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1.
BAG, J. basic appl. genet. (Online) ; 29(1): 51-64, jun. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1089041

ABSTRACT

La ley del equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg es la piedra angular de la genética de poblaciones y la genética cuantitativa; sin embargo, para su cálculo en autopoliploides hay que tener en cuenta que las frecuencias alélicas y gaméticas son diferentes, caso contrario que los diploides donde son iguales. Esto ocasiona que el cálculo de esta fórmula deba hacerse con las frecuencias alélicas o las gaméticas basadas en las alélicas, de otra forma se puede romper el equilibrio de la población y el sesgo que esto conlleva en cálculos de otras pruebas como los estadísticos F de Wright, la GST de Nei o modelos bayesianos que se basan en los desequilibrios que presentan las poblaciones. Por eso este ensayo desarrolla los modelos de un locus con dos alelos en genotipos autotetraploides y autooctoploides para poder realizar una generalización de la ley del equilibrio en poblaciones autopoliploides.


The law of equilibrium Hardy-Weinberg is the cornerstone of the population genetics and of the quantitative genetics; however, for its calculation in autopolyploids it is necessary take in account that the allelic and gametic frequencies are different, contrary to the diploids where they are the same. This causes that the calculations must be done with the allelic frequencies or gametic based on allelic frequencies. Otherwise the equilibrium is broken in the population and the bias that this entails in the calculation of other genetical test like Wright's F statistics, the Nei's GST or Bayesian models that are based on the disequilibrium that populations show. That is why in this work they developed models of one locus with two alleles in autotetraploid and autooctoploid genotypes to make a generalization of the law of equilibrium in autopolyploid populations.

2.
Protein & Cell ; (12): 446-461, 2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-757972

ABSTRACT

Microbiome research is a quickly developing field in biomedical research, and we have witnessed its potential in understanding the physiology, metabolism and immunology, its critical role in understanding the health and disease of the host, and its vast capacity in disease prediction, intervention and treatment. However, many of the fundamental questions still need to be addressed, including the shaping forces of microbial diversity between individuals and across time. Microbiome research falls into the classical nature vs. nurture scenario, such that host genetics shape part of the microbiome, while environmental influences change the original course of microbiome development. In this review, we focus on the nature, i.e., the genetic part of the equation, and summarize the recent efforts in understanding which parts of the genome, especially the human and mouse genome, play important roles in determining the composition and functions of microbial communities, primarily in the gut but also on the skin. We aim to present an overview of different approaches in studying the intricate relationships between host genetic variations and microbes, its underlying philosophy and methodology, and we aim to highlight a few key discoveries along this exploration, as well as current pitfalls. More evidence and results will surely appear in upcoming studies, and the accumulating knowledge will lead to a deeper understanding of what we could finally term a "hologenome", that is, the organized, closely interacting genome of the host and the microbiome.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Biomedical Research , Genes , Genetic Variation , Genome , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Genetics , Metagenomics , Microbiota
3.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 108(6): 532-537, dic. 2010. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-594327

ABSTRACT

La influencia del medioambiente sobre el desarrollo humano puede ser estudiada evaluando la similitud de rasgos del desarrollo entre hermanosbiológicos, gemelos y adoptados, criadosjuntos y aparte. El medioambiente es causa del 50 por ciento de la varianza total de la capacidad cognitivageneral de una población determinada. Esta influencia disminuye con la edad a expensas de la influencia genética. Desde la infancia hasta la adultez, existe una disminución paulatina de lainfluencia del mediomabiente compartido con un aumento de la influencia genética y del medioambienteno compartido. Paradójicamente, lagenética cuantitativa brinda valiosa información sobre la influencia del medioambiente sobre el desarrollo infantil.


The environmental influence on human development can be studied by assessing similarities and discrepancies in developmental traits betweenbiological and adopted siblings and twins, reared together and reared apart. Approximately 50% of total variance of general cognitive ability in a given population can be explained by theenvironment. This influence gradually decreases with age, from infancy to adulthood. Two types of environments can be distinguished: shared and non shared. The former one, acts predominantly in childhood, and the non shared environment becomes more important in adulthood. Paradoxically, quantitative genetics can make asignificant contribution to knowledge on the influence of environment on human development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Child Development , Environment , Genetics , Heredity
4.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 108(4): 331-336, ago. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-558978

ABSTRACT

La genética cuantitativa contribuye a discriminar la influencia relativa de los factores genéticos y medioambientales en el desarrollo humano. El cálculo de coeficientes de correlación del cociente intelectual, entre hermanos, o gemelos monocigóticos y dicigóticos, criados juntos o separados, permite efectuar estimaciones de la heredabilidad, que mide la contribución de la genética a la varianza de un rasgo del desarrollo. Muchos aspectos del desarrollo intelectual normal, tienen una heredabilidad de aproximadamente el 50%. El resto es atribuible a factores medioambientales. La influencia de la genética en el desarrollo no implica un destino programado e inexorable, sino una propensión, una tendencia, más queuna certeza.


Quantitative genetics can make a significant contribution to disentangle the relative influence of genetics and environment on human developmentand its disorders. Estimates of Pearson'scorrelation coefficients between siblings, mono and dizogotic twins reared together or apart, allows the calculation of heredability, that is,the contribution of genetics to the variance of a given trait. In the case of many aspects of intellectual development, heredability is around50%. The rests is attributable to the influence of environment. The influence of genetics on development should be considered as a trend, a risk, rather than a programmed fate.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Behavior , Environment , Genetics , Growth and Development , Intelligence , Multifactorial Inheritance
5.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 92(3): 209-215, mar. 2009. tab
Article in English, Spanish, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-511631

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: Apesar da elevada prevalência de hipertensão arterial em Portugal, a importância relativa que os genes possam exercer na manifestação final dos valores da pressão arterial (PA) parece pouco estudada. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a presença, indireta, de transmissão vertical de fatores genéticos entre progenitores e descendentes nos valores da PA, e estimar a contribuição dos fatores genéticos responsáveis pela variação dos valores de PA em termos populacionais. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 367 indivíduos (164 progenitores e 203 descendentes) pertencentes a 107 famílias nucleares provenientes de diferentes regiões do norte de Portugal, participantes do projeto "Famílias Activas". A PA foi medida com um aparelho digital da marca Omron®, modelo M6 (HEM-7001-E). Foram utilizados os softwares estatísticos SPSS 15.0 para a análise exploratória de dados e o cálculo das estatísticas descritivas, e o PEDSTATS para analisar o comportamento genérico das variáveis entre os diferentes membros da família. O cálculo das correlações entre familiares e as estimativas de heritabilidade foram realizados nos módulos FCOR e ASSOC do software de epidemiologia genética S.A.G.E., versão 5.3. RESULTADOS: Para a PA sistólica (PAS), os valores das correlações entre os graus de parentesco foram de baixos a moderados (0,21< r <0,35). Para a PA diastólica (PAD), os valores encontrados foram moderados (0,24< r <0,50). Os fatores genéticos explicaram cerca de 43 e 49% da variação total da PAS e da PAD, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados evidenciaram que uma quantidade moderada da PAS e da PAD é imputada a fatores genéticos.


BACKGROUND: Despite of the increase in the prevalence of hypertension in Portugal, the importance of genetic factors in blood pressure (BP) has not been studied extensively in our country. OBJECTIVES: To verify the indirect presence of vertical transmission of genetic factors between parents and children in BP values, and to estimate the magnitude of genetic factors contributing for variation in BP values in the population. METHODS: Sample size comprises 367 individuals (164 parents and 203 children) pertaining the 107 nuclear families participating in "Familias Activas" project, proceeding from different regions of North Portugal. The BP was measured with Omron® model M6 (HEM-7001-E) digital device. SPSS 15.0 was used for data analysis; PEDSTATS was used to verify the structure of each family data. Familial correlations and heritability estimates were computed in FCOR and ASSOC modules of S.A.G.E. version 5.3. RESULTS: For systolic BP (SBP), correlation values were low to moderate (0,21< r <0,35); for diastolic BP (DBP) values were found to be moderate (0,24< r <0,50). Genetic factors explain 43 and 49% of the total variation in SBP and DBP, respectively. CONCLUSION: A moderate amount of the SBP and the DBP is accounted for by genetic factors.


FUNDAMENTO: A pesar de la elevada prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en Portugal, la importancia relativa que los genes pueden ejercer en la manifestación final de los valores de la presión arterial (PA) nos parece poco estudiada. OBJETIVOS:Verificar la presencia, indirecta, de transmisión vertical de factores genéticos entre progenitores y descendientes en los valores de la PA, y estimar el aporte de los factores genéticos responsables de la variación de los valores de PA en términos poblacionales. MÉTODOS: La muestra estaba conformada por 367 individuos (164 progenitores y 203 descendientes) pertenecientes a 107 familias nucleares provenientes de diferentes regiones del norte de Portugal, participantes del proyecto "Familias Activas". La PA se midió con un aparato digital de la marca Omron®, modelo M6 (HEM-7001-E). Se utilizaron los softwares estadísticos SPSS 15.0 para el análisis exploratorio de datos y el cálculo de las estadísticas descriptivas, y el PEDSTATS para analizar el comportamiento genérico de las variables entre los diferentes miembros de la familia. El cálculo de las correlaciones entre familiares y las estimativas de heritabilidad se realizaron en los módulos FCOR y ASSOC del software de epidemiología genética S.A.G.E., versión 5.3. RESULTADOS: Para la PA sistólica (PAS), los valores de las correlaciones entre los grados de parentesco se mostraron bajos a moderados (0,21< r <0,35). Para la PA diastólica (PAD), los valores encontrados fueron moderados (0,24< r <0,50). Los factores genéticos explicaron cerca del 43 y el 49% de la variación total de la PAS y de la PAD, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados evidenciaron que se atribuye una cantidad moderada de la PAS y de la PAD a factores genéticos.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Blood Pressure/genetics , White People/genetics , Nuclear Family/ethnology , Body Mass Index , Blood Pressure/physiology , Hypertension/classification , Hypertension/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Prevalence , Portugal/epidemiology , Young Adult
6.
Neotrop. entomol ; 32(1): 37-43, Jan.-Mar. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-513429

ABSTRACT

Quatro clones do pulgão Myzus persicae (Sulzer) foram utilizados para se avaliar a magnitude de suas respostas plásticas em sete condições de temperatura 15,0; 17,5; 20,0; 22,5; 25,0; 27,5 e 30,0°C. Um índice multivariado de tamanho foi obtido por ACP, a partir de cinco caracteres morfológicos. Quatro desses caracteres foram medidos bilateralmente para quantificação da Assimetria Flutuante (AF). A fecundidade foi estimada pelo número de ninfas presentes do trato reprodutivo das fêmeas. A variabilidade atribuída aos componentes ambientais e genéticos de variação foi estimada com o auxílio de um modelo de genética quantitativa. A maior parte da variabilidade fenotípica morfológica na população estudada ocorreu como resposta à temperatura (componente ambiental), mas componentes genéticos de variação também foram detectados. Acredita-se que o potencial plástico descrito seja adaptativo, contudo um ambiente a 30°C não permitiu a sobrevivência. Pequena variabilidade no comprimento do rostro com relação aos demais caracteres pode ter resultado de seleção estabilizadora, considerando seu valor adaptativo para a obtenção de alimento. Os pulgões apresentaram AF em alguns dos caracteres medidos. Entretanto, não foi detectada relação linear dos níveis de AF com valores de temperatura, nem houve um padrão geral de variação para este caráter. Os dados corroboram a hipótese de que adversidades do meio afetam mais efetivamente o tamanho dos organismos e que, portanto, este seria um indicativo de estresse mais eficiente do que a AF de um caráter propriamente dito.


Four clones of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were used to assess the magnitude of their responses to seven different temperatures (15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5 and 30.0°C). A multivariate index of size was obtained using five morphological characteristics simplified by PCA. Among these characteristics, four were measured bilaterally both sides in order to evaluate the fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Fertility was estimated according to the number of nymphs in the reproductive female apparatus. The variability attributed to the environmental and genetic components was estimated using a genetic quantitative model. A large part of the total variability found for size distribution was attributed to differences in temperature (environmental component), but genetic components of variation were also detected. The plastic potential was considered adaptive, since it increases clone survival in unstable environments and allows new habitat exploitation. However, 30°C temperature did not permit clone development and survival. Lower variability in one morphological character, the rostrum, in comparison with the other traits may be the result of a stabilizing selection, in relation to its adaptive value to obtain food. The aphids presented FA in some of the measured characteristics. However, no linear relation was detected for the levels of FA and temperature values and no general pattern of variability was found. The data corroborate the hypothesis that size is more effectively affected than FA by external influences, and consequently, is a much more efficient indicator of environmental stress.

7.
Acta amaz ; 33(1)2003.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1454940

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of several methods of precocious selection in half-sib progenies of taxi-branco (Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, Leguminosae) was estimated. Taxi-branco is a native Amazonian forest species, with broad adaptation to different ecological conditions and good quality wood for charcoal. The experiment was planted in 1989, at the Cerrado Experimental Station, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil (0° 22' N, 51°04' W, 50 m altitude) using 21 half-sib progenies arranged in a randomized complete blocks experimental design with ten replications. The plots were lines of five plants spaced 3 x 3 m. At 48 and 96 months the plants were evaluated for the following characteristics: height, diameter at breast height, and biomass production. The following methodologies were used to estimate precocious selection efficiency: fluctuation of the estimates of the genetic parameters at different ages; estimates and decomposition of the genotype x environment interaction; correlated response to selection; and selection at juvenile and adult ages. The evaluated families showed genetic variability for the three characters and the estimate of the narrow sense heritability at the family mean level was greater than 84% in both ages, indicating the potential of this population for continuity of the improvement program. All the methodologies used in the evaluation of the efficiency of precocious selection agreed in recommending that this strategy should be used in future programs of genetic improvement of taxi-branco.


Estimou-se a eficiência de diferentes métodos da seleção precoce em progênies de meios irmãos de taxi-branco (Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, Leguminosae), espécie florestal originária da região amazônica, com ampla adaptação a diferentes condições ecológicas, e produtora de madeira de boa qualidade para produção de carvão. O experimento foi instalado em 1989 no Campo Experimental do Cerrado em Macapá-AP (0° 22'N, 51°04'W e 50 m de altitude) com as 21 progênies de meios-irmãos delineadas em blocos ao acaso, com dez repetições e parcelas em fileiras de cinco plantas no espaçamento de 3 x 3 m. Aos 48 e 96 meses de idade foram avaliados: a altura da planta, o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e a biomassa. Na estimativa da eficiência da seleção precoce, foram utilizadas as seguintes metodologias: flutuação das estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos nas diferentes idades; estimativa e decomposição da interação genótipo x ambiente; resposta correlacionada com a seleção; e seleção na idade juvenil e correspondente na idade adulta. As famílias avaliadas apresentaram variabilidade genética para os três caracteres, sendo a estimativa da herdabilidade no sentido restrito em nível de famílias superior a 84% nas duas idades, indicando ser essa população promissora para a continuidade do programa de melhoramento. Todas as metodologias empregadas na avaliação da eficiência da seleção precoce foram concordantes em recomendar que essa estratégia deve ser utilizada em futuros trabalhos de melhoramento genético do taxi-branco.

8.
Neotrop. entomol ; 30(1): 29-35, Mar. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-514325

ABSTRACT

Interações entre insetos fitófagos e suas plantas hospedeiras podem gerar modificações fisiológicas, morfológicas e comportamentais na população dos parasitas. Essas modificações, ocorridas devido à plasticidade fenotípica, podem ter relevância nos processos de especialização e formação de ecótipos. Este trabalho, teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de plasticidade fenotípica (fisiológica e comportamental) de distintos clones do pulgão Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) na utilização de duas variedades de hospedeiros, couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) e brocólis (B. oleracea var. italica). Ninfas, com aproximadamente a mesma idade, foram alocadas individualmente na face abaxial das folhas dos hospedeiros testados e observadas diariamente quanto ao período de desenvolvimento e fecundidade para cálculo do índice de fitness (r m) ou performance. Experimentos para determinar a preferência (plasticidade comportamental) foram realizados em laboratório, testando-se oitenta indivíduos (20 por clone), com base em suas escolhas por determinado hospedeiro. Medidas de variabilidade na ocorrência de plasticidade foram feitas segundo modelo de genética quantitativa. Os clones demostraram pequena plasticidade fisiológica provavelmente devido à grande similaridade genética entre as duas variedades de plantas testadas (F=3,412; P=0,067). Também não foi verificada grande variabilidade nas respostas apresentadas entre clones (F=1,281; P=0,283). No entanto, os clones apresentaram significativa preferência por determinado hospedeiro (chi2=4,66; P<0,05), sendo marcante o fenômeno de condicionamento (indivíduos "escolhiam" os hospedeiros nos quais se alimentaram durante seu período pré-reprodutivo). Não foi detectada pressão de seleção suficiente para promover a formação de biótipos ou raças nesta espécie, adaptadas às variedades de brássicas testadas.


Interactions between phytophagous insects and their host plants can produce physiological, morphological and behavioural changes on the population of the parasites. Such changes due to phenotypic plasticity may be relevant in both the specialisation process and host races or ecotypes formation. In this work the occurrence of phenotypic plasticity (physiological and behavioural) on distinct aphids clones of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) was investigated utilising two different hosts: cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala) and broccoli (B. oleraceae var. italica). Nimphs, with approximately the same age, were placed individually on the underneath leaf surface on each tested host. Their developmental time and fecundity were observed daily in order to calculate a fitness index (r m) or performance. Experiments to determine preference (behavioural plasticity) were done inside the laboratory, basing on the choice of eighty aphids (20 per clone) for a particular host. Measurements of variability on plastic responses among clones were done following a quantitative genetic model. Clones demonstrated low physiological plasticity (F=3.412; P=0.067) probably due to the great genetic similarity between the two variety of plants used as hosts. Small variability was verified for this kind of plasticity among the performance of the analysed clones (F=1.281; P=0.283). Nevertheless, the clones presented significant preference for a particular host (chi2=4.66; P<0.05), which demonstrates the conditioning behaviour (individuals choosing the hosts were they fed during their development). Aparently the selection pressure was not hard enough to promote biotype or race formation in B. brassicae adapted to the host varieties tested.

9.
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association ; : 257-272, 2000.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-158459

ABSTRACT

Quantitative medical genetics including genetic epidemiological studies, linkage studies, and association studies are the basis for molecular genetic studies to find the susceptible genes or responsible mutations for psychiatric disorders. Epidemiological studies on recurrence risk, twin studies and adoption studies have shown that genetic components are contributing for the development of psychiatric disorders. The basic concept of quantitative genetics is recombination and linkage phenomenon. Linkage is that two genetic loci located close enough to each other will not be separated after recombination in meiosis. Linkage analysis and association studies can be accomplished by appropriate genetic analysis methods with genetically well defined phenotype data and genotype data generated by PCR. Linkage analysis are focused on simultaneous transmission of genotype and phenotype in multiplex pedigrees. Linkage analysis could be divided into two categories: parametric and nonparametric methods. Association studies are designed to find linkage disequilibrium between candidate gene and disease phenotype. Family-based association study methods are recommended to exclude possible population stratification of population-based case control studies. In spite of lots of evidence supporting great genetic influence on psychiatric disorders, genetic studies on psychiatric disorders have not been easy. It is probably because psychiatric disorders are composed of complex traits which do not follow Mendelian inheritance and several genes may contribute to only a small proportion of variances in the trait. In order to solve this complexity, animal models and genetically proper endophenotypes should be developed and be applied to QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) analysis. At the same time, statistically powerful sample size should be established through worldwide collaboration to overcome small gene effects of psychiatric disorders.


Subject(s)
Case-Control Studies , Cooperative Behavior , Endophenotypes , Genetic Loci , Genetics , Genetics, Medical , Genotype , Linkage Disequilibrium , Meiosis , Models, Animal , Molecular Biology , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Recombination, Genetic , Recurrence , Sample Size , Wills
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