Evaluación de la contaminación del aire por hongos microscópicos en dos colecciones biológicas y dos museos de la ciudad de Guatemala / Evaluation of air pollution by microscopic fungi in two biological collections and two museums of Guatemala

Se determinó la calidad del aire en el interior y exterior de la Micoteca Licenciado Rúben Mayorga Peralta (MICG), el Herbario de Biología de Guatemala (Herbario BIGU), el Museo de Historia Natural (MUSHNAT) y el Museo de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (MUSAC). Para la recolección de los hongos microscópicos se utilizó la técnica volumétrica por impactación haciendo uso de un biocolector. Los muestreos fueron realizados de octubre de 2011 a marzo de 2012, la identificación microscópica se realizó por medio de preparaciones con azul de lactofenol y para la identificación de levaduras se utilizó el API 20C AUX. Los resultados obtenidos en los ambientes Micoteca Licenciado Rúben Mayorga Peralta indican que la mayor concentración fúngica fue de 1,780, (unidad formadora de colonias por metro cúbico UFC/m3) en el exterior y para el interior fue de 1,270 UFC/m3, en el caso del Herbario BIGU en el exterior fue de 2,790 UFC/m3y en el interior de 1,450 UFC/m3, para el MUSAC la mayor concentración observada fue de 990 UFC/m3 para el exterior y de 1,010 UFC/m3 para el interior, y para el MUSHNAT en el caso del ambiente exterior fue de 1,630 UFC/m3 y para el interior fue de 2,850 UFC/m3. Los géneros predominantes durante los muestreos en ambos ambientes en todas las áreas muestreadas fueron Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. y Aspergillus sp. Se logró el aislamiento de otros géneros fúngicos de gran importancia Fusarium sp. y Paecilomyces sp. Se llevó a cabo la elaboración de una guía que contiene información acerca de procedimientos de limpieza y bioseguridad acorde a la infraestructura y materia prima de cada establecimiento.

Air quality was determined both inside and outside the Micoteca Licenciado Rubén Mayorga Peralta (MICG), the Herbarium of the School of Biology (BIGU), the Museum of Natural History (MUSHNAT) and the Museum of the University of San Carlos of Guatemala (MUSAC). Volumetric sampling (impaction) with a bio-colector was used to gather microscopic fungi. The samples were collected from Oct 2011 to Mar 2012. Microscopic identification was performed using slides with lactophenol blue; while API 20C AUX was used for the identification of yeasts. The results obtained were 1,780 CFU/m3 outside and 1,270CFU/m3 inside for MICG; 2,790 CFU/m3 outside and 1,450 CFU/m3 inside for BIGU; 990CFU/m3 outside and 1,010 CFU/m3 inside for MUSAC, and finally 1,630 CFU/m3 outside and2,850 CFU/m3 inside for MUSHNAT. The predominant genera found in both environmentsof all sites were Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Aspergillus sp. It was also possible toisolate other extremely important fungal genera such as Fusarium sp. and Paecilomyces sp. A guide was developed with information about the proper cleaning and biosafety proceduresaccording to the infrastructure and raw materials of each site.

Aspectos de contaminação biológica em filtros de condicionadores de ar instalados em domicílios da cidade de Manaus - AM / Aspects of biological contamination in air conditioning filters installed in Manaus city houses (AM)

Este trabalho apresenta resultados da pesquisa de contaminação dos filtros de condicionadores de ar instalados no setor residencial da cidade de Manaus. A pesquisa foi realizada no âmbito do projeto CAEMA (Condicionadores de Ar, Energia e Meio Ambiente) que consistiu na troca de aparelhos de ar condicionado ineficientes por eficientes na zona urbana da cidade. Dos 500 condicionadores de ar retirados do sistema pelo projeto, foram selecionados 50 filtros (10 por cento) para a análise de contaminação biológica, tendo sido identificada uma enorme variedade de agentes prejudiciais à saúde humana, entre bactérias e fungos. A bactéria mais vezes identificada foi a Staphylococcus sp e o fungo mais freqüente foi o Penicillium sp. Também foi possível verificar, por meio de entrevistas telefônicas junto a 37 usuários desses equipamentos, a grande incidência de sintomas associados a problemas de insuficiente qualidade de ar nos ambientes residenciais. Circunstâncias que motivaram a oportunidade desta pesquisa também impossibilitaram a coleta das amostras por unidade de volume, com os condicionadores ainda em funcionamento. Esse fato não comprometeu os objetivos da pesquisa, de promover a reflexão sobre os cuidados com a correta limpeza dos condicionadores de ar residenciais.

This work presents the results of a research about the contamination caused by air conditioners filters that are installed in the residential area in Manaus. The research took place in the scope of CAEMA's project (Conditioning of Air, Energy and Environment), which one consisted in changing inefficient conditional air devices for efficient ones in the urban zone of the city. Amongst 500 air conditioners removed of the system by the project, 50 filters (10 percent) were selected for biological contamination analysis, having been identified an enormous variety of agents, like bacteria and fungus, that are harmful for human health. The most identified bacterium was the Staphylococcus sp and the fungus more frequent was the Penicillium sp. Also it was possible to verify, by telephonic interviews with 37 users of these equipments, the great incidence of symptoms associates to the insufficient air quality in residential environments. The circumstances that had motivated the chance of this research, had also disabled that the assemble could be made per volume unit, with the conditioners still working. This fact did not compromise the quality of the work, neither the objectives to promote one reflection about the cares with the correct cleanness of the residential air conditioners.

Testing and Analysis of Air Purifier's Adsorptive Performance to Formaldehyde in Indoor Air / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To verify whether the X brand air purifier could adsorb the formaldehyde in indoor air. Method An purifying test was carried out in a purified laboratory that had a volume of 30 m3, with an air leakage rate less than 0.05 m3/h, and was equipped with medium and high effective filters, air circulating ventilation system, gas sample generating system,etc. Results Significanly negative correlation was observed between the values of natural logarithm of formaldehyde concentration (lnCt) and time variables with a correlation coefficient r values of-0.995 0 ～-0.999 7. After the running of the air purifiers, the concentrations of formaldehyde in air significantly decreased with the prolongation of the running duration of air purifiers compared with its original concentration (P0.05). Conclusion This kind of air purifier could effectively adsorb formaldehyde in indoor air.