Mulheres Indígenas em Movimentos: Possíveis Articulações entre Gênero e Política / Indigenous Women in Movements: Possible Links Between Gender and Politics / Mujeres Indígenas en Movimientos: Posibles Articulaciones entre Género y Política

A partir de uma aproximação posicionada com determinados movimentos indígenas e com mulheres lideranças indígenas no Brasil tratamos sobre a possibilidade da emergência, no cenário macropolítico do país, do sujeito político mulheres indígenas e sobre as possíveis aproximações de suas pautas com as pautas feministas, em especial, o feminismo pós-colonial. Propomos reflexões sobre as intersecções entre raça/etnia e gênero, dialogando com discursos de diferentes lideranças indígenas que ocupam posição de protagonismo no movimento indígena e ocupam espaços políticos estratégicos como a própria Academia. Atentar-se para estas múltiplas narrativas se torna importante pois estas provocam tensionamentos múltiplos que envolvem não só campos de disputa política por direitos e visibilidade, mas também campos teóricos da antropologia e do feminismo....(AU)

Based on a positioned approach with indigenous movements in Brazil, we deal with the possibility of the emergence of the political subject indigenous women in the macro-political scenario of the country and the possible approximation of them with feminism, in particular, postcolonial feminism. We propose reflections on the intersections between race/ethnicity and gender, dialoguing with discourses of different indigenous leaders who occupy both a leadingposition in the indigenous movement and some strategic political spaces such as the Academy itself. Attention to these multiple narratives becomes important as they provoke tensions involving not only fields of political dispute for rights and visibility, but also theoretical fields of anthropology and feminism....(AU)

A partir de una aproximación posicionada con determinados movimientos indígenas y con mujeres líderes indígenas en Brasil tratamos sobre la posibilidad de la emergencia, en el escenario macropolítico del país, del sujeto político mujeres indígenas y sobre las posibles aproximaciones de sus pautas con las pautas feministas, en especial, el feminismo post-colonial. Proponemos reflexiones sobre las intersecciones entre raza/etnia y género, dialogando con discursos de diferentes líderes indígenas que ocupan posición de protagonismo en el movimiento indígena y ocupan espacios políticos estratégicos como la propia Academia. Atendiendo a estas múltiples narrativas y discursos se vuelve importante pues éstas provocan tensiones múltiples que involucran no sólo campos de disputa política por derechos y visibilidad, sino también campos teóricos de la antropología y del feminismo....(AU)

A Comprehensive Assessment of the Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence of Gastric Cancer in the United States, 1992-2014 / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of gastric cancer and their temporal trends in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using data from 13 cancer registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we assessed such disparities during 1992-2014 in the United States using a variety of disparity metrics. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate of non-cardia gastric cancer was highest in Asian and Pacific Islanders, while the incidence of cardia gastric was highest in non-Hispanic whites in men and was similarly low in all groups in women. The incidence of non-cardia gastric cancer decreased in all groups over time, particularly in Asian and Pacific Islanders (on average by 3% per year). The incidence of cardia gastric remained relatively stable in virtually all racial/ethnic groups. The racial and ethnic disparities in gastric cancer incidence steadily decreased over time as measured on the absolute scale, which was mainly driven by the reduced disparities in non-cardia gastric cancer. The range difference in the incidence of gastric cancer decreased on average by 4.1% per year in men and by 2.6% per year in women from 1992 to 2014. The between group variance decreased by 5.6% per year in men and by 3.4% per year in women. The relative-scale disparity measures generally remained stable over time. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates decreased racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of gastric cancer over time in the United States, particularly as measured on the absolute scale.

Liberating the people from their "loathsome practices: " public health and "silent racism" in post-revolutionary Bolivia / Como libertar as pessoas de "práticas abomináveis": saúde pública e "racismo silencioso" na Bolívia pós-revolucionária

Abstract: After the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) took power in the 1952 National Revolution, the party expanded rural public health programs to address what early twentieth-century elites called the "Indian problem:" the idea that indigenous culture was an impediment to Bolivia's modernization. After 1952, the MNR used public health as a project of cultural assimilation, and state-sponsored health programs sought to culturally whiten the population by transforming personal habits. This essay analyzes the language with which health workers discussed the indigenous population to show that despite the regime's intention to move away from defining the rural population on racial terms, medical and political elites continued to define indigenous customs as an obstacle to progress and a remnant of an antiquated past.

Resumo: Quando o Movimento Nacionalista Revolucionário (MNR) assumiu o poder em 1952, programas de saúde pública rural foram usados para tratar do que as elites chamavam de "problema dos índios": a ideia de que a cultura indígena dificultaria a modernização da Bolívia. Após 1952, o MNR usou a saúde pública como projeto de assimilação cultural, e programas de saúde patrocinados pelo Estado queriam embranquecer culturalmente a população, transformando seus hábitos. Este estudo analisa a linguagem dos médicos quando falam dos indígenas para mostrar que, apesar de o regime tentar não definir a população rural em termos raciais, as elites médicas e políticas ainda enxergam os costumes indígenas como um obstáculo ao progresso e um resquício de passado antiquado.

Desigualdades sociodemográficas e na assistência à maternidade entre puérperas no Sudeste do Brasil segundo cor da pele: dados do inquérito nacional Nascer no Brasil (2011-2012) / Sociodemographic inequalities and maternity care of puerperae in Southeastern Brazil, according to skin color: data from the Birth in Brazil national survey (2011-2012)

Resumo Historicamente, no Brasil, os indicadores de saúde de mães e bebês segundo cor da pele mostram quadro desfavorável às negras (pretas e pardas). Na última década, a redução das disparidades de renda e escolaridade, assim como a universalização da assistência à saúde, podem ter alterado esse quadro, em alguma medida. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as mudanças nas desigualdades sociodemográficas e na assistência à maternidade no Sudeste do Brasil, segundo raça/cor, na última década. Utilizamos dados do inquérito nacional Nascer no Brasil (2011-2012). Análise estatística descritiva foi realizada para a caracterização sociodemográfica, do acesso à assistência pré-natal, antecedentes clínicos e obstétricos, e características da assistência ao parto. Encontramos diferenças desfavoráveis às pretas e pardas quanto à escolaridade, renda e ao trabalho remunerado; as brancas tinham mais planos de saúde privados e maior idade. As pretas e pardas tiveram menor número de consultas, menos ultrassonografias, mais cuidado pré-natal considerado inadequado, maior paridade e mais síndromes hipertensivas. No parto, tiveram menos acompanhantes, mais partos vaginais, embora a cesárea tenha dobrado entre as negras, que com mais frequência entraram em trabalho de parto e tiveram filhos nascidos de termo pleno. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à situação conjugal, intercorrências da gestação, diabetes mellitus, anemias, sífilis, HIV, peregrinação para o parto, near miss materno ou neonatal e na maioria das intervenções no parto vaginal. Ainda que importantes disparidades persistam, houve alguma redução das diferenças sociodemográficas e um aumento do acesso, tanto a intervenções adequadas quanto às desnecessárias e potencialmente danosas.

Abstract Historically, in Brazil, the health indicators of mothers and babies by skin color show an unfavorable picture to black and brown-skinned women. In the last decade, the reduction of disparities in income and education, as well as the universalization of health care, may have altered this situation to some extent. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes in socio-demographic inequalities and maternity care in Southeastern Brazil, by race/color, in the last decade. We used data from the national survey Born in Brazil (2011-2012). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed in order to define socio-demographic characteristics, access to antenatal care, clinical and obstetric history, and characteristics of birth assistance. We found differences unfavorable to black and brown-skinned women in education, income, and paid work; white women had more private health insurance plans, and increased age. Black and brown women had fewer medical appointments, fewer ultrasounds, more antenatal care considered inadequate, higher parity, and more hypertensive disorders. In childbirth, they had fewer companions and more vaginal deliveries, although the cesarean rate has grown twice as high among black women. More often they went into labor and had children born full term. There was no statistically significant difference in marital status, pregnancy complications, diabetes mellitus, anemia, syphilis, HIV, pilgrimage to delivery, neonatal or maternal near miss, and most of the interventions in vaginal delivery. Although major disparities persist, there was some reduction in sociodemographic differences as well as increased access to both appropriate and unnecessary and potentially harmful interventions.

Race/Ethnicity and Income Disparities in US Adult Mortality.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to investigate associations between socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality in the United States, and racial/ethnic differences in this association. We stratify analysis by race/ethnicity to test whether the consequences of SES variables are more pronounced among certain racial/ethnic groups than others. Methods: Data employed were obtained from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. It is a study of respondents in the Current Population Surveys of the early 1980s whose mortality experiences were followed through the 1990s. The sample includes 707169 individuals aged 18 and above at baseline of which 88489 had died at the end of the 11 year follow-up period. Proportional hazards regression models were fitted to the data. Results: The socioeconomic variables education and income were strongly associated with allcause mortality. Persons with less than high school education were 64% (ARR=1.64, 95% CI=1.58, 1.70) more likely to die than those with graduate or professional education. Individuals making less than $10,000 per year were 59% more likely to die during the follow up period than their counterparts making $60,000 or more (ARR=1.59, 95% CI=1.54, 1.65). Persons without health insurance were 14% as likely to die as those with health insurance (ARR=1.14, 95% CI=1.13, 1.16). Conclusion: Results were generally consistent with past studies on the contribution of SES to mortality. This was the first study to note that the effects of SES on mortality vary significantly by racial/ethnic groups. Although college education is a much stronger predictor of mortality among whites, it is not a strong mortality covariate among African Americans and Hispanics. Among African Americans, low income has more devastating consequences than it does among Whites. Future studies on the SES-mortality relationship ought to stratify samples by race in order to get a more accurate understanding of the effects of SES.

Psicologia social e movimentos sociais: uma revisão contextualizada / Social psychology and social movements: a contextualized review

Os novos movimentos sociais se expressam na forma de mobilizações conhecidas como ocupações e marchas, a fim de demarcar orientações ideológicas e/ou políticas. Marchaspelo direito das mulheres sobre os seus corpos (Marcha das Vadias), das trabalhadoras do campo (Marcha das Margaridas), da população negra (Marcha Zumbi), de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais (Paradas do Orgulho LGBT), de grupos religiosos (Marcha para Jesus), pelaliberalização do uso de drogas (Marcha da Maconha), são cada vez mais visíveis, e mais do que apenas configurar um quadro de movimentação massiva na defesa de ideologias, sistemas de crenças ou direitos, elas podem ser entendidas como fenômenos de cunho psicossocial que promovem o fortalecimento de identidades sociais degradadas e a reconstrução de grupossociais historicamente discriminados. São ações coletivas, no espaço público das ruas, que mantêm uma relação dinâmica e conflituosa entre os grupos e a sociedade, reivindicando vida plena, nas ruas. A presente revisão de bibliografia visa apresentar olhares e métodos da Psicologia Social frente aos movimentos sociais, apresentando como pano de fundo para a análise contextualizada da aplicação desses saberes e modos de fazer, mobilizações com base nas dimensões de gênero, orientação sexual e raça/etnia realizadas no Brasil contemporâneo.

The new social movements are expressed in the form of mobilizations known as occupations or marches, in order to demarcate ideological and/or political orientations. Marches for the rights of women over their bodies (Slutwalk), of the rural field workers (March of the Daisies), of the black population (Zumbi March), of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender(LGBT Pride Parades), of religious groups (March for Jesus), for the liberalization of drug use (Marijuana March), are increasingly visible, and more than to configure a framework of massive movement in defense of ideologies, belief systems or rights, they can be understood as psychosocial phenomena that promote the strengthening of degraded social identities and the reconstruction of historically discriminated social groups. They are collective actions in the publicspace of streets that maintain a dynamic and conflicting relationship between groups and society, claiming full life, in the streets. This literature review aims to present perspectives and methods of the Social Psychology faced to social movements, providing as background for the contextualized analysis of the application of such knowledges and “ways to do”, mobilizations based on the dimensions of gender, sexual orientation and race/ethnicity held in contemporary Brazil.

Tuberculose nas populações indígenas de Rondônia (1997-2006), Amazônia Ocidental – Brasil: uma análise com base no SINAN / Tuberculosis in indigenous populations of Rondônia (1997-2006), Western Amazon - Brazil: an analysis based on SINAN

A tuberculose (TB) permanece como um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, especialmente nos povos indígenas da Região Amazônica, destacando-se os elevados coeficientes de morbidade e mortalidade descritos entre os Suruí e Warí de Rondônia (RO). O presente estudo analisou comparativamente, indicadores clínicos, epidemiológicos e operacionais da TB sobre os casos indígenas e não-indígenas e entre os Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI) de RO, com base nos dados disponíveis no período de dez anos (1997-2006) junto ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (SESAU/RO). A estratégia de identificação dos casos indígenas através de seus sobrenomes (etnias) contornou as dificuldades relacionadas à ausência de preenchimento da variável raça/cor no SINAN/TB, possibilitando que os indicadores utilizados fossem calculados entre indígenas e não-indígenas e por DSEI (Porto Velho e Vilhena). No decênio foram analisados 6.407 casos, dos quais 6,5 por cento (420) foram reclassificados como indígenas e 93,5 por cento grupados como não-indígenas. Do total de casosindígenas, 55,7 por cento pertenciam ao DSEI Porto Velho e 44,3 por cento do DSEI Vilhena, com destaque para a elevada concentração de casos nas etnias Suruí, Warí e Karitiana. Os casos não-indígenas eram, em sua maioria (80,0 por cento), residentes de áreas urbanas do Estado, ao contrário dos indígenas que provinham de áreas rurais (81,9 por cento), especialmente os que pertenciam ao território do DSEI Vilhena(91,4 por cento)...

Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem in Brazil, especially among indigenous people of Rondônia - RO (Western Amazon - Brazil), for presenting one of the highestlevels of incidence in the country. This study sought to analyze the epidemiology of TB among theindigenous and non-indigenous populations of RO, comparing the indicators, using data of reportedcases in the ten-year period (1997-2006), along with the Sistema de Informação de Agravos deNotificação (SINAN - System of Reporting Aggravation Information) from Secretaria de Estadoda Saúde SESAU/RO – (State Secretary of Health/RO). The strategy used for the identification of the cases outlined the difficulties observed by the inconsistency of the filling out of theidentification variable of race/color in SINAN/TB, observing that in Rondônia, in general, the indigene’s surname is that which identifies the ethnic group to which he/she belongs to. During thestudy period, 6.631 cases were reported from which 6.407 were analyzed. From this amount, 6,5%(420) were classified as indigenes and 93,5% (5.987) as non-indigenes. In distribution by the variable zone of residency, it was observed that 75,8% of all reported cases were located in theurban area of the state. However, among the indigenes it was verified that 81,9% of the reports were located in rural areas. In relation to the variable-type of entering in the system, the indigenes corresponded to 81,7% of new cases, 12,6% of relapsing cases, 2,4% of post-desertion reentry, 1,9% of transferences and in 1,2% there was no defined situation. Among the classified as nonindigenous, the new cases consisted in 83,2% of the reports, the relapsing cases were 6,1%,reentries were 4,7% and transferences were 4,8% and the non-informed cases about the type of entry were 0,8%...