered indicators of more desirable water quality, owing to their relationship with waters with lower levels of nutrients and suspended solids. The results support the use of these organisms as a useful tool for understanding changes in water quality and in the ecosystem processes involved.

Resumo O zooplâncton é amplamente reconhecido como sendo regulado principalmente por predadores e pela disponibilidade de alimento. Em reservatórios, a quantidade e a qualidade de recursos alimentares são afetadas pelas características da água que, por sua vez, são controladas pelo pulso de fluxo gerado pela operação das barragens. Neste estudo, investigamos a relação entre o zooplâncton, qualidade d'água e a disponibilidade de alimento (fitoplâncton) em oito reservatórios hidrelétricos localizados no Brasil. Amostras foram coletadas durante os períodos chuvoso e seco, entre os anos de 2008 e 2009. Em geral, os reservatórios exibiram condições mesotróficas e Cyanobacteria foi o fitoplâncton predominante. Os resultados mostraram que os rotíferos Kellicottia bostoniensis, Hexarthra mira, Keratella spp. e Polyarthra vulgaris foram indicadores de ambientes ricos em nutrientes. Além disso, o copépode Thermocyclops decipiens ocorreu em ambientes eutróficos. Por outro lado, o cladócero Daphnia gessneri e o copépode Notodiaptomus henseni foram considerados indicadores de melhor qualidade da água, devido a sua relação com águas com baixos níveis de nutrientes e sólidos em suspensão. Os resultados suportam o uso desses organismos como uma ferramenta útil para o entendimento das mudanças na qualidade d'água e nos processos ecossistêmicos envolvidos.

Análise de viabilidade de um conjunto de indicadores de saúde mental para gestão da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial brasileira / Feasibility analysis of a set of mental health indicators for the management of the Brazilian Psychosocial Care Network

O objetivo principal desta tese foi selecionar um conjunto de indicadores de saúde mental para a gestão de uma Rede de Atenção em saúde mental, a partir da análise da convergência de uso desses indicadores em países com sistema público de saúde. Método - A matriz de saúde mental foi tomada como referência principal no desenvolvimento e aplicação do modelo para a Rede de atenção Psicossocial brasileira. Este modelo possui duas dimensões, sendo uma geográfica, dividida em três níveis: nacional/regional, local e individual (do paciente), e outra temporal, definida por três fases: entrada, processo e resultados. Para fazer isso, seguimos uma estratégia metodológica dividida nos seguintes blocos: Análise Conceitual, Extração de Conhecimento e a Validação de Conteúdo. Resultado - Na análise conceitual foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura, bem como uma análise dos documentos normativos, que ao final nos permitiu selecionar três países para contribuir na seleção dos indicadores de saúde mental, que forneceram um conjunto de 164 indicadores, que são: 15 da Austrália, 55 do Canadá e 95 da Inglaterra. Na extração de conhecimento, a partir de uma análise detalhada conseguimos isolar 41 indicadores de saúde mental, que apresentavam evidências quanto ao uso e finalmente posicionamos a Matriz de Saúde Mental, associando cada indicador como uma métrica para avaliar adequadamente o propósito dos serviços de saúde mental nos níveis e fases de cada dimensão, geográfica e temporal. Finalmente na validação do conteúdo, realizamos dois experimentos: através da modelagem dos processos envolvidos nas Rede de atenção Psicossocial. No primeiro experimento, modelamos o processo de atendimento ao paciente no Centro de atenção Psicossocial, onde alocamos 4 indicadores de saúde mental para este processo. O segundo experimento foi a modelagem e avaliação do processo de internação psiquiátrica, realizado através de entrevistas e modelagem do processo de internação do paciente no hospital psiquiátrico, onde isolamos 6 indicadores de saúde mental, incluindo uma análise detalhada dos valores relacionados a estes indicadores para o hospital no período de 2013 a 2017. Conclusão - Os principais achados desta tese apresentam 41 indicadores, organizados de maneira padronizada, no formato estabelecido pela Rede Interagencial de Informação para a Saúde: Definição, Conceituação, Fonte, Método de Cálculo e Categoria; posteriormente, foram distribuídos em cada dimensão da matriz de saúde mental. Ambas, podem ser tomadas como referência para o Brasil como uma matriz de consenso que pode ser oferecida aos gestores como um guia para a avaliação dos serviços de saúde mental com base na experiência de uso dos indicadores. Mesmo com esses resultados, as implicações deste trabalho, notamos que estamos na fase inicial das pesquisas sobre indicadores de saúde mental e sua organização para gestão da rede de atenção, com toda a sua complexidade. Este

The main objective of this thesis was to select a set of mental health indicators for the management of a Mental Health Care Network, based on the analysis of the convergence in the use of these indicators in countries with a public health system. Method - The mental health matrix was taken as the main reference in the development and application of the model for the Brazilian Psychosocial Care Network. This model has two dimensions, being a geographical one, divided into three levels: national / regional, local and individual (of the patient), and a temporal one, defined by three phases: entry, process and results. To do this, we follow a methodological strategy divided into the following blocks: Conceptual Analysis, Knowledge Extraction and Content Validation. Result - In the conceptual analysis, an integrative literature review was carried out, as well as an analysis of the normative documents, which at the end allowed us to select three countries to contribute to the selection of mental health indicators, which provided a set of 164 indicators, which are: 15 from Australia, 55 from Canada and 95 from England. In the extraction of knowledge, from a detailed analysis we were able to isolate 41 mental health indicators, which presented evidence regarding the use and finally we positioned the Mental Health Matrix, associating each indicator as a metric to properly evaluate the purpose of mental health services. at the levels and phases of each dimension, geographic and temporal. Finally, in the content validation, we carried out two experiments: through the modeling of the processes involved in the Psychosocial Care Network. In the first experiment, we modeled the patient care process at the Psychosocial Care Center, where we allocated 4 mental health indicators for this process. The second experiment was the modeling and evaluation of the psychiatric hospitalization process, carried out through interviews and modeling of the patient's hospitalization process in the psychiatric hospital, where we isolated 6 mental health indicators, including a detailed analysis of the values related to these indicators for the hospital from 2013 to 2017. Conclusion - The main findings of this thesis present 41 indicators, organized in a standardized manner, in the format established by the Interagency Health Information Network: Definition, Conceptualization, Source, Calculation Method and Category; subsequently, they were distributed in each dimension of the mental health matrix. Both can be taken as a reference for Brazil as a consensus matrix that can be offered to managers as a guide for the evaluation of mental health services based on the experience of using the indicators. Even with these results, the implications of this work, we note that we are in the initial phase of research on mental health indicators and their organization for managing the care network, with all its complexity. This fact arouses our interest because we foresee many possibilities for research with a view to its use in the Brazilian psychosocial care network.

Reintervención Quirúrgica No Programada: Un análisis de calidad de la atención / Unplanned Return to the Operating Room: An analysis of the quality of the health care

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una Reintervención Quirúrgica No Programada (RQNP) es aquella cirugía no planificada que se rea liza durante los primeros 30 días como consecuencia de una cirugía primaria. En Chile, el análisis y la tasa de RQNP son un indicador de calidad. OBJETIVO: describir y analizar las RQNP en pediatría. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se revisaron los registros clínicos de los pacientes pediátricos sometidos a RQNP en el Hospital Carlos Van Buren en un período de 5 años. Se analizó su incidencia, indicaciones y causas que se clasificaron en 1) causas atribuibles a la técnica quirúrgica; 2) causas relacionadas al tratamiento; 3) patología propia del paciente y 4) otras causas. Se analizó además el cumplimiento de reuniones de análisis de RQNP. RESULTADOS: Se efectuaron 23 RQNP de un total de 5.503 cirugías en 5 años (0,42%). Hubo 11 RQNP de 3.434 cirugías electivas realizadas y 12 RQNP de 2069 cirugías de urgencia realizadas (0,32% v/s 0,58% respectivamente, p = NS). Hubo 2 RQNP en los 82 recién nacidos operados en el período (2,43%, p < 0,01). En todos los casos se realizaron reuniones de análisis de RQNP. En 18 de los 23 pacientes sometidos a RQNP se encontró una causa atribuible a la técnica o planificación quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: Las RQNP son poco frecuentes en pediatría excepto en el período neonatal. Se da total cumplimiento a la normativa nacional de reunión de análisis luego de una RQNP que indican que las causas son mayoritariamente atribuibles a la técnica o planificación quirúrgica.

INTRODUCTION: An Unplanned Return to the Operating Room (UROR) is an unplanned surgery performed during the first 30 days as a result of primary surgery. In Chile, the analysis and the UROR rate are quality indicators. OBJECTIVE: to describe and analyze UROR in a pediatrics. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Observa tional cross-sectional study. The clinical records of pediatric patients undergoing UROR at the Hos pital Carlos Van Buren over 5 years were reviewed. The incidence, indications, and causes of UROR were analyzed. The causes of UROR were classified as 1) causes attributable to surgical technique, 2) treatment-related causes, 3) the patient pathology, and 4) other causes. In addition, the observance of the case review meetings after an UROR was analyzed. RESULTS: 23 UROR out of 5,503 surgeries were performed in 5 years, (0.42%). There were 11 UROR out of 3,434 elective surgeries and 12 UROR out of 2,069 emergency ones (0.32% v/s 0.58% respectively, p=NS). There were 2 UROR out of 82 surgeries in newborns, (2.43%, p<0.01). After every UROR, a case review meeting was held. In 18 out of the 23 patients who underwent UROR (78%), the cause was attributable to the surgical technique or planning. CONCLUSIONS: UROR is rare in pediatric surgery, except for the newborn period. Case review meetings are held after every UROR case, according to the national guidelines. The causes of UROR are mostly attributable to the surgical technique or planning.

Discard rate in blood transfusion service – A critical tool to support blood inventory management

Background: Blood and blood component plays a key role in health-care management. Even after enormous efforts, there is no substitute available. Blood is a scarce resource and blood wastage could impose a very serious impact on health care. Objective: The current study was conducted to determine rate and reasons for wastage of blood and its blood components. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in one of the largest standalone blood centers of West India. Data were retrieved from indigenous Integrated Blood Bank Management System software. The data were analyzed for a period of 12 months, from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Results: The total collection of blood units during the study period was 30,960 units. As per the policy of blood center, all the blood units were subjected to component separation with preparation with 88,973 components, including red cells, platelet concentrates (PLT), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate (CRYO) cryo-poor plasma (CPP), and single donor platelet (SDP). A total of 2637 blood and blood components (2.96%) were discarded during the study period. Discard rate among blood and blood component as per separation was found whole blood 0.99%, red blood cells 2.28%, FFP 1.88%, PLT 4.66%, CRYO 3.88%, CPP 1.25%, and SDP 0.47%, respectively. Among total discard rates, the major reason is seroreactivity of blood donor (1.11%), followed by expiry (0.67%), quality checks (0.29%), clotted bag (0.03%), Direct antiglobulin test (DAT/DCT) positivity (0.00%), and other causes (0.06%). Conclusion: Worldwide comprehensive standards have been formulated to ensure better quality control in each step of blood transfusion service including collection, storage, testing, and distribution of blood and components. To prevent wastage of rare commodity, continued medical education for technical staff, self-audit, and tracking quality indicators for the blood components is highly recommended.

Capturing the trends in hospital standardized mortality ratios for pneumonia: a retrospective observational study in Japan (2010 to 2018)

BACKGROUND@#Pneumonia has a high human toll and a substantial economic burden in developed countries like Japan, where the crude mortality rate was 77.7 per 100,000 people in 2017. As this trend is going to continue with increasing number of the elderly multi-morbid population in Japan; monitoring performance over time is a social need to alleviate the disease burden. The study objective was to determine the characteristics of hospital standardized mortality ratios (HSMRs) for pneumonia in Japan from 2010 to 2018 to describe this trend.@*METHODS@#Data of the DPC (Diagnostic Procedures Combination) database were used, which is an administrative claims and discharge summary database for acute care in-patients in Japan. HSMRs were calculated using the actual and expected numbers of in-hospital deaths, the latter of which was calculated using logistic regression model, with a number of explanatory variables, e.g., age, sex, urgency of admission, mode of transportation, patient volume per month in each hospital, A-DROP score, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). We constructed two HSMR models: a single-year model, which included hospitals with > 10 in-patients per month and, a 9-year model, which included those hospitals with complete 9-year data. Predictive accuracy of the logistic models was assessed using c-index (area under receiver operating curve).@*RESULTS@#Total 230,372 patients were included for the analysis over the 9-year study period. Calculated HSMRs showed wide variation among hospitals. The proportion of hospitals with HSMR less than 100 increased from 36.4% in 2010 to 60.6% in 2018. Both models showed good predictive ability with a c-statistic of 0.762 for the 9-year model, and no less than 0.717 for the single-year model.@*CONCLUSION@#This study denoted that HSMRs of pneumonia can be calculated using DPC data in Japan and revealed significant variations among hospitals with comparable case-mixes. Therefore, HSMR can be used as yet another measure to help improve quality of care over time if other indicators are examined in parallel and to get a clear picture of where hospitals excel and lack.

Prevention and management practice of incontinence dermatitis based on index management / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To improve the effectiveness of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) prevention and management by establishment skin care quality indicators and controlling the implementation process of incontinence care. Methods The implementation rate of nursing measures (the treatment rate of incontinence, the effective collection of fecal implementation rate, and the rate of skin protection implementation) were used as the process indicators , and the incidence of IAD was used as the outcome indicators. 2747 incontinence patients from July to December 2016 before the implementation of the process control were used as the control group, and 3, 069 incontinence patients from July to December 2017 after the implementation of the process control were used as observation groups. Comparing the difference between the two groups of process indicators and outcome indicators. Results The control group's implementation rate of incontinence, effective collection of fecal implementation rate, and skin protection implementation rate were 54.2% , 63.8% , and 27.7% , respectively. The observation group was 91.8%, 94.8%, and 92.8%, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. (χ2=5.032, P=0.025; χ2=6.574, P=0.010; χ2=20.038, P=0.000;). The incidence of IAD in the control group was 28.9%, and the incidence in the observation group was 11.2% . The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=288.402, P=0.000). Conclusion The establishment of incontinence nursing quality indicators and the implementation of process control will help improve the level of incontinence care and reduce the incidence of IAD.

Prevention and management practice of incontinence dermatitis based on index management / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To improve the effectiveness of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) prevention and management by establishment skin care quality indicators and controlling the implementation process of incontinence care.@*Methods@#The implementation rate of nursing measures (the treatment rate of incontinence, the effective collection of fecal implementation rate, and the rate of skin protection implementation) were used as the process indicators, and the incidence of IAD was used as the outcome indicators. 2747 incontinence patients from July to December 2016 before the implementation of the process control were used as the control group, and 3, 069 incontinence patients from July to December 2017 after the implementation of the process control were used as observation groups. Comparing the difference between the two groups of process indicators and outcome indicators.@*Results@#The control group's implementation rate of incontinence, effective collection of fecal implementation rate, and skin protection implementation rate were 54.2%, 63.8%, and 27.7%, respectively. The observation group was 91.8%, 94.8%, and 92.8%, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. (χ2=5.032, P=0.025; χ2=6.574, P=0.010; χ2=20.038, P=0.000;). The incidence of IAD in the control group was 28.9%, and the incidence in the observation group was 11.2%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=288.402, P=0.000).@*Conclusion@#The establishment of incontinence nursing quality indicators and the implementation of process control will help improve the level of incontinence care and reduce the incidence of IAD.

Index-based and compliance assessment of water quality for a Brazilian subtropical reservoir / Avaliação da qualidade da água baseada em índices e da conformidade ao enquadramento de um reservatório subtropical brasileiro

ABSTRACT The Passaúna catchment is part of the Upper Iguaçu watershed and includes a water supply reservoir for over 500,000 inhabitants of Curitiba metropolitan region. The aim of this study was to establish the state of reservoir water quality, and whether it has undergone any recent medium- and long-term variations. A physical-chemical-biological assessment was undertaken using nine indicators and three indexes: Water Quality Index (WQI), Trophic State Index (TSI) and Shannon-Weaver Index (H') for macroinvertebrate diversity. Compliance with the prescribed quality standards for the water body was verified using frequency curves. Two WQI calculation approaches were contrasted to test for conditions of partial data unavailability. Temporal trends in key parameters were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. WQI results from 1991-2014 indicated that the water quality may be classified as good and improved in the final decade of such period, while most TSI results were in the oligotrophic/mesotrophic range, but with no significant temporal trend. The biodiversity result of H'=1.6 obtained with data acquired in 2014 indicated a moderately degraded ecosystem that is typically associated with flow regulation and a degree of water quality impairment. Such a multi-indicator integrated physical-chemical-biological monitoring approach comprised a robust framework for assessments of medium-long term aquatic health.

RESUMO A bacia do rio Passaúna situa-se na parte superior da Bacia do Rio Iguaçu e inclui um reservatório de águas de abastecimento público para mais de 500 mil habitantes da região metropolitana de Curitiba. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade das águas desse reservatório e identificar eventuais ocorrências de tendência temporal de variação. O estudo de características físicas, químicas e biológicas do corpo de água envolveu dados históricos e recém-adquiridos de nove indicadores e três índices: Índice de Qualidade das Águas (WQI), Índice de Estado Trófico (TSI) e Índice de Diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H') para diversidade de macroinvertebrados. A conformidade aos padrões de qualidade prescritos foi analisada com base em curvas de permanência de qualidade de água. Duas formas de cálculo do WQI foram contrastadas para averiguar o efeito de disponibilidade incompleta de dados. Tendências temporais em parâmetros-chave foram buscadas com o teste de correlação de Spearman. Os resultados do WQI, entre 1991 e 2014, indicaram que a qualidade da água do reservatório pode ser classificada como "boa", apresentando tendência estatisticamente significativa de melhoria na última década de tal período. Os resultados obtidos para o TSI ficaram na faixa oligotrófico/mesotrófico e sem tendência significativa de variação temporal. O resultado de biodiversidade do H'=1,6, obtido com dados adquiridos em 2014, indicou um ecossistema aquático moderadamente degradado, tipicamente associado com o represamento de cursos de água e com um certo grau de comprometimento da qualidade da água. A abordagem integradora multi-indicadores de aspectos físicos, químicos e biológicos adotada neste estudo conferiu robustez à avaliação realizada da qualidade de água do corpo de água no médio-longo prazo.

¿Puede establecerse hoy un valor de fosfatemia como indicador de calidad del tratamiento dialítico? / Can a phosphatemia value be established today as an indicator of the quality of the dialysis treatment?

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trastorno del metabolismo óseo y mineral constituye una grave complicación de la IRC. Respecto al fósforo, las nuevas Guías KDIGO sugieren disminuirla hiperfosfatemia, sin recomendar un valor determinado. Sin embargo, en Argentina se continúa utilizando como indicador de calidad dialítica (IndCalDial) un valor de fósforo igual o inferior a 5 mg.dl. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si un valor fijo de fosfatemia es válido como IndCalDial. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, con más de 90 días en hemodiálisis crónica. Se tabularon datos demográficos y de laboratorio. Según el reactivo empleado en la determinación de fósforo, en 4 centros el límite superior de referencia fue 4.5 mg.dl (Grupo F4.5) y en tres 5.6 mg.dl (Grupo F5.6). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 334 pacientes. Edad, sexo, porcentaje con FAV, diabéticos, tiempo en diálisis, Kt/V, Hemoglobina y Albúmina, resultaron semejantes a los del Registro Nacional de Diálisis. La mediana de fosfatemia fue 5.2 mg.dl, (rango: 2.3 a 10.6). Los pacientes hiperfosfatémicos fueron más jóvenes y presentaron mejores niveles de Albúmina. De considerarse como IndCalDial: Fósforo menor a 5 mg.dl, 21 pacientes del Grupo F4.5 (n=154) con fosfatemia entre 4.5 y 5.0 mg.dl no recibirían tratamiento, mientras que en el Grupo F5.6 (n=180), 32 pacientes con fosfatemia entre 5.1 y 5.6 mg.dl deberían recibir tratamiento, a pesar de presentar normofosfatemia. CONCLUSIONES: Debería estandarizarse la determinación de fosfatemia, previo a utilizar un valor fijo como IndCalDial

Quality indicators for eye bank

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify quality indicators of the eye bank and validate their effectivity. Methods: Adverse reaction rate, discard rate, protocol deviation rate, and compliance rate were defined as Quality Indicators of the eye bank. These were identified based on definition of quality that captures two dimensions – “result quality” and “process quality.” The indicators were measured and tracked as part of quality assurance (QA) program of the eye bank. Regular audits were performed to validate alignment of standard operating procedures (SOP) with regulatory and surgeon acceptance standards and alignment of activities performed in the eye bank with the SOP. Prospective study of the indicators was performed by comparing their observed values over the period 2011–2016. Results: Adverse reaction rate decreased more than 8-fold (from 0.61% to 0.07%), discard rate decreased and stabilized at 30%, protocol deviation rate decreased from 1.05% to 0.08%, and compliance rate reported by annual quality audits improved from 59% to 96% at the same time. In effect, adverse reaction rate, discard rate, and protocol deviation rate were leading indicators, and compliance rate was the trailing indicator. Conclusion: These indicators fulfill an important gap in available literature on QA in eye banking. There are two ways in which these findings can be meaningful. First, eye banks which are new to quality measurement can adopt these indicators. Second, eye banks which are already deeply engaged in quality improvement can test these indicators in their eye bank, thereby incorporating them widely and improving them over time.

Desenvolvimento e validação de indicadores para avaliação da qualidade do acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico / Development and validation of indicators for quality assessment of medication management

Um dos elementos para melhoria da qualidade dos serviços farmacêuticos clínicos é medir a qualidade do cuidado prestado e os indicadores podem ser usados nesta avaliação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar estudos sobre indicadores de qualidade para serviços farmacêuticos clínicos e desenvolver e validar um instrumento de indicadores para avaliação dos serviços de acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico prestados para pacientes ambulatoriais. Para tanto, uma busca abrangente da literatura foi conduzida nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Lilacs e DOAJ por esses estudos. Os instrumentos apresentados pelos estudos foram avaliados em relação à qualidade das propriedades psicométricas. A seguir, foi desenvolvido um instrumento de indicadores-chave de desempenho. O grupo de pesquisa estabeleceu sete indicadores possíveis para avaliação de especialistas da área através de duas rodadas da técnica Delphi para validação de conteúdo. Ainda, farmacêuticos foram convidados a participar por meio de um questionário para validação de construto e confiabilidade do instrumento. A busca bibliográfica identificou 3.276 registros, dos quais 12 estudos completaram os critérios de inclusão. No geral, o maior número de estudos foi baseado em pesquisas para avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes e usou a revisão da literatura combinada com opinião de especialistas para o desenvolvimento do instrumento. Todos os estudos apresentaram algumas propriedades psicométricas do instrumento. A consistência interna e a validade de conteúdo foram os critérios mais relatados dos estudos, e nenhum deles apresentou o critério de estabilidade. Onze (68,8%) especialistas participaram da primeira rodada da técnica Delphi e nove (81,8%) especialistas completaram as 2 rodadas. Um novo indicador foi desenvolvido após a avaliação do painel de especialistas na primeira rodada. No geral, a validade de conteúdo e construto foi alcançada para o instrumento final. Os resultados desta tese apontam que os instrumentos dos estudos identificados na revisão sistemática apresentaram propriedades psicométricas, porém de forma incompleta ou não satisfatória. Ainda, um instrumento com seis indicadores foi desenvolvido e validado para o Serviço de Acompanhamento Farmacoterapêutico prestado para pacientes ambulatoriais

One of the elements of quality improvement of medication management services is measuring the quality of care and key performance indicators (KPIs) can be used in this assessment. The study is aimed to identify quality indicators instruments in pharmaceutical care services and to develop and validate KPI instrument for medication management services provided for outpatients. For this, comprehensive literature search was performed in databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Lilacs. The psychometric quality of the instruments was determined. In addition, a key performance indicators instrument was developed. A working group established 7 possible KPIs for assessment of the expert panel through an internet based 2-round Delphi approach. An internet questionnaire was developed for pharmacists in order to construct validity and reliability of the instrument. The literature search yielded 3,276 records, of which 12 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Overall, the greatest number of studies were based surveys to assess patients' satisfaction and used literature review combined with expert's opinion for the instrument development. All studies presented some psychometrics properties of the instrument. Internal consistency and content validity were the most reported criteria of the studies and none of them presented stability. Eleven (68.8%) experts participated in the Delphi round 1 and nine (81.8%) experts completed the 2 Delphi rounds. A new KPI was develop after expert panel assessment in the first round. Overall, content and construct validity were reached for final instrument. The results of this thesis point out that instrument of the studies identified in the systematic review presented some psychometrics properties, but did not describe them satisfactorily. In addition, a set of six key performance indicators was developed and validated for medication management services provided for outpatients

External Quality Analysis of Quality Indicators on Specimen Acceptability / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the status of quality indicators(QI) on specimen acceptability and establish preliminary qual ity specification.Methods Web based External Quality Assessment system was used to collect data of laboratories partici pated in "Medical quality control indicators in clinical laboratory" from 2015 to 2017,including once in 2015 and 2017 and twice in 2016.Rate and sigma scales were used to evaluate incorrect sample type,incorrect sample container,incorrect fill level and anticoagulant sample clotted.The 25th percentile (P25) and 75th percentile (P75) of the distribution of each QI were employed to establish the high,medium and low specification.Results 5 346,7 593,5 950 and 6 874 laboratories sub mitted the survey results respectively.The P50 of biochemistry (except incorrect fill level),immunology and microbiology reach to 6σ.The P50 of clinical laboratory is 4 to 6σ except for incorrect sample container.There is no significant change of the continuous survey results.Based on results in 2017 to establish the quality specification,the P25 and P75 of the four QIs is 0 and 0.084 4 ％,0 and 0.047 6 ％,0 and 0.114 2 ％,0 and 0.078 4 ％,respectively.Conclusion According to the results of the survey,most laboratories had a faire performance in biochemistry,immunology and microbiology,and clinical laboratory needs to be strengthened.Laboratories should strengthen the laboratory information system construction to ensure the actual and reliable data collection,and make a long time monitoring to achieve a better quality.

National survey of blood specimen acceptability for clinical chemistry tests in 2017 / 临床检验杂志

Objective To investigate the status of blood specimen acceptability for clinical chemistry tests in routine medical laboratories of China. Methods The questionnaires were assigned to the laboratories which participated in the routine chemistry exter-nal quality assessment (EQA) programs proposed by National Health Commission for Clinical Laboratory. The questionnaires included general information of participants and information about unacceptable blood specimens. Participants were required to record all the in-formation concerning unacceptable blood specimen received from 1stto 31stJuly, 2017. The data from each laboratory were reported and collected via special online system.Results A total of 866 valid questionnaires were collected.Of 15 981 752 specimens received dur-ing the data collection period unqualified 122 00 specimens were rejected with overall rejection rate of 0.076%. The main reasons for unacceptable specimens were hemolysis (33.98%), insufficient specimen quantity (10.78%) and chylemia/lipemia (10.62%). The rejected specimens were related to the original laboratories, types of container and specimen, transportation manner and operating staff of blood collection. Conclusion Certain problems existed in the receiving and management system for unqualified blood specimen in our country and remaining to be perfected. The clinical laboratories should pay more attention for pre-examination stage, including routinely monitoring unacceptable specimens, analyzing related data at the most possible granular levels, identifying the main problem and taking effective measures.