Radiation dose reduction in chest dual-energy computed tomography: effect on image quality and diagnostic information / Redução da dose de radiação na tomografia computadorizada de dupla energia do tórax: efeito na qualidade das imagens e na informação diagnóstica

Abstract Objective: To determine whether dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) of the chest can be performed at a reduced radiation dose, with an emphasis on images generated with post-processing techniques. Materials and Methods: In 21 patients undergoing DECT of the chest in a dual-source scanner, an additional image series was acquired at a reduced radiation dose. Four thoracic radiologists assessed both image series for image quality, normal thoracic structures, as well as pulmonary and mediastinal abnormalities, on virtual monochromatic images at 40 keV and 60 keV. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test, kappa statistics, analysis of variance, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The overall image quality of 60 keV virtual monochromatic images at a reduced radiation dose was considered optimal in all patients, and no abnormalities were missed. Contrast enhancement and lesion detection performance were comparable between reduced-dose images at 40 keV and standard-of-care images at 60 keV. The intraobserver and interobserver agreement were both good. The mean volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol), size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), dose-length product (DLP), and effective dose (ED) for reduced-dose DECT were 3.0 ± 0.6 mGy, 4.0 ± 0.6 mGy, 107 ± 30 mGy.cm, and 1.5 ± 0.4 mSv, respectively. Conclusion: DECT of the chest can be performed at a reduced radiation dose (CTDIvol < 3 mGy) without loss of diagnostic information.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar se a tomografia computadorizada de dupla energia (TCDE) do tórax pode ser realizada com baixas doses de radiação, com ênfase em imagens pós-processadas. Materiais e Métodos: Em 21 pacientes submetidos a DECT do tórax foi adicionada uma série de imagens adquiridas com baixas doses de radiação. Quatro radiologistas com especialidade em tórax avaliaram a qualidade, visualização de estruturas torácicas normais e também anormalidades pulmonares e mediastinais das imagens monocromáticas de baixa energia (40 e 60 keV). Os dados foram analisados utilizando t-test, estatística kappa, análise de variância e teste Wilcoxon. Resultados: A qualidade das imagens monocromáticas de baixa energia (60 keV) com doses reduzidas foi considerada ótima para todos os pacientes e nenhuma anormalidade no tórax foi perdida. O realce pelo contraste e a performance de detecção de lesões foram similares nas imagens com radiação reduzida e com radiação padrão. Boa concordância intra-avaliadores e interavaliadores foi observada. A média dos parâmetros CTDIvol, SSDE, DLP e ED para TCDE de baixa dose foram 3,0 ± 0,6 mGy, 4,0 ± 0,6 mGy, 107 ± 30 mGy.cm e 1,5 ± 0,4 mSv, respectivamente. Conclusão: TCDE do tórax pode ser realizada com baixas doses de radiação (CTDIvol < 3 mGy), sem perder informações diagnósticas.

Radiation Dose Reduction without Compromise to Image Quality by Alterations of Filtration and Focal Spot Size in Cerebral Angiography

OBJECTIVE: Different angiographic protocols may influence the radiation dose and image quality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of filtration and focal spot size on radiation dose and image quality for diagnostic cerebral angiography using an in-vitro model and in-vivo patient groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiation dose and image quality were analyzed by varying the filtration and focal spot size on digital subtraction angiography exposure protocols (1, inherent filtration + large focus; 2, inherent + small; 3, copper + large; 4, copper + small). For the in-vitro analysis, a phantom was used for comparison of radiation dose. For the in-vivo analysis, bilateral paired injections, and patient cohort groups were compared for radiation dose and image quality. Image quality analysis was performed in terms of contrast, sharpness, noise, and overall quality. RESULTS: In the in-vitro analysis, the mean air kerma (AK) and dose area product (DAP)/frame were significantly lower with added copper filtration (protocols 3 and 4). In the in-vivo bilateral paired injections, AK and DAP/frame were significantly lower with filtration, without significant difference in image quality. The patient cohort groups with added filtration (protocols 3 and 4) showed significant reduction of total AK and DAP/patient without compromise to the image quality. Variations in focal spot size showed no significant differences in radiation dose and image quality. CONCLUSION: Addition of filtration for angiographic exposure studies can result in significant total radiation dose reduction without loss of image quality. Focal spot size does not influence radiation dose and image quality. The routine angiographic protocol should be judiciously investigated and implemented.

Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of Iterative Reconstruction Using a Phantom: Determining the Appropriate Blending Percentage

PURPOSE: To investigate the optimal blending percentage of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) in a reduced radiation dose while preserving a degree of image quality and texture that is similar to that of standard-dose computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CT performance phantom was scanned with standard and dose reduction protocols including reduced mAs or kVp. Image quality parameters including noise, spatial, and low-contrast resolution, as well as image texture, were quantitatively evaluated after applying various blending percentages of ASIR. The optimal blending percentage of ASIR that preserved image quality and texture compared to standard dose CT was investigated in each radiation dose reduction protocol. RESULTS: As the percentage of ASIR increased, noise and spatial-resolution decreased, whereas low-contrast resolution increased. In the texture analysis, an increasing percentage of ASIR resulted in an increase of angular second moment, inverse difference moment, and correlation and in a decrease of contrast and entropy. The 20% and 40% dose reduction protocols with 20% and 40% ASIR blending, respectively, resulted in an optimal quality of images with preservation of the image texture. CONCLUSION: Blending the 40% ASIR to the 40% reduced tube-current product can maximize radiation dose reduction and preserve adequate image quality and texture.

Attenuation-Based Automatic Kilovoltage Selection and Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction: Effects on Radiation Exposure and Image Quality of Portal-Phase Liver CT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the radiation dose and image quality between standard-dose CT and a low-dose CT obtained with the combined use of an attenuation-based automatic kilovoltage (kV) selection tool (CARE kV) and sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) for contrast-enhanced CT examination of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 67 patients with chronic liver disease in whom both, standard-dose CT with 64-slice multidetector-row CT (MDCT) (protocol A), and low-dose CT with 128-slice MDCT using CARE kV and SAFIRE (protocol B) were performed. Images from protocol B during the portal phase were reconstructed using either filtered back projection or SAFIRE with 5 different iterative reconstruction (IR) strengths. We performed qualitative and quantitative analyses to select the appropriate IR strength. Reconstructed images were then qualitatively and quantitatively compared with protocol A images. RESULTS: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of protocol B demonstrated that SAFIRE level 2 (S2) was most appropriate in our study. Qualitative and quantitative analysis comparing S2 images from protocol B with images from protocol A, showed overall good diagnostic confidence of S2 images despite a significant radiation dose reduction (47% dose reduction, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Combined use of CARE kV and SAFIRE allowed significant reduction in radiation exposure while maintaining image quality in contrast-enhanced liver CT.

Temporal Trends in Radiation Exposure and Utilization of Coronary CT Angiography, SPECT, and Invasive Coronary Angiography.

Background: The use of noninvasive medical imaging has increased over the past decade at a cost of significant lifetime radiation exposure to study subjects. We report the implementation of radiation dose reduction methods and associated reduction in ionizing radiation exposure with Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) over time. Methods: Radiation doses and total number of studies performed were evaluated constantly from January 2010 to September 2012 for CCTA (N=2613), as well as Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, N=8060) part of an ongoing effort to minimize radiation exposure. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the radiation exposure reduction among modalities. We compared CCTA radiation doses in the era of retrospective protocols coupled with dose modulation (40%-80%phase) using Siemens® 64-slice Dual Source technology, with prospective scanning on the same equipment, as well as radiation doses on the newer Siemens® Flash Equipment and the implementation of nursing/technologist aggressively driven protocol for heart rate control and image acquisition independent of imaging provider presence during acquisition. Results: The radiation dose reduction with implementation of multiple measures of radiation reduction to include physician independent-technician driven CCTA protocol resulted in a reduction from mean of 9.85±5.96 (median 8.8mSv) to mean of 3.00±2.53(median 2.1mSv) (p<0.0001). CCTA radiation dose has decreased by 69.2% since January of 2010 while SPECT radiation dose remained constant at 14mSv (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Continued advances in software and hardware technology, combined with “physician independent-technician driven” CCTA protocol have drastically reduced radiation dosing in CCTA to annual background radiation exposure, while maximizing the benefit of the study and without sacrificing patient safety.

Radiation Dose Reduction via Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction and Automatic Tube Voltage Modulation (CARE kV) in Abdominal CT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) and automated kV modulation (CARE kV) in reducing radiation dose without increasing image noise for abdominal CT examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 77 patients who received CT imaging with an application of CARE kV with or without SAFIRE and who had comparable previous CT images obtained without CARE kV or SAFIRE, using the standard dose (i.e., reference mAs of 240) on an identical CT scanner and reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) within 1 year. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (33 patients, CT scanned with CARE kV); and group B (44 patients, scanned after reducing the reference mAs from 240 to 170 and applying both CARE kV and SAFIRE). CT number, image noise for four organs and radiation dose were compared among the two groups. RESULTS: Image noise increased after CARE kV application (p or = 0.108). Effective doses decreased by 19.4% and 41.3% for groups A and B, respectively (all, p < 0.001) after application of CARE kV with or without SAFIRE. CONCLUSION: Combining CARE kV, reduction of mAs from 240 to 170 mAs and noise reduction by applying SAFIRE strength 3 or 4 reduced the radiation dose by 41.3% without increasing image noise compared with the standard-dose FBP images.

Radiation Dose Reduction of Chest CT with Iterative Reconstruction in Image Space - Part II: Assessment of Radiologists' Preferences Using Dual Source CT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of radiation dose and reconstruction algorithms on radiologists' preferences, and whether an iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS) can be used for dose reduction in chest CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard dose chest CT (SDCT) in 50 patients and low dose chest CT (LDCT) in another 50 patients were performed, using a dual-source CT, with 120 kVp and same reference mAs (50 mAs for SDCT and 25 mAs for LDCT) employed to both tubes by modifying the dual-energy scan mode. Full-dose data were obtained by combining the data from both tubes and half-dose data were separated from one tube. These were reconstructed by using a filtered back projection (FBP) and IRIS: full-dose FBP (F-FBP); full-dose IRIS (F-IRIS); half-dose FBP (H-FBP) and half-dose IRIS (H-IRIS). Ten H-IRIS/F-IRIS, 10 H-FBP/H-IRIS, 40 F-FBP/F-IRIS and 40 F-FBP/H-IRIS pairs of each SDCT and LDCT were randomized. The preference for clinical usage was determined by two radiologists with a 5-point-scale system for the followings: noise, contrast, and sharpness of mediastinum and lung. RESULTS: Radiologists preferred IRIS over FBP images in the same radiation dose for the evaluation of the lungs in both SDCT (p = 0.035) and LDCT (p < 0.001). When comparing between H-IRIS and F-IRIS, decreased radiation resulted in decreased preference. Observers preferred H-IRIS over F-FBP for the lungs in both SDCT and LDCT, even with reduced radiation dose by half in IRIS image (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Radiologists' preference may be influenced by both radiation dose and reconstruction algorithm. According to our preliminary results, dose reduction at 50% with IRIS may be feasible for lung parenchymal evaluation.

CT Radiation Dose Optimization and Estimation: an Update for Radiologists

In keeping with the increasing utilization of CT examinations, the greater concern about radiation hazards from examinations has been addressed. In this regard, CT radiation dose optimization has been given a great deal of attention by radiologists, referring physicians, technologists, and physicists. Dose-saving strategies are continuously evolving in terms of imaging techniques as well as dose management. Consequently, regular updates of this issue are necessary especially for radiologists who play a pivotal role in this activity. This review article will provide an update on how we can optimize CT dose in order to maximize the benefit-to-risk ratio of this clinically useful diagnostic imaging method.

Radiation Dose Reduction of Chest CT with Iterative Reconstruction in Image Space - Part I: Studies on Image Quality Using Dual Source CT

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the image quality (IQ) is improved with iterative reconstruction in image space (IRIS), and whether IRIS can be used for radiation reduction in chest CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard dose chest CT (SDCT) in 50 patients and low dose chest CT (LDCT) in another 50 patients were performed, using a dual-source CT, with 120 kVp and same reference mAs (50 mAs for SDCT and 25 mAs for LDCT) employed to both tubes by modifying a dual-energy scan mode. Full-dose data were obtained by combining the data from both tubes and half-dose data were separated from a single tube. These were reconstructed by using a filtered back projection (FBP) and IRIS: full-dose FBP (F-FBP); full-dose IRIS (F-IRIS); half-dose FBP (H-FBP) and half-dose IRIS (H-IRIS). Objective noise was measured. The subjective IQ was evaluated by radiologists for the followings: noise, contrast and sharpness of mediastinum and lung. RESULTS: Objective noise was significantly lower in H-IRIS than in F-FBP (p < 0.01). In both SDCT and LDCT, the IQ scores were highest in F-IRIS, followed by F-FBP, H-IRIS and H-FBP, except those for sharpness of mediastinum, which tended to be higher in FBP. When comparing CT images between the same dose and different reconstruction (F-IRIS/F-FBP and H-IRIS/H-FBP) algorithms, scores tended to be higher in IRIS than in FBP, being more distinct in half-dose images. However, despite the use of IRIS, the scores were lower in H-IRIS than in F-FBP. CONCLUSION: IRIS generally helps improve the IQ, being more distinct at the reduced radiation. However, reduced radiation by half results in IQ decrease even when using IRIS in chest CT.

Otimização da dose em exames de rotina em tomografia computadorizada: estudo de viabilidade em um Hospital Universitário / Radiation dose optimization in routine computed tomography: a study of feasibility in a University Hospital

OBJETIVO: Estudar a viabilidade de redução da dose de radiação em protocolos de aquisição de imagens de tomografia helicoidal em um hospital universitário. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento de dose de radiação de protocolos de tomografia com objetos simuladores e câmara de ionização. Foram propostas variações de kVp e mAs, determinando-se a média de ruído. Protocolos com valores de ruído menores ou iguais a 1 por cento foram submetidos à avaliação qualitativa de contraste e resolução espacial por três observadores. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 22 testes de variações para o protocolo de crânio pediátrico, 26 para crânio adulto, 28 para abdome e 18 para tórax. A redução da dose conseguida variou entre 7,4-13 por cento para protocolo de crânio pediátrico, 3,8-25 por cento para crânio adulto, 9,6-34,3 por cento para abdome e 6,4-12 por cento para tórax. Notou-se também que a utilização de ferramentas de janelamento e zoom favoreceu o aceite das imagens pelos observadores. CONCLUSÃO: É possível reduzir os níveis de dose de radiação em até 34,4 por cento, comparativamente aos protocolos utilizados na rotina, mantendo-se o ruído em níveis aceitáveis. O uso de ferramentas de manipulação digital das imagens possibilitou a aceitação de imagens com níveis maiores de ruído, favorecendo o processo de redução de dose de radiação.

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of reducing radiation dose in protocols for acquisition of helical computed tomography images in a University Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of radiation doses in computed tomography protocols was performed with phantoms and ionization chamber. Changes in kVp and mAs were proposed, determining the average noise. Protocols with noise values 1 percent were submitted to qualitative assessment of contrast and spatial resolution by three observers. RESULTS: Tests of variations were performed with 22 protocols for pediatric skulls, 26 for adult skulls, 28 for abdomen, and 18 for chest. The reduction in dose achieved ranged between 7.4 percent and13 percent for pediatric skull, 3.8 percent and 25 percent for adult skull, 9.6 percent and 34.3 percent for abdomen, 6.4 percent and 12 percent for chest. It was also noted that the use of windowing and zoom tools supported the acceptance of images by the observers. CONCLUSION: Radiation dose levels can be reduced by up to 34.4 percent in comparison with routine protocols, keeping the noise at acceptable levels. The use of digital manipulation tools allowed the acceptance of images with higher noise levels, thus resulting in radiation dose reduction.

Reducción del ruido en imágenes de tomografía computarizada usando un filtro bilateral anisotrópico / Noise reduction in computed tomography images using an anisotropic bilateral filter

En este trabajo se propone el uso de un filtro bilateral anisotrópico (FBA) para reducir el ruido en imágenes de tomografía computarizada. El FBA fue implementado en una versión tridimensional que permite ajustar los parámetros del filtro dependiendo de la resolución de las imágenes en cada uno de los ejes. La utilidad del FBA se demostró con un fantoma estándar, que se escaneó, inicialmente, utilizando una dosis de radiación referencia de 240 mAs, y, seguidamente, con dosis del 50 % y 25% de la de referencia. Asimismo, se procesaron y analizaron dos casos clínicos correspondientes a una tomografía abdominal y otra de tórax, ambas utilizando una inyección intravenosa de medio de contraste. Se encontró que el FBA permite mantener una mejor relación entre el ruido, la resolución espacial y la detectabilidad de bajos contrastes, cuando se le compara con el método tradicional de retroproyección filtrada que utilizan los escáneres de tomografía clínicos. Los resultados del fantoma, sugieren que es posible reducir las dosis de radiación hasta en un 50% sin afectar la resolución espacial o la detectabilidad de bajos contrastes, cuando se le compara con la dosis de referencia. Los estudios clínicos, revelaron que el FBA puede disminuir el ruido de las imágenes y aún garantizar una calidad adecuada para el diagnóstico. Estudios clínicos prospectivos, son necesarios para demostrar que la disminución del ruido puede permitir una reducción significativa de las dosis de radiación.

This work proposes the use of an anisotropic bilateral filter (ABF) to reduce the noise in computed tomography images. The FBA is implemented in the tridimensional space, allowing the adjustment of filter parameters depending on the image resolution in each axis. The utility of the FBA was demonstrated using a standard image quality phantom which was scanned using a 240 mAs reference dose, and subsequently with 50 % and 25 % of the reference dose. Additionally, two clinical cases were processed, corresponding to routine clinical, intravenous contrast-enhanced abdomen and thorax scans. The phantom study found that the FBA keeps a better tradeoff between noise, spatial resolution, and low contrast detectability, when it is compared to traditional filtered backprojection reconstructions, routinely employed by current computed tomography scanners. Hence, results in the phantom suggest it is possible to reduce radiation dose by at least 50% without affecting spatial resolution or low contrast detectability. The clinical studies revealed that the FBA can decrease image noise and still provide enough information for adequate diagnosis. Prospective clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate whether or not the observed noise reduction would allow a significant decrease in radiation dose.