Use of geometry and featural cues in landmark configurations to reorient DCD children to the VR space: A route-learning study / Uso de señales geométricas y caracterológicas en configuraciones de puntos de referencia para reorientar a los niños con TDC hacia el espacio de realidad virtual: Un estudio de aprendizaje de rutas

Abstract Background: Working memory-based spatial cognition has attracted the attention of the scientific community in navigation and reorientation projects. The dominant approach considers that spontaneous spatial navigation behavior is based merely on environmental geometry (built and natural environmental objects). In this domain, DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder) motor skill orientation problems have been frequently associated with poor visuospatial cognition, while immersive VR environments encourage more repetition, allowing for faster motor skill development and recovery. Objective: This pilot study tested the functionality of an immersive VR environment with environmental geometry (rectangular arena rich in symmetry) and featural landmark cues (striped wall, flora) as a route-learning tool for children with motor skill disorders. Methods: Forty DCD children aged 5 to 8 years (20 boys and 20 girls); five (5) 3D reality modeling setups with orthogonality, symmetry, and striped walls as design parameters; and trial walk-through coordination exercises using a predefined visual pathway with different motor control conditions (daylight, darkness). Participants' path completion rate, path completion time, and walk-through satisfaction were recorded as route-learning performance variables and analyzed statistically. Results/findings: DCD children's spatial orientation was statistically shown to be more stable and robust (in path completion rates, termination time, and walk-through level of satisfaction) in a virtual 3D environment rich in orthogonality, symmetry, and featural cues as landmarks. In this compound environmental geometry setup, training functionality and immersive learning performance enjoyed an 8.16% better path completion rate, a 12.37% reduction in path completion time, and 32.10% more walk-through satisfaction than reality modeling setups poor in geometry and landmarks. The effectiveness and robustness were validated statistically. Conclusion: Children with motor skill difficulties train and learn better in virtual 3D environments that are rich in orthogonality, symmetry, and featural landmark cues.

Resumen Antecedentes: La cognición espacial basada en la memoria de trabajo ha atraído la atención de la comunidad científica en proyectos de navegación y reorientación. El enfoque dominante considera que el comportamiento espontáneo de navegación espacial se basa meramente en la geometría ambiental (objetos ambientales construidos y naturales). En este ámbito, los problemas de orientación de las habilidades motoras del TDC (Trastorno del Desarrollo de la Coordinación) se han asociado con frecuencia a una cognición visoespacial deficiente, mientras que los entornos de RV (Realidad Virtual) inmersivos fomentan una mayor repetición, lo que permite un desarrollo y una recuperación más rápidos de las habilidades motoras. Objetivo: Este estudio piloto probó la funcionalidad de un entorno de RV inmersiva con geometría ambiental (arena rectangular rica en simetría) y señales de puntos de referencia característicos (pared rayada, flora) como herramienta de aprendizaje de rutas para niños con trastornos de la habilidad motora. Métodos: Cuarenta niños con TDC de entre 5 y 8 años (20 niños y 20 niñas); cinco (5) configuraciones de modelado de realidad 3D con ortogonalidad, simetría y paredes rayadas como parámetros de diseño; y ejercicios de coordinación de recorrido de prueba utilizando una ruta visual predefinida con diferentes condiciones de control motor (luz diurna, oscuridad). Se registraron la tasa de finalización del recorrido, el tiempo de finalización del recorrido y el grado de satisfacción de los participantes como variables de rendimiento del aprendizaje de recorridos y se analizaron estadísticamente. Resultados: Se demostró estadísticamente que la orientación espacial de los niños con TDC era más estable y robusta (en tasas de finalización del camino, tiempo de finalización y nivel de satisfacción del recorrido) en un entorno 3D virtual rico en ortogonalidad, simetría y señales de características como puntos de referencia. En esta configuración de geometría ambiental compuesta, la funcionalidad del entrenamiento y el rendimiento del aprendizaje inmersivo disfrutaron de un 8,16% más de tasa de finalización de ruta, una reducción del 12,37% en el tiempo de finalización de ruta y un 32,10% más de satisfacción de recorrido que las configuraciones de modelado de realidad pobres en geometría y puntos de referencia. La eficacia y la solidez se validaron estadísticamente. Conclusiones: Los niños con dificultades motrices entrenan y aprenden mejor en entornos virtuales 3D ricos en ortogonalidad, simetría y puntos de referencia característicos.

Realidad virtual y biomarcadores digitales: una herramienta clínica para el diagnóstico del autismo / Virtual reality and digital biomarkers: a clinical tool for early autism diagnosis

Resumen Introducción : El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo, y sus procedimien tos tradicionales de evaluación encuentran ciertas li mitaciones. El actual campo de investigación sobre TEA está explorando y respaldando métodos innovadores para evaluar el trastorno tempranamente, basándose en la detección automática de biomarcadores. Sin embargo, muchos de estos procedimientos carecen de validez ecológica en sus mediciones. En este contexto, la reali dad virtual (RV) presenta un prometedor potencial para registrar objetivamente bioseñales mientras los usuarios experimentan situaciones ecológicas. Métodos : Este estudio describe un novedoso y lúdi co procedimiento de RV para la evaluación temprana del TEA, basado en la grabación multimodal de bio señales. Durante una experiencia de RV con 12 esce nas virtuales, se midieron la mirada, las habilidades motoras, la actividad electrodermal y el rendimiento conductual en 39 niños con TEA y 42 compañeros de control. Se desarrollaron modelos de aprendizaje automático para identificar biomarcadores digitales y clasificar el autismo. Resultados : Las bioseñales reportaron un rendimien to variado en la detección del TEA, mientras que el modelo resultante de la combinación de los modelos de las bioseñales demostró la capacidad de identificar el TEA con una precisión del 83% (DE = 3%) y un AUC de 0.91 (DE = 0.04). Discusión : Esta herramienta de detección pue de respaldar el diagnóstico del TEA al reforzar los resultados de los procedimientos tradicionales de evaluación.

Abstract Introduction : Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition which traditional as sessment procedures encounter certain limitations. The current ASD research field is exploring and endorsing innovative methods to assess the disorder early on, based on the automatic detection of biomarkers. How ever, many of these procedures lack ecological validity in their measurements. In this context, virtual reality (VR) shows promise for objectively recording biosignals while users experience ecological situations. Methods : This study outlines a novel and playful VR procedure for the early assessment of ASD, relying on multimodal biosignal recording. During a VR experience featuring 12 virtual scenes, eye gaze, motor skills, elec trodermal activity and behavioural performance were measured in 39 children with ASD and 42 control peers. Machine learning models were developed to identify digital biomarkers and classify autism. Results : Biosignals reported varied performance in detecting ASD, while the combined model resulting from the combination of specific-biosignal models demon strated the ability to identify ASD with an accuracy of 83% (SD = 3%) and an AUC of 0.91 (SD = 0.04). Discussion : This screening tool may support ASD diagnosis by reinforcing the outcomes of traditional assessment procedures.

El metaverso en el mundo de la salud: el futuro presente. Desafíos y oportunidades / The metaverse in the world of health: The present future. Challenges and opportunities

La Organización Mundial de la Salud define la salud digital como la incorporación de tecnologías de información y comunicación para mejorar la salud. En los últimos años, se vio una fuerte aceleración en la adopción de estas herramientas digitales, lo que impactó de lleno en los modelos asistenciales tradicionales. Actualmente, estamos observando el surgimiento de un gran entorno virtual inmersivo llamado metaverso. Su aparición genera nuevas y desafiantes oportunidades en la salud. En este artículo se exploran algunos conceptos relacionados con este campo, se dan ejemplos concretos de su aplicación en pediatría, se mencionan algunas experiencias en el ámbito hospitalario para finalmente adentrarse en los desafíos y oportunidades que emergen.

The World Health Organization has defined "digital health" as the use of information and communication technologies to improve health. In recent years, there has been a strong acceleration in the adoption of these digital tools, which has had a major impact on traditional healthcare models. We are currently witnessing the emergence of a large immersive virtual environment called the "metaverse." Its emergence creates new and challenging opportunities in health care. This article explores some metaverse-related concepts, provides specific examples of its use in pediatrics, describes experiences in the hospital setting, and finally delves into the resulting challenges and opportunities.

Immersive horizons: navigating ethical terrain and practical boundaries in the use of virtual reality for cancer symptom management � a comprehensive narrative review

Cancer is a significant healthcare problem. However, advancements in diagnostic procedures and therapeutic modalities have led to a decline in cancer mortality rates by 1% annually in most countries. Cancer patients often experience symptoms such as pain, cancer-related fatigue, anxiety, and lymphedema. To counter these side effects, there have been tremendous efforts. One such effort is the use of virtual reality (VR) technology, which is an interactive technology. VR has played a significant role in managing disorders such as phobias and anxiety disorders, and support for patients with cognitive and physical rehabilitation, acute and chronic pain management, and emotional support in different settings such as during hospitalizations. Our team conducted an extensive search for electronic literature on virtual reality in various databases, such as Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Psych INFO, up to July 2023. We used keywords like "virtual reality," "cancer care," "depression," "cognition," "pain," "telemedicine," "rehabilitation care," "physical therapy," "radiotherapy," "telerehabilitation," "avatar," "video games," and "visual aid" as our search criteria. VR interventions for cancer patients include exposure therapy, psycho-education, and relaxation techniques, which have been shown to reduce symptoms significantly. VR distraction can also mitigate pain during medical procedures. Studies suggest that VR holds promise in rehabilitation and oncologic treatment, as it can improve function metrics, range of motion, and motivation for treatment. The review scrutinizes the use of digital information and virtual reality technology to alleviate cancer-related distress by providing remote care.

Application of MRI-based image navigation and target selection in transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:In clinical application,the therapeutic effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation depends on the ability to accurately target the areas of the brain that need to be stimulated.In recent years,with the development of neuronavigation systems,mobile augmented reality technology,and the new methods of processing magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)data,the accuracy of stimulus target localization and the optimization of target selection are expected to improve further. OBJECTIVE:To review the principle of MRI-based image navigation and its application in transcranial magnetic stimulation and summarize the roles of different modal MRI data analyses in guiding the selection of target areas for transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHODS:An online computer search for relevant literature was performed in PubMed,CNKI database and WanFang database,with the keywords"transcranial magnetic stimulation,coil positioning,neuronavigation,augmented reality,magnetic resonance,theory."Finally,63 documents were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Among the traditional methods of positioning transcranial magnetic stimulation coils,the"5 cm rule"and the international electroencephalogram 10-20 positioning method are the most commonly used.These methods have the advantages of simplicity and economy,but they rely too much on the operator's experience and there were technical differences between operators.The neuronavigation system,which is based on stereotactic technology,is the guiding method for positioning transcranial magnetic stimulation coils with the highest visual degree and accuracy.It achieves visual positioning through MRI data acquisition,3D brain reconstruction,head model registration and stereogeometric positioning.It has high application value in clinical treatment and scientific research,but it cannot be promoted in medical institutions due to its high cost.For various medical institutions,mobile augmented reality is a cost-effective and efficient alternative to the neuronavigation system,which achieves visual positioning of brain tissue under the scalp through MRI data acquisition,2D/3D image construction,virtual image and real brain image superposition.It has the advantages of directly visualization and low cost,and is expected to be popularized and applied in primary medical units.Although the superiority of clinical efficacy of visual coil positioning over the electroencephalogram 10-20 localization strategy has not yet been fully demonstrated,with the progress of brain MRI data analysis,visual positioning is expected to further optimize the target selection strategy of transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy and to improve the response rate and individuation degree of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment.This is a promising and challenging research direction in the future.

Application of mixed reality technology in vertebroplasty / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:How to improve the accuracy of puncture,reduce surgical damage,and improve surgical efficiency during vertebroplasty is currently one of the focuses of exploration and improvement in vertebroplasty techniques. OBJECTIVE:To explore the clinical significance of application of mixed reality technology in percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal fractures. METHODS:Two patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture in Dalian Second People's Hospital in June 2023 were selected.Before operation,128-row CT scanning of the lumbar spine was performed and the original data of digital imaging and communications in medicine(DICOM)were obtained.Visual Volume software was used to build the three-dimensional network model of vertebral compression fracture.Holographic imaging glasses were used to accurately map 3D network model images to the real world,assist the surgeon in completing preoperative simulation,explaining preoperative conditions and treatment plans,and guiding puncture and bone cement injection during surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Precise puncture was achieved with the assistance of a mixed reality technology.Postoperative imaging examination showed good bone cement filling and no obvious leakage.The postoperative symptoms of the patient were alleviated well,and they were able to move to the ground on the same day after surgery.(2)It is concluded that a mixed reality technology is helpful for preoperative surgical design and communication efficiency with patients and their families.Assisting with precise puncture during surgery,shortening surgical time,and reducing side injuries is a new and effective clinical diagnosis and treatment model,which has development potential in minimally invasive,precise,and personalized treatment of spinal surgery.

Application of extended reality technology in orthopaedics / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Extended reality (XR) includes a variety of visualisation technologies such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality. It refers to a combination of the real and the virtual entities through computers to create a virtual environment where human and computer can interact, characterized by immersion, interactivity, conceptualization, and combination of reality and fiction. Recently, great progress has been made in the application of XR in the fields of medical education, precision medicine, telemedicine, surgical assistance and navigation so that XR has drawn increasing attention. This paper briefly describes the concept of XR and its technological development, expounds its clinical application in orthopedics, surgery in particular, analyzes the existing problems and difficulties, and predicts its future development trend. This review may help readers gain a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the history, current status and future development of intelligent orthopaedics based on XR technology.

Application of digital intelligence technologies in orthopedic trauma / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Digital intelligence technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, surgical navigation, surgical robots, and virtual reality, have been widely used in basic and clinical research in trauma and orthopedics. In order to provide trauma orthopedists with a quick overview of the current application of these technologies, this paper elaborates on the orthopedic workflow of fracture open reduction and internal fixation, on the aspects of recognition and classification of fracture X-ray images, fracture fragment segmentation based on thin-slice CT images, virtual fracture reduction, 3D fracture line heatmaps, design of an anatomical locking plate, intelligent navigation and orthopedic surgical robots, fracture reduction robots, and surgical process visualization.

Applications and advances of digital technology in spinal surgery: from 3d printing to large language model / 中华创伤骨科杂志

With advancement of science and technology and consequent increasing demands, digital technology has become more and more important in the field of spinal surgery. It provides spinal surgeons with more information, support and assistance to improve the diagnostic accuracy, surgical efficiency, surgical safety, and surgical quality. It also offers new possibilities and opportunities for education, communication, and doctor-patient interaction in medicine. This article reviews the applications and advances of digital technology in the field of spinal surgery, mainly covering 3D printing, surgical navigation, virtual reality and augmented reality, surgical robots, and artificial intelligence. It also analyzes the latest research progress at home and abroad, limitations and challenges, and the future development trends of digital technology.

Construction and application of medical metaverse scenes / 中华创伤骨科杂志

The medical metaverse is a combination of medicine and other cutting-edge technologies such as computer and information ones. In the medical metaverse, medical knowledge in the real world will be transformed into a digital form, so that activities concerning diagnosis, treatment, education and clinical practice can be carried out in a virtual environment. Based on the latest research advances at home and abroad, this review expounds on the medical metaverse from the aspects of supporting technologies, applications in clinic and medical education, current deficiencies and future development.

Construction and application of prenatal health education curriculum based on virtual simulation technology / 中华护理杂志

Objective To construct,implement and evaluate the effectiveness of the virtual simulation technology-based prenatal health education course.Methods The curriculum included 4 parts:"warm delivery room and easy delivery","medicated analgesic delivery","non-medicated analgesic delivery"and"early maternal and infant health care".From May to September 2022,100 primiparas in an obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Zhejiang Province were investigated by convenient sampling method.Random number table method was used to divide the participants into an experimental group and a control group,with 50 participants per group.The control group received conventional health education,while the experimental group received an augmented virtual reality technology-based prenatal health education course during the late stages of pregnancy on this basis.We conducted a post-intervention comparative analysis of antenatal anxiety levels,fear of childbirth,and birth outcomes between the 2 groups.Furthermore,a post-intervention satisfaction survey was administered to the experimental group.Results After intervention,the antenatal anxiety of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group(x2=4.943,P=0.026),and the decrease in fear of childbirth scores was higher than that of the control group(t=3.200,P=0.002).The experimental group was highly satisfied with all of the 4 dimensions of the course,and the overall evaluation was(31.8±3.23)points.However,there were no significant differences in vaginal delivery rate,postpartum bleeding volume,postpartum hemorrhage incidence,perineal injury degree and duration of each labor stage between the 2 groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The virtual reality technology-based prenatal health education course was effective in improving the antenatal anxiety and fear of childbirth of primipara,and the use satisfaction is high.

Augmented reality navigation assisted design of chimeric twin-paddled anterolateral thigh perforator flap in reconstruction of soft tissue defects in extremities: a report of 8 cases / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and clinical effects of the application of augmented reality (AR) navigation on assisted design of the chimeric twin-paddled anterolateral thigh perforator flap (ALTPF) in reconstruction of soft tissue defects in extremities.Methods:From June 2017 to June 2023, 8 patients with soft tissue defects in extremities received reconstruction of chimeric twin-paddled ALTPF designed with the assistance of AR navigation in Department of Hand & Foot Microsurgery Orthopaedics, Guigang City People’s Hospital. All of them were traffic accidents or machine injuries, with 3 cases of calf, 2 cases of ankle, 1 case of foot, and 2 cases of hand defects. All the wounds were wide or irregular (defect sized 14 cm×14 cm-25 cm×13 cm). The images of bilateral thighs were acquired by CT angiography preoperatively. The dominant side and dominant perforators were selected. Three dimensional reconstruction was performed by Mimics software. AR technology was applied to guide the design and harvest of the chimeric twin-paddled ALTPF. Flap area was 15 cm × 16 cm to 26 cm × 14 cm. The donor site was sutured directly. Follow-up with outpatient visits or WeChat images and videos at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively to record the appearance, colour, texture, recurrence of infection, and knee extension function of the flap donor site.Results:According to the preoperative design, the perforator flaps were harvested and transferred in all the 8 patients. All flaps survived and the recipient and donor sites healed in one stage. All patients entered postoperative follow-up for 3 to 12 (mean, 8.6)months. The colour and texture of the flaps were excellent, and the appearance of donor and recipient sites was satisfactory. Two patients with hand injuries were evaluated using the brief Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ), with scores of 43.74 and 81.25, respectively. Six patients with lower limb injuries were evaluated using the Maryland foot score, with scores of 2 excellent, 3 good and 1 fair.Conclusion:The application of AR navigation can effectively assist the design of a chimeric twin-paddled ALTPF. It also provides an effective basis for clinical personalised flap design.

Application and prospect of virtual reality technology in ocular diseases / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 Virtual reality (VR) technology is closely related to eye vision. With the development and progress of hardware and software equipment, VR has been applied widely in the field of ophthalmology. This article describes the application of VR technology in the clinical research and ophthalmology education, reviews the current research results and advantages of this new technology, including the new curative effect in amblyopia/strabismus, myopia and glaucoma, as well as research on the technology’s application in cataract surgery training and ophthalmology education. The article also discusses the dangers and difficulties of VR application and predicts its future application trend. In view of the shortcomings of VR in current research applications, the paper discusses and looks forward to provide powerful strategies for amblyopia, myopia and other ophthalmic diseases and clinical research.

Application of mixed reality technology in the diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumors / 口腔疾病防治

@#Oral and maxillofacial tumors are common oral and maxillofacial surgery-related diseases. Digital surgical technology, represented by virtual surgical design and surgical navigation, is the main auxiliary means of the surgical diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumors. However, the existing digital technology still has some problems and room for improvement in terms of 3D visualization imaging and intraoperative hand-eye coordination. At present, the application of 3D visualization technology represented by mixed-reality technology has been rapidly developing in the medical field. It assists in realizing the real-time stereoscopic presentation of medical images by superimposing 3D virtual images onto the real surgical environment. Mixed-reality technology has been gradually applied to the diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumors. Preoperatively, mixed-reality technology can be used to construct a 3D model of the tumor and its surrounding vital structures based on imaging data, at which point the medical team can personalize the preoperative assessment and design the surgical plan in the mixed-reality environment. Intraoperatively, the combination of mixed-reality technology and surgical navigation technology can be used to display the 3D virtual model in real time in the actual environment of the operation area, overcoming the hand-eye coordination problem associated with using navigation technology alone and further improving the accuracy and safety of oral and maxillofacial tumor surgery. The combination of mixed-reality technology and internet medical technology can provide a high-quality teaching platform to promote the development of regional oral and maxillofacial surgery practices. The limitations of mixed-reality technology include image occlusion, lack of accuracy when used alone, and long alignment times. In this review, the application of mixed-reality technology to the diagnosis and treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumors will be summarized and assessed by combining information from domestic and international literature reports with the practical clinical experience of the author group.

Efficacy of virtual reality technology in patients with schizophrenia treatment / 四川精神卫生

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness primarily managed with medication. In recent years， with the rapid development of virtual reality （VR） technology， its application effect in mental illness has been widely concerned. This review aims to explore the application of VR technology in schizophrenia treatment and to provide references for clinical practice. By reviewing randomized controlled trials from both domestic and international sources， the therapeutic efficacy of VR technology in treating schizophrenia was evaluated. The findings consistently demonstrated that VR technology has a positive effect on hallucinations， cognitive function， stress management and emotional control， and social function recovery in schizophrenia. ［Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China （number， 82160269）； "Spring City Plan" High level Talent Training Program Spring City Top Talents Special Project （number， C201914016）］

Effect of virtual reality on upper limb function after stroke: a study of diffusion tensor imaging / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of virtual reality on upper limb function in stroke patients through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). MethodsFrom September, 2021 to March, 2023, 80 stroke patients in the Fuzhou Second General Hospital were randomly divided into control group (n = 40) and experimental group (n = 40). Both groups received routine rehabilitation, while the experimental group received virtual reality training additionally, for four weeks. They were assessed with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities (FMA-UE) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) before treatment, after treatment and after four-week follow-up; and they were scaned with DTI to measure the fractional anisotropy (FA) and relative anisotropy (RA) of cerebral peduncle and posterior limb of inner capsule of the affected side before and after treatment. ResultsTwo cases dropped in each group. The FMA-UE and ARAT scores increased in both groups after treatment and follow-up (F > 2.790, P < 0.001), and increased more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.297, P < 0.05). FA and RA in the posterior limb of inner capsule increased in both groups after treatment (t > 21.013, P < 0.001), and increased more in the experimental group (t > 2.006, P < 0.05). The d-value of FA of the posterior limb of internal capsule before and after treatment (ΔFA) was positively correlated with the d-value of FMA-UE score (r > 0.362, P < 0.05) in both groups, the ΔFA of the posterior limb of internal capsule was positively correlated with the d-value of ARAT score (r = 0.459, P < 0.01). ConclusionVirtual reality training can promote the recovery of upper limb function in stroke patients, which may associate with the conductivity of posterior limb of inner capsule.

Multisensory Conflict Impairs Cortico-Muscular Network Connectivity and Postural Stability: Insights from Partial Directed Coherence Analysis / 神经科学通报·英文版

Sensory conflict impacts postural control, yet its effect on cortico-muscular interaction remains underexplored. We aimed to investigate sensory conflict's influence on the cortico-muscular network and postural stability. We used a rotating platform and virtual reality to present subjects with congruent and incongruent sensory input, recorded EEG (electroencephalogram) and EMG (electromyogram) data, and constructed a directed connectivity network. The results suggest that, compared to sensory congruence, during sensory conflict: (1) connectivity among the sensorimotor, visual, and posterior parietal cortex generally decreases, (2) cortical control over the muscles is weakened, (3) feedback from muscles to the cortex is strengthened, and (4) the range of body sway increases and its complexity decreases. These results underline the intricate effects of sensory conflict on cortico-muscular networks. During the sensory conflict, the brain adaptively decreases the integration of conflicting information. Without this integrated information, cortical control over muscles may be lessened, whereas the muscle feedback may be enhanced in compensation.

Application of virtual reality technology combined with case-based learning in forward surgical team skill teaching for undergraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application of virtual reality technology combined with case-based learning in forward surgical team (FST) basic skill teaching for undergraduates.Methods:A total of 42 undergraduates who received clinical practice in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Navy Medical University from January 2020 to January 2021 were selected as research subjects, and they were randomly divided into experimental group (virtual reality technology combined with case-based learning for FST basic skill teaching) and control group (traditional teaching methods for FST basic skill teaching). A questionnaire survey and assessments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching, and SPSS 23.0 was used to perform the t-test, the chi-square test, or the Fisher's exact test. Results:The questionnaire survey showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in the degree of overall satisfaction with teaching, comprehension and practice in learning, and post-learning memory, and compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores of improvement in theoretical knowledge (4.33±0.26 vs. 4.17±0.21, P<0.05), improvement in skill operation (4.32±0.22 vs. 4.12±0.27, P<0.05), improvement in the ability to analyze and solve practical problems (4.04±0.37 vs. 3.69±0.38, P<0.05), learning interest and enthusiasm (4.34±0.28 vs. 3.92±0.43, P<0.05), learning attention (4.21±0.35 vs. 3.81±0.34, P<0.05), and learning interaction (4.18±0.29 vs. 4.01±0.21, P<0.05). The results of assessments showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significantly higher total score (85.96±5.35 vs. 77.03±7.29, P<0.05) and significantly better scores of theoretical knowledge (28.25±4.74 vs. 25.01±5.37, P<0.05) and skill operation (57.47±4.96 vs. 51.99±8.03, P<0.05). Conclusions:Virtual reality technology combined with case-based learning has unique advantages in FST basic skill teaching for undergraduates, and related studies and application research can be conducted in the future.

Application prospects of virtual reality technology in simulation teaching in pediatrics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

With the development of virtual reality (VR) technology and wide application of simulation-based medical education in clinical teaching, VR has been attracting growing attention in the field of simulation teaching in pediatrics. Studies have shown that VR technology can effectively improve pediatric clinical teaching effects by providing an immersive learning environment and enhancing the learning experience of students. VR also expands the teaching methods of pediatric simulation education. This paper discusses the application of VR technology in virtual standardized patients, simulation teaching of clinical practice skills, and clinical scenario simulation in pediatrics, as well as the use of ACEP SimBox in VR simulation teaching in pediatric emergency care. Future research needs to focus on the further development of VR technology and its application in simulation teaching, and find the best way to combine VR with traditional teaching methods.

The role of virtual reality simulation training in laparoscopic skills training for young physicians / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the significance of laparoscopic virtual reality simulation training by analyzing the learning curve of laparoscopic cholecystectomy among young general surgeons who had participated in laparoscopic skills training at our hospital.Methods:Fifty young surgeons were divided into two groups, with the intervention group participating in virtual reality simulation training and the control group participating in traditional laparoscopic clinical training. After completion of the training, 30 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed under the supervision of highly qualified surgeons with extensive laparoscopic experience. CUSUM analysis was applied to plot the trainees' surgical learning curve based on the completion rate, surgical score and operative time. " x" is the number of surgical cases and " k" is the slope. The value of x when k=0 was calculated and the surgical learning curves and intraoperative scores of the 2 groups of trainees were compared. SPSS 23.00 was performed for t-test and Chi-square test. Results:The intervention and control groups crossed the surgical learning curve at x=19.24±0.39 and x=21.72±0.73 respectively, with significant differences ( P<0.01); the intervention and control groups scored (10.82±2.73) and (9.71±2.69) for gallbladder exposure ( t=4.61, P<0.01), (12.59±3.12) and (8.87±2.99) for gallbladder dissection triangle ( t=6.21, P<0.01), and (10.69±3.38) and (8.80±3.55) for gallbladder dissection ( t=3.10, P<0.01). Conclusions:Virtual reality simulation training can facilitate the translation of basic laparoscopic training skills into clinical skills and can promote the growth of young general surgeons.