Visual perception and its related factors of distance for Paralympic athletes with physical disabilities / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of posture and sports experience on distance perception in Paralympic athletes with lower limbs disabilities. MethodsFrom May to August, 2019, athletes were selected from the wheelchair racing team (n = 19) and the wheelchair fencing team (n = 16) in Shanghai, China. The athletes were tested the relative distance perception and absolute distance perception using the successive equal-appearing distance and blind walking tasks. ResultsThe interaction effects between sport and posture (F = 4.118, P < 0.05), sports events and distance judgment (F = 8.913, P < 0.01), and posture and distance judgment (F = 11.894, P < 0.01) were significant; while the main effects of sport (F = 7.467, P < 0.01) and posture (F = 11.918, P < 0.01) were significant; the relative distance judgment accuracy was better in the athletes of wheelchair fencing than in those of wheelchair racing, and in standing posture than those in sitting posture. ConclusionThe relative distance judgment accuracy is better for the Paralympic athletes standing and playing wheelchair fencers. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of absolute distance judgment between the different postures and the different sports.

Mechanisms of mid-thoracic spine fracture/dislocation due to falls during horse racing: A report of two cases / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

We reported two cases of jockeys who sustained fracture/dislocation of the mid-thoracic spine due to traumatic falls during horse racing. We examined the injury mechanism based upon the patients' diagnostic images and video footage of races, in which the accidents occurred. Admission imaging of patient 1 (a 42 years old male) revealed T5 burst fracture with bony retropulsion of 7 mm causing complete paralysis below T5/6. There existed 22° focal kyphosis at T5/6, anterolisthesis of T5 relative to T6, T5/6 disc herniation, cord edema and epidural hemorrhage from T4 through T6, and cord injury from C3 through C6. Admission imaging of patient 2 (a 23 years old male) revealed T4/5 fracture/dislocation causing incomplete paralysis below spinal level. There existed compression fractures at T5, T6, and T7; 4 mm anterior subluxation of T4 on T5; diffuse cord swelling from T3 through T5; comminuted fracture of the C1 right lateral mass; right frontal traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; and extensive diffuse axonal injury. The injuries were caused by high energy flexion-compression of the mid-thoracic spine with a flexed posture upon impact. Our results suggest that substantially greater cord compression occurred transiently during trauma as compared to that documented from admission imaging. Video footage of the accidents indicated that the spine buckled and failed due to abrupt pocketing and deceleration of the head, neck and shoulders upon impact with the ground combined with continued forward and downward momentum of the torso and lower extremities. While a similar mechanism is well known to cause fracture/dislocation of the cervical spine, it is less common and less understood for mid-thoracic spine injuries. Our study provides insight into the etiology of fracture/dislocation patterns of the mid-thoracic spine due to falls during horse racing.

Review of basic trends in cryotherapy applications for horse injuries / Revisão das tendências básicas em aplicações de crioterapia em lesões em cavalos

While solving the problem of sport horses' pathologies it is important to choose safe and environmentally friendly methods, including cryotherapy, which is the topic of our research. The use of cryotherapy is a promising means of treatment of primary injury, rehabilitation in post-traumatic conditions and in chronic injuries. Prospects of cryotherapy applications in horse breeding, in particular in sports and prize areas, were researched. It was found out that modern sport horses training and their involvement in competitions is associated with serious stress on their locomotor system and maximum mobilization of all body systems, which overstrains certain muscle groups, determines increased probability and severity of injury incidence, reduction of sport longevity and worse performance in competitions.(AU)

Na resolução do problema das patologias dos cavalos esportivos é importante escolher métodos seguros e ecológicos, incluindo a crioterapia, que é o tópico desta pesquisa. O uso da crioterapia é um meio promissor no tratamento de lesões primárias, reabilitação em condições pós-traumáticas e lesões crônicas. Foram pesquisadas as perspectivas de aplicações da crioterapia na criação de cavalos, particularmente em esportes e prêmios. Verificou-se que o treinamento moderno de cavalos esportivos e seu envolvimento em competições está associado com severo estresse sobre seu sistema locomotor e mobilização máxima de todos os sistemas corporais, que sobrecarregam certos grupos musculares, determinam maior probabilidade e severidade da incidência de lesões, e reduzem a longevidade no esporte e pior desempenho em competições.(AU)

Exercise training session-induced metabolic acidosis in barrel racing horses / Acidose metabólica induzida por sessão de treinamento em equinos de tambor

ABSTRACT: In horses, acid-base balance disorders are common after intense exercise, with metabolic acidosis being the most common after high intensity and short duration exercise. Understanding the processes that cause them is fundamental for procedures, which aimed to improve the physical fitness of horses for athletic purposes, with fewer changes in homeostasis. The present study assessed the effect of barrel racing on acid base balance in Quarter Horse, at the following times: T0 - immediately before training; T1 - immediately after the end of the second course; T2 - one hour after the end of the second course. In T1, there was decrease (P<0.05) in the pH, HCO3 -, pCO2, cBase, tCO2 and strong ion difference concentrations, while the plasma lactate and anion gap increased (P<0.05). It was concluded that barrel racing training caused transient metabolic acidosis in the horses, and hyperlactatemia was still present after an hour of rest.

RESUMO: As desordens no equilíbrio ácido base são comuns em equinos após exercício intenso. Exercícios de alta intensidade e curta duração ocasionam frequentemente acidose metabólica. Entender as alterações neste equilíbrio é essencial para instituir programas de treinamentos que visam melhorar o condicionamento físico dos equinos atletas, minimizando alterações na homeostasia. O estudo avaliou o efeito do treinamento de três tambores sobre o equilíbrio ácido base em equinos. A avaliação foi realizada nos seguintes tempos: T0 - imediatamente antes do início do treinamento; T1 - imediatamente após o fim do segundo percurso de treinamento; T2 - uma hora após o fim do segundo percurso. Em T1, ocorreu diminuição (P<0,05) nos valores do pH, HCO3 -, pCO2, cBase, tCO2 e diferença de íons fortes, enquanto o lactato e o ânion gap aumentaram (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o treinamento de três tambores causou acidose metabólica passageira nos equinos, sendo que a hiperlactatemia ainda permaneceu manifestada após uma hora de descanso.

Proposta de modelo para captação de patrocinador em eventos de corrida de rua

Resumo O objetivo foi identificar o perfil de patrocinador que mais agrega valor aos eventos de corrida de rua, e com isso, propor um modelo que auxiliaria os organizadores de eventos da modalidade na captação desses patrocinadores. Para isso foi proposto uma metodologia de caráter exploratório e quantitativa. Foram entrevistados 407 participantes de eventos de corrida de rua que respondiam sobre suas preferências e desejos em relação aos possíveis patrocinadores que deveriam apoiar os eventos de corrida de rua. Encontrou-se que os consumidores desses eventos desejam que os patrocinadores sejam congruentes com a corrida de rua, e que criem uma experiência para quem está participando do evento. O consumidor deseja que os patrocinadores ofereçam um entretenimento. Esses dados fornecem informações importantes para decisões mais profissionais na Gestão Esportiva.

Abstract The aim was to identify the sponsor profile that most adds value to the street racing events, and with that, to propose a model that would help the organizers of events of the modality in the sponsorship funding. For this, an exploratory and quantitative methodology as proposed. A total of 407 participants from street racing events were interviewed who answered their preferences and wishes regarding possible sponsors who should support street racing events. It was found that the consumers of these events want the sponsors to be congruent with the street race, and to create an experience for those who are participating in the event. The consumer wants sponsors to offer entertainment. These data provide important information for more professional decisions in Sports Management.

Resumen El objetivo fue identificar el perfil de patrocinador que suma más valor a las carreras urbanas y, con ello, proponer un modelo que ayudara a los organizadores de eventos de este tipo a captar a estos patrocinadores. Para ello, se propuso una metodología exploratoria y cuantitativa. Se entrevistó a 407 participantes de carreras urbanas que respondieron sobre sus preferencias y deseos en relación con los posibles patrocinadores que deberían apoyar las carreras urbanas. Se encontró que los consumidores de estos eventos desean que los patrocinadores sean congruentes con las carreras urbanas y que creen una experiencia para quien está participando en el evento. Estos datos proporcionan información importante para tomar decisiones de gestión deportiva más profesionales.

Do jogo ao sistema esportivo: a institucionalização da prática do remo no Rio Grande do Sul / From games to the sport system: the institutionalization of rowing practice in the Rio Grande do Sul

O presente estudo busca compreender como ocorreu o processo de institucionalização das práticas do remo no Rio Grande do Sul, na transição do século XIX e início do século XX. Para tanto foram consultados jornais do estado que circulavam no período. Estas fontes foram submetidas a uma análise documental, com o auxílio do software de análise qualitativa dos dados ATLAS.ti. A interpretação das fontes revelou que as regatas, configuradas como jogos competitivos e de apostas, assentaram os primeiros passos na institucionalização das práticas náuticas, quando passaram a ser regidas por clubes. O estabelecimento de uma configuração esportiva nos clubes náuticos contribuiu para que novos elementos fossem incorporados por outras práticas e, assim, se consolidasse um sistema esportivo no estado.

This study aims to understand how the institutionalization process of rowing practices occurred in Rio Grande do Sul in the transition of 19th century and early of 20th century. For that, they were consulted newspapers circulating in the Rio Grande do Sul during that period. These sources have been through a documentary analysis. The sources interpretation revealed that the regattas, constituted as competitive and betting games, were the first steps in the institutionalization of nautical practices, when they were governed by institutions, starting with the installation of nautical clubs. The establishment of a sporting configuration in the nautical clubs contributed to the incorporation of new elements by other practices and, thus, to consolidate a sports system in the state.

GP Brasil de Fórmula 1: um megaevento esportivo e sua relação com a cidade de São Paulo / GP Brazil Formula 1: a sport mega event and its relationship with the city of São Paulo / GP Brasil de Fórmula 1: un mega evento deportivo y su relación con la ciudad de São Paulo

A temática sobre os megaeventos esportivos ganhou ampla discussão no cenário político e esportivo nacional na última década. Megaeventos esportivos atraem grande número de visitantes e promovem a venda de grande quantidade de ingressos; possuem relevância e cobertura de mídia internacionais; exigem um grande investimento por parte dos organizadores, representados por entidades governamentais em conjunto com entidades não governamentais; geram significativa atividade econômica para as cidades sedes. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, foram analisadas essas características e chegou-se a conclusão que o GP Brasil é classificado como um megaevento esportivo. Este estudo demonstra também que sediar um megaevento esportivo deve fazer parte de um planejamento eficiente visando reais benefícios para a população das cidades sedes. Um evento que ocorra de maneira consecutiva, por vários anos, em um mesmo local, reúne maiores condições de gerar uma identificação com sua cidade sede, facilitando o desenvolvimento desses possíveis benefícios.

The theme of sports mega events has gained wide discussion in the national political and sports scene in the last decade. Sports events attract large numbers of visitors and promote the sale of large amounts of tickets; have international media coverage and relevance; require a large investment by the organizers, represented by governmental entities together with non-governmental entities; generate significant economic activity for host cities. Through a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research, these characteristics were analyzed and concluded that the Brazil GP is classified as a sport mega event. This study also demonstrates that hosting a sports mega event should be part of an efficient planning aimed at real benefits for the population of the host cities. An event that occurs consecutively, for several years, in the same place, is better able to generate an identification with its host city, facilitating the development of these possible benefits.

La temática sobre los mega eventos deportivos ganó amplia discusión en el escenario político y deportivo nacional en la última década. Mega eventos deportivos atraen gran número de visitantes, promueven la venta de gran cantidad de ingresos; tienen relevancia y cobertura de medios internacionales; exigen una gran inversión por parte de los organizadores, entidades gubernamentales en conjunto con entidades no gubernamentales; generan significativa actividad económica para las ciudades sedes. Por medio de investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria, se analizaron esas características y se concluyó que el GP es clasificado como un mega evento deportivo. Este estudio demuestra que albergar un mega evento deportivo debe formar parte de una planificación eficiente con vistas reales a la población de las ciudades sedes. Un evento que ocurra consecutivamente, por varios años, en un mismo lugar, reúne mayores condiciones de generar una identificación con su ciudad sede, facilitando el desarrollo de esos posibles beneficios.

When Thoughts Are in a Race: Area 10 and Bipolar Disorders

Racing thought, when patients incessantly shift from one word or sentence to another while pending previous ones unfinished, is a symptom of (hypo)mania in bipolar disorders received less attention hitherto. Here, based on few evidence, we aim to unfold our hypothetical viewpoint that the frontopolar cortex that is believed to play a part in multitasking and management of competing goals might be dysfunctional in bipolar patients and may contribute in induction of flight of ideas. We then address new avenues for future research and try to encourage researchers to design more comprehensive studies to either accept or decline this proposed conjecture.

Corridas de cavalos em Campinas: das ruas e dos quilombos ao hipódromo (1870-1898) / Horse racing in Campinas: from streets and quilombos to the hippodrome (1870-1898) / Carreras de caballos en Campinas: de las calles y los quilombos al hipódromo (1870-1898)

Este artigo analisa o surgimento e o desenvolvimento inicial das corridas de cavalos em Cam-pinas, entre 1870 e 1898. Para analisar essa prática que expressa novas relações com a nature-za, aproximamo-nos do debate acerca da historicidade dessas novas relações que se configu-ram em atitudes humanas diante do mundo natural. Metodologicamente, o artigo é caracteri-zado como pesquisa histórica, pautada pelos procedimentos da história cultural, e o conjunto de fontes foi constituído por dois jornais locais e imagens. Presentes em várias cidades brasi-leiras neste período, as corridas de cavalos ganham notoriedade em Campinas a partir da construção do primeiro hipódromo da cidade e atestam a passagem de uma prática de diverti-mento que se sistematiza e se aproxima da lógica do esporte moderno.

This paper analyzes the emergence and initial development of horse racing in Campinas, be-tween 1870 and 1898. In order to analyze this practice that expresses new relations with na-ture, we needed to approach the debate about the historicity of these new relations that con-figure human attitudes towards the natural world. The paper is characterized as a historical research based on the procedures of cultural history, using a set of sources constituted by two local newspapers andimages. Horse racing was present in many Brazilian cities in this period. They gained notoriety in Campinas with the construction of the city's racecourse and con-firmed the transformation of an amusement practice that is systematized towards the logics of modern sports.

Analizamos aquí el surgimiento y desarrollo inicial de las carreras de caballo en Campinas, entre 1870 y 1898. Para analizar esta práctica que expresa nuevas relaciones con la naturaleza, nos aproximamos del debate sobre la historicidad de estas nuevas relaciones que se configu-ran en actitudes humanas frente al mundo natural. El artículo se caracteriza como una investi-gación histórica basada en los procedimientos de la historia cultural, y las fuentes fueron constituidas por dos diarios locales e imágenes. Presente en varias ciudades brasileras del pe-ríodo, las carreras de caballo ganan notoriedad en Campinas a partir de la construcción de su primer hipódromo y atestan el pasaje de una práctica de divertimento que se sistematiza y se aproxima de la lógica del deporte moderno.

A retrospective study of causes for mortality of Thoroughbred horses in Caracas, Venezuela (2008-2012) / Estudo retrospectivo sobre causas de mortalidade em cavalos de Puro Sangue em Caracas, Venezuela (2008-2012)

The aim of this study was to describe the causes of death in Thoroughbred horses at the Racetrack "La Rinconada", in Caracas (Venezuela) during 2008-2012. This study was conducted in a cohort of all Thoroughbred horses that died or were subjected to euthanasia. Data was collected retrospectively. Only horses for which a full necropsy report was available were included in the study. The carcass and all internal organs of each horse were examined and representative samples of tissues with abnormalities were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination. Samples were collected for bacteriological or virological examination when indicated in gross examination. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A total of 532 Thoroughbred horses were examined post-mortem. Of these horses, 44% were females and 56% males. In general musculoskeletal injuries and dilaceration occurred specifically at higher frequency. The total year and horses dead for descriptive statistical analysis was to mean 106.4 and median 125; Standard Deviation: 47.82573; variation (Standard Deviation): 2287.3, population (Standard Deviation): 42.77663 and variance (Standard Deviation): 18229.84. In conclusion we identify and describe the causes of death in Thoroughbred Race Horses in Caracas, Venezuela. In order of importance the causes of death were principally skeletal muscle injuries resulting in fractures euthanasia, abdominal crisis were mostly bowel twists and gastric rupture andrespiratory pathologies such as the pneumonia, pleuritis presented a significant number of cases of pulmonary hemorrhage induced by exercise. Finally the multisystem pathologies were presented in low cases.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as causas de morte em cavalos de raça Puro Sangue no rasto "La Rinconada", em Caracas, Venezuela, durante 2008-2012. Este estudo foi conduzido com cavalos Puro Sangue que morreram ou foram submetidos à eutanásia. Os dados foram escolhidos retroativamente. Somente cavalos com relatório de necropsia disponível foram incluídos neste estudo. Foram examinados o cadáver e todos os órgãos internos de cada cavalo e as amostras representativas de tecidos com anormalidades foram coletadas em 10% de formol neutro e processadas para exame histopatológico. As amostras foram apanhadas para o exame bacteriológico ou virológico somente quando indicadas em exame macroscópico. Uma análise estatística descritiva foi feita e um total de 532 cavalos Puro Sangue foi examinado através de necropsia. Destes cavalos, 44% eram fêmeas e 56% machos. Em geral, rompimentos musculares esqueléticos ocorreram mais frequentemente. O ano total e cavalos de mortos para análise estatística descritiva foi em média 106.4, mediana 125; Padrão de Divergência: 47.82573; variação (padrão de Divergência): 2287.3, população (Padrão de Divergência): 42.77663 e discrepância (Padrão de Divergência): 18229.84. Para concluir, identificamos e descrevemos as causas de morte em Cavalos Raça de Puro Sangue em Caracas, Venezuela. As causas de norte, por ordem da importância, foram lesões do músculo esquelético que causaram fraturas e eutanásia, crises abdominais principalmente por distorção e a ruptura gástrica e patologias viventes como a pneumonia e a pleurisia apresentaram um número significante dos casos de hemorragia pulmonar induzida pelo exercício. Finalmente, as patologias multi-sistêmicas foram apresentadas em poucos casos.(AU)

Relationship between Horse Racing Addiction and Health Status Indicators

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between the horse racing addiction and the health status indicators. METHODS: Surveys were conducted with visitors of the Korea Racing Association in Gyeonggi-do, from September 1 to September 24, 2017. We used the questionnaire, which contains questions to assess the horse racing addiction, mood depression, health-related quality of life, smoking amount, alcohol dependency, etc. Survey data were analyzed through t-test, chi-square test, logistic regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis by SPSS program (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The pathological gambling group was 47.5% (n=38) of the visitors, and they showed a different racecourse use behavior compared to the normal group. In addition, we found that the pathological gambling group had a significantly different health-related quality of life score and a depression score from the normal group, and that the addiction score and the depression score had a linear correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Among the racecourse visitors, the ratio of the pathological gambler was considerably high, and the pathological gambling group showed different health-related quality of life score and a depression score compared to the normal group; especially, the depression score has a significant correlation with horse racing addiction. Therefore, the horse racing association and the health authorities should recognize the seriousness of the horse racing addiction, make an effort to select high risk users, and prepare a program to prevent pathological gambling.

Associated factors at performance in race of 10000 meters by amateurs runners / Fatores associados ao desempenho em uma corrida de 10000 metros em corredores amadores

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o desempenho neuromuscular após a realização de uma corrida de 10.000 metros e examinar a relação entre a composição corporal e as variáveis neuromusculares com o desempenho em prova (Pace e tempo de prova) em corredores amadores. Para tanto, 19 militares (28,5±2,3 anos) fizeram avaliação neuromuscular (força estática de pernas e preensão manual; força explosiva e flexibilidade), antropométrica e composição corporal antes e após uma prova de 10.000 metros. Foram observadas redução na força estática de pernas (P=0,034) e aumento da força explosiva (P=0,002) e flexibilidade (P=0,004) após a prova. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, o somatório de dobras cutâneas foi relacionado ao tempo de prova e o Pace (p<0,05). Os resultados deste estudo indicam qua há alterações no desempenho neuromuscular após uma corrida de 10.000 metros e o desempenho da corrida está associado a composição corporal.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze neuromuscular variables after conducting a race of 10,000 meters and examine the relationship between body composition and neuromuscular variables with the performance in race (Pace and run time) in amateur runners. For this, 19 military (28.5±2.3 years), performed neuromuscular (static leg strength and handgrip; power of lower limbs and flexibility), anthropometric and body composition evaluation before and after a race 10,000 meters. There was a reduction in static leg strength (P=0.034) and increase in explosive strength (P=0.002) and flexibility (P=0.004) after the test. In linear multiple regression analyses the ∑ skinfolds was significantly related with Pace and run time (p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that there are changes in neuromuscular performance after a race of 10,000 meters and race performance is associated with body composition.

Os primeiros vestígios da esportivização das práticas equestres em Porto Alegre / The first vestiges of the sportivization of the equestrian practices in Porto Alegre

O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender como as práticas equestres incorporaram elementos de esportivização, em Porto Alegre, entre meados do século XIX e o início do século XX. Para tanto, as práticas equestres foram tratadas como práticas culturais que produzem representações; assim, para a realização desta pesquisa histórica, foram analisadas informações coletadas em jornais e revistas porto-alegrenses que circulavam no período, como o Almanaque Esportivo do Rio Grande do Sul, a Revista Sportiva, a Revista do Globo, o Correio do Povo e a Gazeta de Porto Alegre. As práticas equestres são práticas culturais que estão relacionadas historicamente com a configuração do cenário sociocultural de Porto Alegre. O cavalo, para a identidade do sul-rio-grandense, representa um de seus símbolos, uma vez que sempre se associaram, ao longo da história do Rio Grande do Sul. A parceria entre homem e animal está presente, também, nos momentos de lazer e diversão. As fontes revelaram que, no contexto predominantemente rural, em Porto Alegre, na segunda metade do século XIX, emergiram as primeiras práticas equestres com elementos de esportivização. Neste período, já ocorriam, na cidade, práticas esportivas com a participação do cavalo, como, por exemplo, as “carreiras em cancha reta”, o turfe, e as touradas. Dentre estas, destacam-se o turfe como exemplo de práticas equestres que desenvolveram propriedades características de esporte moderno. Outras práticas equestres, relacionadas com a raça equina crioula, procuravam reproduzir o trabalho campeiro dos pampas sul-rio-grandenses, o qual ocorria já desde o século XVI. Algumas destas práticas são: o Freio de Ouro, o Tiro de Laço e o Crioulaço, as quais também despontavam elementos de esportivização.

This study aims to understand how equestrian practices have incorporated sportivization elements, in Porto Alegre, between the mid-nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. For that, equestrian practices were treated as cultural practices producing representations; thus, to accomplish this historical research, information collected from newspapers and magazines that circulated in Porto Alegre in the period were analyzed, such as the Sports Almanac of Rio Grande do Sul, Sportiva Magazine, Globo Magazine, Correio do Povo and Gazeta de Porto Alegre. Equestrian practices are cultural practices that are historically related with the the sociocultural setting configuration of Porto Alegre. The horse, for the identity of Rio Grande do Sul, is one of its symbols, since they have been always associated, throughout its history. The partnership between man and animal is also present in moments of relaxation and enjoyment. Sources revealed that within the predominantly rural context, in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the first equestrian practices with sportivization elements emerged. In this period, in the city, sports practices involving the horse were already occuring, for example, “straight line horse races”, turf, and bullfighting. Among these, we highlight turf as an example of an equestrian practice that has developed features properties of a modern sport. Other equestrian practices, related to the equine breed Crioulo, sought to reproduce the field work of Rio Grande do Sul’s pampas, which have occurred since the sixteenth century. Some of these practices are: the Golden Bridle, the shot of Lasso with Horse and the shot of Lasso with Crioulo Horse, which also sprouted sportivization elements.

Examining Antecedents and Consequences of Gambling Passion: The Case of Gambling on Horse Races

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the antecedents and consequences of gambling passion using structural equation modeling to examine relationships among gambling motivation, passion, emotion, and behavioral intentions in the horse racing industry. METHODS: An onsite survey was conducted with 447 patrons at a horseracing park in South Korea. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Gambling Passion Scale was valid and reliable, resulting in two sub-scales: obsessive passion (OP) and harmonious passion (HP). RESULTS: Study results indicated that extrinsic motivation influenced OP whereas intrinsic motivation significantly affected HP. Furthermore, OP was correlated with negative emotion, whereas HP was related to positive emotion. Gamblers' satisfaction was found to be influenced positively by positive emotion and negatively by negative emotion. Finally, satisfaction appeared to affect gamblers' behavioral intentions. CONCLUSION: Study results echoed the notion of distinct and separate gambling motivations and passions among horse racing gamblers. Furthermore, results identified specific areas to which horse racing operators or policy makers should pay special attention in developing effective marketing strategies to promote responsible gambling.

A comparative evaluation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from harness racing-horses, breeding mares and riding-horses in Italy

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) which is a potencial risk factor of transmission between animals and humans in different types of horses (harness racing-horses, breeding mares and riding-horses) and to compare the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 191 healthy horses, housed at different locations of the Campania Region (Italy), were included in the study. Nasal swab samples were collected from each nostril of the horses. The mecA gene was detected by a nested PCR technique. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for each isolate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>MRS was isolated from nasal samples of 68/191 (35.6%; 95% CI: 28.9%-42.9%) healthy horses. All isolates were coagulase-negative with the exception of two coagulase-positive MRS strains, identified as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 2/83 (2.4%; 95% CI: 0.4%-9.2%). Interestingly, both coagulase-positive MRS isolates were from harness racing-horses. These horses also presented a significantly higher positivity for MRS (53.3%; 95% CI: 40.1%-66.1%) than the breeding mares and riding-horses groups. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed difference between isolates due to different origins except for an almost common high resistance to aminopenicillins, such as ampicillin and amoxicillin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It can be concluded that harness racing-horses may act as a significant reservoir of MRS as compared to breeding mares and riding-horses.</p>

A comparative evaluation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from harness racing-horses, breeding mares and riding-horses in Italy

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) which is a potencial risk factor of transmission between animals and humans in different types of horses (harness racing-horses, breeding mares and riding-horses) and to compare the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Methods:A total of 191 healthy horses, housed at different locations of the Campania Region (Italy), were included in the study. Nasal swab samples were collected from each nostril of the horses. The mecA gene was detected by a nested PCR technique. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for each isolate. Results: MRS was isolated from nasal samples of 68/191 (35.6%; 95% CI: 28.9%-42.9%) healthy horses. All isolates were coagulase-negative with the exception of two coagulase-positive MRS strains, identified as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 2/83 (2.4%; 95%CI: 0.4%-9.2%). Interestingly, both coagulase-positive MRS isolates were from harness racing-horses. These horses also presented a significantly higher positivity for MRS (53.3%; 95%CI: 40.1%-66.1%) than the breeding mares and riding-horses groups. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed difference between isolates due to different origins except for an almost common high resistance to aminopenicillins, such as ampicillin and amoxicillin. Conclusions:It can be concluded that harness racing-horses may act as a significant reservoir of MRS as compared to breeding mares and riding-horses.

Effect of racing training on ability of driving wheel-chair: 54 paraplegic report / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To study effect of racing training on 54 paraplegic ability of driving wheel-chair. Method 54 paraplegics paticipated in the wheel-chair racing training. Result The subjects drived wheel-chair more powerfully and faster than before, and pushed up step and ramp easily. Conclusion Wheel chair racing training is an effective method of improving the driving ability.

The Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics of the Pathological Gamblers in Horse Racing / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the socio-demographic, psychological and behavioral characteristics of the pathological gamblers in horse racing. METHODS: Among 61 horse-racing gamblers, 20 pathological gamblers were diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, and compared with 18 healthy horse racing spectators. RESULTS: 1) The education level of the pathological gamblers was lower and the duraton of gambling history longer than the healthy horse racing spectators. 2) The number and the amount of the bet of pathological gamblers in one day were higher than those of the healthy horse racing spectator. Especially, the highest amount of money gained of the pathological gambler were significantly larger than that of the healthy horse racing spectators. 3) The pathological gamblers bet with the purpose of restoring loss sum, gaining money, and avoiding dysphoric and negative mood. To be opposed, the healthy horse racing spectator play for rest, pleasure and excitement seeking. 4) The healthy horse racing spectators enjoy pleasure and euphoric mood through horse racing more than the pathological gamblers. However, the pathological gamblers experience repentance after game, and irritable and unstable mood while they were betting. 5) The pathological gamblers could control impulse less than the healthy horse racing spectator because of being habituated to the game. CONCLUSIONS: Horse racing is one of the most popular and legitimate leisure and gambling activities in Korea. In such a legitimate gambling activity, serious pathological gamblers are found frequently and their psychological and societal problems are increasing. Therefore, the prevention and the therapeutic intervention for the pathological gambling would be urgent.

Physiological responses during pushing of a racing-wheelchair in athletes with spinal cord injury / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during pushing of a racing-wheelchair. Five subjects with spinal cord injury (T4-L1) participated in two experiments. In the first experiment, the subjects pushed a racing-wheelchair mounted on a roller. Pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO<SUB>2</SUB>), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (LA), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured to examine the physiological responses during submaximal and maximal tests of wheelchair exercise. The mean value of %VO<SUB>2</SUB>max at ventilatory threshold (VT) was 60.7±5.3%. VO<SUB>2</SUB> increased curvilinearly with speed, and HR increased with speed, forming an S-shape. HR increased linearly with increasing VO<SUB>2</SUB> before the VT, then showed a steeper parabolic rise to almost maximum, followed by a flat phase. In the second experiment, during 1500-m and 5000-m wheelchair races and a half-marathon, VE, VO<SUB>2</SUB>, and HR were measured to reveal the physiological characteristics of wheelchair racing as a competitive sport. During the 1500-m and 5000-m races by four subjects, the mean values of %VO<SUB>2</SUB>max were 73.1±7.3% and 66.0±13.3%, respectively. During the half-marathon by one subject, %VO<SUB>2</SUB>max reached 72.1%. These data suggest that wheelchair endurance athletes compete at very high intensity (over VT level) in wheelchair races.