Dosimetry standardization in radiobiological research / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

In recent years, the issue of "reproducibility" of scientific research results has become more and more prominent. Radiobiology is a medical science that studies the biological effect of radiation on living organisms, and there is also a serious problem of "reproducibility of findings". Inaccuracy of physical dose or incomplete dosimetric reports is one of the main causes. Use of guidelines, specifications and recommendations for dosimetric measurement, such as the standardized scoring system for dosimetric reports, will help improving the standardization and accuracy of physical dose measurement in radiobiological research. In this article, multiple guidelines and recommends for improving collaboration between radiobiology and radiation physics, as well as for dose standardization of radiobiological research were evaluated, aiming to provide reference for improving the reproducibility of radiobiological research.

Introduction of EOS imaging system and its current research status in evaluating clinical value of lower limb force line / 中国骨伤

The principle and technical background of EOS imaging system are introduced. Combining with the publicity of this technology and the existing literature reports, it is known that low dose EOS technology can reduce radiation dose by 5 to 10 times in the course of examination, and micro dose EOS can even reduce radiation dose by 45 times. The image quality is only high or low; the system has EOS 2D and 3D workstations, which can help clinicians to measure and evaluate coronal and sagittal force lines of lower limbs easily. The tilt and torsion of limbs can be measured three-dimensional after three-dimensional model reconstruction in the three-dimensional workstation. Using these results, preoperative evaluation can be carried out. It is helpful for clinicians to evaluate and improve preoperative planning and post-operative measurement and evaluation of surgical effect. In terms of measurement accuracy, a large number of literatures reported that the accuracy of EOS 2D measurement is comparable to that of general radiology measurement, while the accuracy of EOS 3D reconstruction measurement is comparable to that of CT and MRI. Based on the technical characteristics and advantages of EOS, this paper reviews the literature reports and research progress of EOS in evaluating the accuracy of lower limb alignment.

Evaluation of different volumetric-modulated arc therapy for the large planning target volume in T3 lung cancer / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the feasibility and dosimetric characteristics of using dual - arc volumetric modulated arc therapy and multiple partial-arc VMAT for T3 lung cancer.Methods From June 2016 to May 2018,thirteen lung cancer patients with large planning target volume were replanned with dual full arcs VMAT (F-VMAT) and six partial-arc s VMAT( P-VMAT) on RayStation v4.5 RayArc function.PTV volume median was 550.9cm3(ranged 402.2-834.8cm3 ) and to a prescribed dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions.Equivalent target coverage was required for all plans,and clinical goals were evaluated using various dose-volume metrics.These included PTV dose conformity,mean lung/heart dose,lung V5 ,V10 ,V20 ,V30 ,heart V30 and V40 ,and Dmax of spinal canal.The total monitor units ( MUs) were also examined. Results All VMAT plans satisfied the treatment criteria. F - VMAT achieved better homogeneity index ( HI) and MUs than P -VMRT( t = -3.904,P =0.002),and the conformal number(CN) of tumor volumes was likely clinically indistinguishable.However,F-VMAT significantly reduced lung V5 ,V10 and mean lung dose[V5:(51.31 ± 5.36)% vs.(43.44 ± 5.28)%,t=6.908,P=0.00;V10:(38.34 ± 3.26)% vs.(34.05 ± 3.74)%,t=4.632,P=0.001;Dmean:(1 449 ± 117.19)cGy vs.(1 375.38 ± 148.98)cGy, t=4.93, P =0.00 ], and heart dosimetric parameters were also observed in favor of P - VMRT [ V30 : (20.6 ± 10.4)% vs.(16.4 ± 8.9)%,t =3.822,P =0.02;V40:(14.6 ± 7.5)% vs.(11.88 ± 7.1)%,t =3.096,P =0.009;Dmean:(1 442.9 ± 651.2)cGy vs.(1 263.5 ± 605.6)cGy,t=3.986,P=0.02],and there were no statisti-cally significant differences in lung V20,V30 and spinal cord Dmax between the two groups(all P>0.05).Conclusion VMAT is an effective treatment for stage T3 lung cancer patients. The primary advantage of P - VMAT was the reduction in low dose area and decreased risk of symptomatic radioactive lung injury.It may be a priority for pulmonary malignancy patients with the large planning target volume.

MSCTmeasurementofatlanto-axialjointspaceinnormaladultsinXinjiangUyghurandHanPopulation / 实用放射学杂志

Objective Thisstudyaimedtomeasuretheatlantodentalinterval(ADI)andtherateofasymmetryoflateralatlanto-dental space(LADS)inhealthyUyghurandHanadultsbyMSCTimages.Methods CervicalspineC1~C2of404healthyvolunteers(187 Uyghurand217 Hannationalities)withoutatlanto-axialjointlesionswerescannedwithconventionalspiralMSCT.MPRtechnique wasusedtomeasuretheanteriorADIandthedifferenceinthevarianceofbilaterallateralatlantodentalspace(VBLADS).Results 92.5% ofUyghuradultsand94.0%ofHanadultsshowedasymmetryofbilateralLADS.TheratesandnumbersofasymmetryofbilateralLADS increasedwithage,thedeviationnumberandtheoffsetpercentageincreasing.TheADIdifferedindifferentagegroups,butnodifferencein themeasureofADIbetweenethnicgroupswasobserved.NosignificantdifferenceinVBLADSwasobservedindifferentagegroups. ADI≤2.7mm wasobservedin98% ofUygurandHanhealthycontrolsagedbetween18and29years.Similarly,98% ofsubjectsbetween age30-49presentedwithADI≤2.5mmand98% ofsubjectsaged50orolderpresentedwithADI≤2mm.Conclusion LADSasymmetryis commoninhealthyUyghurandHanpopulation.ThediagnosisofanteriordislocationoftheatlantoaxialjointinUyghurandHanpopulation shouldbemadecautiouslyandbebasedonADIreferencesfordifferentagegroups.

Evaluation of different volumetric-modulated arc therapy for the large planning target volume in T3 lung cancer / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the feasibility and dosimetric characteristics of using dual-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy and multiple partial-arc VMAT for T3 lung cancer.@*Methods@#From June 2016 to May 2018, thirteen lung cancer patients with large planning target volume were replanned with dual full arcs VMAT(F-VMAT) and six partial-arc s VMAT(P-VMAT)on RayStation v4.5 RayArc function.PTV volume median was 550.9cm3(ranged 402.2-834.8cm3) and to a prescribed dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions.Equivalent target coverage was required for all plans, and clinical goals were evaluated using various dose-volume metrics.These included PTV dose conformity, mean lung/heart dose, lung V5, V10, V20, V30, heart V30 and V40, and Dmax of spinal canal.The total monitor units (MUs) were also examined.@*Results@#All VMAT plans satisfied the treatment criteria.F-VMAT achieved better homogeneity index(HI) and MUs than P-VMRT(t=-3.904, P=0.002), and the conformal number(CN) of tumor volumes was likely clinically indistinguishable.However, F-VMAT significantly reduced lung V5, V10 and mean lung dose[V5: (51.31±5.36)% vs.(43.44±5.28)%, t=6.908, P=0.00; V10: (38.34±3.26)% vs.(34.05±3.74)%, t=4.632, P=0.001; Dmean: (1 449±117.19)cGy vs.(1 375.38±148.98)cGy, t=4.93, P=0.00], and heart dosimetric parameters were also observed in favor of P-VMRT[V30: (20.6±10.4)% vs.(16.4±8.9)%, t=3.822, P=0.02; V40: (14.6±7.5)% vs.(11.88±7.1)%, t=3.096, P=0.009; Dmean: (1 442.9±651.2)cGy vs.(1 263.5±605.6)cGy, t=3.986, P=0.02], and there were no statistically significant differences in lung V20, V30 and spinal cord Dmax between the two groups(all P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#VMAT is an effective treatment for stage T3 lung cancer patients.The primary advantage of P-VMAT was the reduction in low dose area and decreased risk of symptomatic radioactive lung injury.It may be a priority for pulmonary malignancy patients with the large planning target volume.

Risk of Brain Tumor Induction from Pediatric Head CT Procedures: A Systematic Literature Review

Head computed tomography (CT) is instrumental for managing patients of all ages. However, its low dose radiation may pose a low but non-zero risk of tumor induction in pediatric patients. Here, we present a systematic literature review on the estimated incidence of brain tumor induction from head CT exams performed on children and adolescents. MEDLINE was searched using an electronic protocol and bibliographic searches to identify articles related to CT, cancer, and epidemiology or risk assessment. Sixteen studies that predicted or measured head CT-related neoplasm incidence or mortality were identified and reviewed. Epidemiological studies consistently cited increased tumor incidence in pediatric patients (ages 0–18) exposed to head CTs. Excess relative risk of new brain tumor averaged 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.93) for pediatric patients exposed to one or more head CTs. Tumor incidence increased with number of pediatric head CTs in a dose-dependent manner, with measurable excess incidence even after a single scan. Converging evidence from epidemiological studies supported a small excess risk of brain tumor incidence after even a single CT exam in pediatric patients. However, refined epidemiological methods are needed to control for confounding variables that may contribute to reverse causation, such as patients with pre-existing cancer or cancer susceptibility. CT remains an invaluable technology that should be utilized so long as there is clinical indication for the study and the radiation dose is as small as reasonably achievable.

Dosimetric evaluation of X-ray examinations of paranasal sinuses in pediatric patients / Avaliação dosimétrica de pacientes pediátricos submetidos a exames radiográficos de seios paranasais

Abstract Objective: To estimate the entrance surface air kerma (Ka,e) and air kerma in the region of radiosensitive organs in radiographs of pediatric paranasal sinuses. Materials and Methods: Patient data and irradiation parameters were collected in examinations of the paranasal sinuses in children from 0 to 15 years of age at two children's hospitals in the city of Recife, PE, Brazil. We estimated the Ka,e using the X-ray tube outputs and selected parameters. To estimate the air kerma values in the regions of the eyes and thyroid, we used thermoluminescent dosimeters. Results: The Ka,e values ranged from 0.065 to 1.446 mGy in cavum radiographs, from 0.104 to 7.298 mGy in Caldwell views, and from 0.113 to 7.824 mGy in Waters views. Air kerma values in the region of the eyes ranged from 0.001 to 0.968 mGy in cavum radiographs and from 0.011 to 0.422 mGy in Caldwell and Waters views . In the thyroid region, air kerma values ranged from 0.005 to 0.932 mGy in cavum radiographs and from 0.002 to 0.972 mGy in Caldwell and Waters views. Conclusion: The radiation levels used at the institutions under study were higher than those recommended in international protocols. We recommend that interventions be initiated in order to reduce patient exposure to radiation and therefore the risks associated with radiological examination of the paranasal sinuses.

Resumo Objetivo: Estimar o kerma no ar na superfície de entrada (Ka,e) e o kerma no ar na região de órgãos radiossensíveis em radiografias pediátricas dos seios paranasais. Materiais e Métodos: Foram coletados os dados dos pacientes e parâmetros de irradiação em exames de seios paranasais de crianças com 0 a 15 anos, em dois hospitais infantis na cidade do Recife, PE. O Ka,e foi estimado utilizando os rendimentos dos tubos de raios X e os parâmetros selecionados. Os valores de kerma no ar nas regiões dos olhos e tireoide foram estimados utilizando dosímetros termoluminescentes. Resultados: Os valores de Ka,e variaram de 0,065 a 1,446 mGy para radiografias cavum, 0,104 a 7,298 mGy para Caldwell e 0,113 a 7,824 mGy para Waters. Os valores de kerma no ar na região dos olhos variaram de 0,001 a 0,968 mGy para cavum e 0,011 a 0,422 mGy para Caldwell e Waters. Na região tireóidea, os valores de kerma no ar variaram de 0,005 a 0,932 mGy para cavum e 0,002 a 0,972 mGy para Caldwell e Waters. Conclusão: Os parâmetros de irradiação utilizados pelas instituições foram mais elevados do que os recomendados em protocolos britânicos. Ações de otimização são recomendadas de modo a contribuir para a redução da radiação nos pacientes e, portanto, os riscos.

Identification of gender using radiomorphometric measurements of canine by discriminant function analysis.

Purpose: Human teeth are the most stable and durable tissues in the body. Teeth can be identified even after complete decomposition, thus making them invaluable for identification of sex and age from fragmentary adult skeleton. This study aimed to compare the morphological and radiological measurements of canine and investigate its accuracy in sex determination. Materials and Methods: This study involved 60 males and 60 females between the age group of 20 and 30 years. Mesiodistal (MD) widths of mandibular left canines and mandibular inter‑canine distance (ICD) were measured and compared both clinically and on digital intraoral periapical and occlusal radiographs. Discriminant function analysis was carried out for gender determination. Discriminant equation and cutoff point were used in determining the gender and the percentage accuracy. Kappa statistics were carried out to assess intra‑observer agreement. Results: A definite statistically significant difference in the MD width and ICD was found between males and females. Clinical and radiological measurements were almost equally efficacious in gender determination with an accuracy of 55–75% in both males and females. When all the variables were used, the accuracy of gender determination increased substantially to 94%. k‑values suggested a high intra‑observer agreement. Conclusion: It can be concluded that both the clinical and radiographic measurements of MD width of canine and ICD are quick and easy methods for determining sex and in identification of an unknown individual with a substantial accuracy.

Measurements and analyses of full length weight bearing X ray radiographs of bilateral lower extremities in patients with knee osteoarthritis / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the characteristics of anatomical and mechanical axes in lower extremities by analyzing full length weight bearing X ray radiographsin patients with knee osteoarthritis(OA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2015 to May 2016, the lower extremity CTA was performed for 20 patients with vascular diseases, and these patients without OA were assigned to the normal group. There were 7 males and 13 females, ranging in age from 24 to 72 years old with an average age of 63.2 years old. The weight bearing full length X ray radiographs of the lower extremities were taken for 53 patients with knee OA, and these patients were assigned to the OA group. There were 10 males and 43 females, ranging in age from 52 to 80 years old with an average age of 64.7 years old. The osteoarthritis group were divided into two groups:varus knee group and valgus knee group. The femoral shaft double condyle angle(F), tibial shaft plateau angle(T), joint gap angle(JS), femoral tibial angle(FT), hip knee ankle angle(HKA), knee physiological valgus angle(KPV), and femoral offset were measured. The SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze the statistical data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean F were (79.9±2.3)° and (81.4±3.5)°, T were (93.8±3.7)° and (94.6±2.7)°, JS were (1.7±1.0)° and (2.1±2.5)°, FT were (175.4±4.0)° and (178.1±6.3)°, HKA were (181.4±4.1)° and (184.3±6.9)°, KPV were (6.0±1.0)° and (6.2±1.5)°, offset were (38.5±6.5) mm and (38.1±9.2) mm in the normal and OA group respectively. There was a significant difference in the KPV between varus knee and valgus knee groups(=2.956,=0.005), and the greater mean KPV was found in varus knee. Positive correlations were found between KPV and age(=0.241,=0.016), as well as between KPV and offset (r=0.946,=0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The average KPV in patients with knee OA was 6.2° in the present study, and the KPVs were also positively correlated with the patients' ages and the femoral offsets. The average KPV in the varus knee was greater than that of the valgus knee, and the difference was about 1°. The changes of mechanical parameters of lower limb may be one of the risks for developing knee OA. Analyzing the full length weight bearing X ray radiographs of the lower extremities preoperatively will be helpful to determine a individualized osteotomy method for patients.</p>

Dosimetric Coverage of the Prostate, Normal Tissue Sparing, and Acute Toxicity with High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Large Prostate Volumes

To evaluate dosimetric coverage of the prostate, normal tissue sparing, and acute toxicity with HDR brachytherapy for large prostate volumes.

A Dosimetric Comparative Analysis of TomoDirect and Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in Early Breast Cancer / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare dosimetric parameters of intensity-modulated mode of TomoDirect and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in patients with early breast cancer. METHODS: TomoDirect and 3D-CRT planning were carried out for 26 patients with early breast cancer who had received breast-conserving surgery. A total of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions were prescribed to the planning target volume. The organs at risk (OAR) such as lung and heart were contoured. Planning target volume (PTV) dose coverage, radiation conformity index (RCI), radical dose homogeneity index (rDHI), and irradiation dose of organs at risk were compared between TomoDirect and 3D-CRT planning. RESULTS: The mean PTV dose (51.65+/-0.37 Gy) and V47.8 (100%) in TomoDirect were significantly higher than the mean PTV dose (50.88+/-0.65 Gy) and V47.8 (89.23%+/-0.06%) in 3D-CRT (all, p<0.001). The RCI value in TomoDirect was significantly better than that in 3D-CRT (1.00 vs. 1.13, p<0.001). However, the rDHI value in TomoDirect was not significantly better than that in 3D-CRT (0.72 vs. 0.67, p=0.056). The mean lung dose and V10, V20, V30, and V40 values of ipsilateral lung in TomoDirect were significantly lower than those in 3D-CRT (all, p<0.05). There is no significant difference in the V10, V20, V30, and V40 values of heart between TomoDirect and 3D-CRT. And the mean dose for heart in TomoDirect was marginally lower than that in 3D-CRT (1.05 Gy vs. 1.62 Gy, p=0.085). The mean dose for left anterior descending coronary artery in left breast cancer was significantly lower in TomoDirect than in 3D-CRT (7.2 Gy vs. 12.1 Gy, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared to 3D-CRT, TomoDirect could result in favorable target coverage while reducing the irradiation dose of the ipsilateral lung for patients with early breast cancer.

Evaluation of a novel decorporation approach to prevent radioactivity uptake by using acidosis in experimental animals.

With an aim to devise a prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach for preventing internalization of radiothallium (201Tl), and more importantly by implication, its chemical analogue radiocesium (137Cs) during any nuclear emergency, different ex vivo and in vivo animal models were created to determine the role of pH in absorption of 201Tl across jejunum/muscle tissue and whole body retention of 201Tl respectively. Movement of Tl+ under simulated pH conditions proved that pH had direct influence on its absorption. Oral intake of acidified water or parenteral administration of lactic acid was able to reduce the body burden of 201Tl by up to 12 and 50% respectively. The results indicate that acidification of gut, within physiological range may be used as an option for decorporation/inhibition of incorporation of radiothallium and radiocesium, particularly in cases of mass casualty.

Efeito da calagem na mineralização de 14C-glifosato em solos / Effect of liming on the mineralization of 14C-glyphosate in soils

A calagem é uma prática de manejo da fertilidade muito utilizada e considerada essencial em solos tropicais. Essa prática, por influenciar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas dos solos, pode também alterar o comportamento de moléculas orgânicas. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o efeito da calagem na mineralização do herbicida glifosato em um Latossolo Vermelho (LE) e em um Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ) e também na atividade microbiana dos mesmos solos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, correspondendo a dois solos e a duas condições de manejo (com e sem calagem). Para o ensaio de mineralização, técnicas radiométricas foram utilizadas para avaliar a evolução do 14CO2 a intervalos de 7 dias, durante 70 dias. O estudo de atividade microbiana foi conduzido paralelamente ao experimento de mineralização, usando a metodologia de glicose radiomarcada (14C-glicose), a qual foi avaliada a intervalos de quatorze dias, durante 70 dias. Pelos resultados, foi possível verificar que nos dois solos estudados, a calagem aumentou significativamente a mineralização do 14C-glifosato e a atividade da microbiota.

Liming is a widely used soil fertility management practice and essential in tropical soils. This practice, by influencing physical, chemical and biological features of soils, may alter the behavior of organic molecules in soils. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of liming on the mineralization of glyphosate in Red Latosol (LE) and Quartzarenic Neosol (RQ) soils and also on the microbial activity. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design blocks in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to two soils and two management conditions (with and without liming). The radiometric technique was used to evaluate the evolution of 14CO2 at intervals of 7 days, during 70 days. The study of microbial activity was conducted using the methodology of radiolabelled glucose (14C-glucose), which was measured at intervals of fourteen days, during 70 days. Results show that the liming increased significantly the 14C-glyphosate mineralization and the microbial activity.

Medición radiológica de la angulación cervical comparando la laringoscopia directa con hoja miller vs. estilete luminoso / Radiological measurement of cervical angulation comparing direct laryngoscopy with miller blade vs. lightwand

Objetivo. Comparar la motilidad de la columna cervical durante la realización de laringoscopia directa utilizando hoja Miller con protección cervical, triple maniobra e intubación con estilete luminoso en pacientes sin predictores de vía aérea difícil. Métodos. Serie de casos de 5 pacientes femeninas sometidas a embolización electiva de malformaciones arteriovenosas cerebrales, entre enero y marzo de 2003, atendidas en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, de Bogotá. Se realizaron mediciones bajo videofluoroscopia para determinar el desplazamiento angular de la columna cervical. Resultado. Las 5 mujeres incluidas tenían una edad promedio de 43 años. Los puntos de mayor movimiento fueron C1 y C5. Se obtuvieron valores basales con la cabeza del paciente en posición neutra para comparar las demás mediciones. Se observó una menor movilidad en los puntos de mayor movimiento (C1 y C5) con la utilización del estilete luminoso, en comparación con la laringoscopia directa con hoja Miller (8° vs. 13,2° en C1, y 6,4° vs. 15,6° en C5). La realización de la triple maniobra y la fijación del tubo endotraqueal produjeron angulaciones menores, comparadas con las producidas durante las maniobra de intubación. Conclusión. La intubación con estilete luminoso podría ser una alternativa útil y segura en pacientes con trastornos de la columna cervical en quienes existen limitaciones para la movilización de ésta.

Objective. To compare the cervical spine motion with direct laryngoscopy using the Miller blade with cervical protection, triple maneuver and intubation with lightwand in patients with no predictors of a difficult airway.Methods. This is a series of 5 female patients who underwent elective embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations between January and March 2003, at the Fundación de Santa Fe University Hospital, Bogotá. Videofluoroscopic measurements were taken to determine the angular displacement of the cervical spine.Results. Rhe study included five female patients with an average age of 43 years. C1 and C5 were the segments with greater displacement. Baseline measurements were taken with the head of the patient in neutral position to compare against subsequent measurements. Less motion was observed at the segments with greater displacement (C1 y C5) with the use of the lightwand versus direct laryngoscopy with the Miller blade (8° vs. 13.2° at C1 and 6.4° vs. 15.6° at C5). The triple maneuver and the fixation of the endotracheal tube caused less angulation than the intubation maneuver. Conclusions. Lightwand intubation could be a useful and safe alternative in patients with cervical spine disorders and movement limitations.

The measurement of femoral head-neck ratio and its clinical significance in Chinese / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To measure the femoral head-neck ratio among Chinese adults in Nanjing to explore its clinical significance. Methods 468 Chinese without hip symptoms were chosen randomly. There were 313 males and 155 females. 13 cases were less than 20 years old, 88 cases were from 21 to 30 years old, 123 cases were from 31 to 40 years old, 104 cases were from 41 to 50 years old, 102 cases were from 51 to 60 years old, 24 cases were from 61 to 70 years old, 14 cases were more than 71 years old. The mean age was 42.4 years old (ranged from 17 to 82 years old). The maximum diameter of the femoral head and the minimum vertical diameter of femoral neck length on both sides were measured by Digimizer software in the standard anteroposterior pelvis film. The femoral head-neck ratio (FHNR) was calculated and compared with that of the western. Results The normal FHNR of Chinese in Nanjing was 1.48 ± 0.09 (1.33-1.69). FHNR was 1.46±0.09 in Chinese aged less than 20 years old. It was 1.48±0.09 in Chinese aged from 21 to 30 years, and 1.47±0.10 in those aged 31-40 years, 1.46±0.09 in 41-50 years, 1.49±0.10 in 51-60 years,1.48±0.08 in 61-70 years, 1.49±0.10 in those more than 71 years. There was no difference between male and female, the left and right side or the different age groups. There was no difference between the western and Chinese in Nanjing. Conclusion FHNR measurement has not variation with regard to sex, age and side. It may be useful to understand some kind of the hip diseases.

Morfometria nuclear como técnica complementar na graduação citológica do carcinoma de mama / Nuclear morphometry with complementary technique in cytological grading of breast tumors cells

Introdução: A análise morfométrica dos parâmetros nucleares, tamanho, forma e aspectos da cromatina, mostra-se útil para diagnosticar tumores malignos. O aspirado citológico coletado por agulha fina produz esfregaços suficientemente delgados para a determinação de dimensões nucleares facilmente. Objetivo: Comparar os aspectos morfométricos dos núcleos das células do aspirado proveniente de nódulos de mama. Método: Esfregaços do aspirado provenientes de 71 biópsias de nódulos de mama e determinados como benignos ou malignos, coletados por agulha fina, foram submetidos à coloração de Feulgen e as suas imagens digitais analisadas utilizando-se a Imagilab® 2,3 (Softium Informatica Ltda.), ambientado no sistema operacional WindowsTM 98 SE. Resultados: Dentre os nódulos estudados, 20 foram diagnosticados como benignos e 51 como malignos (8 GI, 23 GII e 20 GIII de acordo com o Sistema de Classificação de Guilford e Robinson). A análise morfométrica da coloração de Feulgen determinou um valor médio para os nódulos benignos de 101,6 e valor médio de 114,3 para os nódulos malignos, respectivamente. A análise morfométrica da coloração de Papanicolaou determinou um valor médio de 103,5 para GI, 131,7 para GII e 98,4 para GIII, respectivamente. Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre o valor médio morfométrico de nódulos benignos e malignos e valor médio entre GI e GII, GII e GIII, mas não entre GI e GIII. Conclusões: A análise morfométrica nuclear dos aspirados de nódulo de mama é um método simples, confiável e complementar, que permitiu distinguir as lesões benignas das lesões malignas da mama.

Introduction: The morphometrical analysis of nuclear parameters, such as size, shape and chromatin features, has shown to be useful for diagnosing malignant tumors. Cytological aspirate collected with fine needle, in turn, provides smears thin enough for easily determining nuclear dimensions. Objective: Compare morphometrical features of cell nuclei in aspirate from breast nodules. Method: Fine needle aspiration smears from 71 breast nodules were analyzed and determined as benign or malignant. They were then Feulgen-stained and had their digital images analyzed using the Imagilab® software package (Softium Informatica Ltda.) run on Windows? 98SE. Results: Among the nodules studied, 20 were diagnosed as benign and 51 as malignant (8 GI, 23 GII and 20 GIII according to Guilford and Robinson Classification System). The morphometrical analysis of the Feulgen-stained material digital images determined an average value for benign nodules of 101.6 and an average value of 114.3 for malignant nodules. The Papanicolaou stain morphometrical analysis determined an average value of 103.5 for GI, 131.7 for GII and 98.4 for GIII. There was a statistically significant difference between the morphometrical average values for benign and malignant nodules, and between GI and GII, and GII and GIII, but not GI and GIII average values. Conclusion: The nuclear morphometry of breast nodule aspirate is a simple, reliable and complementary method that allowed distinguishing benign from malignant injuries of the breast.

Radioiodoterapia do carcinoma diferenciado da tireoide: impacto radiológico da liberação hospitalar de pacientes com atividades entre 100 e 150 mCi de iodo-131 / Radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer: radiologic impact of out-patient treatment with 100 to 150 mCi Iodine-131 activities

OBJETIVO: Determinar exposições decorrentes da radioiodoterapia ambulatorial do carcinoma diferenciado da tireoide (CDT) sobre os familiares dos pacientes e o meio ambiente. MÉTODOS: Administraram-se 100 a 150 mCi de (131I)NaI para tratamento ambulatorial de 20 pacientes com CDT. Monitorizaram-se com dosímetros termoluminescentes as doses de radiação recebidas por familiares (n = 27) e potenciais de dose nas residências. Também foram monitorizadas contaminação de superfície e rejeitos radioativos. RESULTADOS: Registraram-se doses < 1,0 mSv em 26 acompanhantes e 2,8 mSv em um caso, inferiores ao aceitável para exposições médicas (5,0 mSv/procedimento). Excetuando-se o quarto dos pacientes (média = 0,69 mSv), determinou-se potencial de dose nas residências < 0,25 mSv. A contaminação de superfícies (4,2 Bq.cm-2) não ultrapassou níveis de liberação, sem representar riscos mesmo em simulações do pior cenário. Os rejeitos radioativos tiveram volume de 2,5 litros e atividade estimada em 90 µCi (média = 4,5 µCi/paciente). CONCLUSÕES: Não foi constatado impacto radiológico ao meio ambiente ou aos familiares de pacientes tratados ambulatorialmente com 100 a 150 mCi de iodo-131 e acompanhados por profissionais qualificados.

PURPOSE:To evaluate exposure and dosimetry to family members and environment due to outpatient radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: Twenty patients were treated with 100-150mCi of iodine-131 on an out-patient basis. Family members dosimetry (n = 27) and potential doses inside the house were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters. Surface contamination and radioactive wastes were also monitored. RESULTS: Less than 1.0 mSv doses were found in 26 co-habitants and 2.8 mSv in a single case (inferior to the acceptable value of 5.0 mSv/procedure). Potential doses in the houses were inferior to 0.25 mSv, excluding the patients bedroom (mean value = 0.69 mSv). Surface contamination (mean = 4.2 Bq.cm-2) were below clearance levels. Radioactive wastes generated had a volume of 2.5 liters and a total activity estimated in 90 µCi, with a calculated exposure close to the background radiation levels. CONCLUSIONS: No radiological impact was detected after iodine therapy with 100-150 mCi on an out-patient basis followed by experienced professionals.

Clinical application of the Contoura carbon fiber belly board in patients with rectal cancer undergoing postoperative radiotherapy / 肿瘤

Objective:To evaluate the protection of small bowel and bladder by Contoura carbon fiber belly board in patients with rectal cancer undergoing postoperative radiotherapy and the position deviation during radiotherapy. Methods: This study enrolled 45 consecutive patients with rectal cancer who had undergone prior surgery. Twenty patients who applied the belly board were defined as group A, and the other 25 patients were defined as group B. All the patients received threE-dimensional conformal radiation therapy(3D-CRT), and the prescriptive radiation dosage of 95% of planning target volume (PTV) was 50 Gy/25 times. Patients in group A underwent two sets of CT scans as follows: group A1, prone alone; group A2, prone with the use of the belly board. The radiation dosage and radiated volume in PTV, small bowel, and bladder were observed by dosE-volume histograms. Ten patients were selected randomly from group A and group B, respectively. Their position deviation during radiotherapy was measured by double exposure field verification system. The acute radiation reactions of all patients were observed and recorded during radiotherapy. Results: No significant difference was found in the total PTV and total volume of small bowel and bladder and mean irradiation dosage to PTV between groups A1 and A2. The mean irradiation dosage to the small bowel and bladder, the volume of small bowel irradiated at 10%-100% dose levels, and the volume of bladder irradiated at 30%-100% dose levels, were significantly decreased in group A2. The difference was significant. Compared with group B, the right-left and superior-inferior position deviations were significantly reduced in group A. The difference was significant (P<0.05). The anterior-posterior position deviation was also reduced, but the difference was not significant (P=0.705). The incidence of grade 3 or more adverse reactions were 15% (3/20) in group A and no patient broke off or stopped treatment; the incidence of grade 3 or more adverse reactions was 24% (6/25) in group B, and two patients broke off the treatment because of severe adverse reaction. One patient terminated the treatment. Conclusions: The Contoura carbon fiber belly board can reduce the irradiation dosage and volume of small bowel and bladder in patients with rectal cancer undergoing postoperative radiotherapy. The position deviation has better reproducibility and the acute radiation reactions are tolerable. It is worthy of application in clinic.

Absorbed and effective dose from periapical radiography by portable intraoral x-ray machine / 대한구강악안면방사선학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the absorbed dose and to calculate the effective dose for periapical radiography done by portable intraoral x-ray machines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 14 full mouth, upper posterior and lower posterior periapical radiographs were taken by wall-type 1 and portable type 3 intraoral x-ray machines. Thermoluminescent dosemeters were placed at 23 sites at the layers of the tissue-equivalent ART woman phantom for dosimetry. Average tissue absorbed dose and radiation weighted dose were calculated for each major anatomical site. Effective dose was calculated using 2005 ICRP tissue weighted factors. RESULTS: On 14 full mouth periapical radiographs, the effective dose for wall-type x-ray machine was 30 Sv; for portable x-ray machines were 30 Sv, 22 Sv, 36 Sv. On upper posterior radiograph, the effective dose for wall-type x-ray machine was 4 Sv; for portable x-ray machines doses were 4 Sv, 3 Sv, 5 Sv. On lower posterior radiograph, the effective dose for wall type x-ray machine was 5 Sv; for portable x-ray machines doses were 4 Sv, 4 Sv, 5 Sv. CONCLUSION: Effective doses for periapical radiographs performed by portable intraoral x-ray machines were similar to doses for periapical radiographs taken by wall type intraoral x-ray machines.

Coil filling factor and signal to noise ratio / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To analyze the effects of coil size and sample volume on coil signal to noise ratio(SNR).Methods Two sphere phantoms with different diameters were put into the center of body coil symmetrically,and the smaller phantom was put into the centers of body coil,head coil,and the extremity coil respectively.All the phantoms were then scanned with sequences which were used to detect the SNR using the same parameters,and then the SNRs were measured.Results In body eoil,the image SNR got from the smaller phantom increased by 4% than that got from the bigger phantom,the difference was statistical significant(P