Narrative Review of Feedback -From Definition to Recent Discussion- / 医学教育

Feedback is an educational activity that occurs in a variety of settings in medical education and has been widely discussed since 2008, when Ridder et al. defined it as "Specific information about the comparison between a trainee's observed performance and a standard, given with the intent to improve the trainee's performance." (Ridder et al., 2008, p.3). Since then, discussions on effective feedback have shifted from a behaviorist, instructor-centered approach to a more multifaceted approach that focuses on relationship and the learner as recipient of feedback, or the learner's potential ability to make use of feedback (self-regulated learning, feedback literacy).

How to Give Effective Feedback that Encourages Reflection Using Elements of Coaching: Introduction and Japanese Translation of the R2C2 Model / 医学教育

To improve resident performance in clinical practice, the R2C2 model was developed for supervisors who need to guide their residents’ reflection. It consists of four stages: Relationship building, exploring Reactions, exploring Content, and Coaching. It has been shown to effectively engage residents in reflective, goal-oriented discussions and in developing a Learning Change Plan with their supervisors. This paper introduces the Japanese translated version of the model and the evidence of its use.