ABSTRACT
Resumen En el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pantanos de Villa se analizó la preferencia de hábitat de las aves residentes y migratorias en función a la estacionalidad de 211 especies de aves, de las cuales 97 son residentes, 82 migratorias y 32 visitantes ocasionales. De acuerdo con el uso de los hábitats: 80.1% de especies habitan en cualquiera de los hábitats de pantanos, 40.8% en el litoral marino, 37.9% en parques y jardines, 33.2% en pantanos y la playa marina, 34.1% en pantanos y los parques y jardines y 1.0% en la playa arenosa marina y los parques y jardines. La mayor similitud de especies se encuentra entre las que habitan en la zona arbustiva y parques y jardines con 82.3%. La intensidad de las fluctuaciones de la riqueza de especies varía según el hábitat que ocupan con los mayores valores entre marzo y mayo en los espejos de agua (25) y en el litoral marino (24). La gestión de Pantanos de Villa debe priorizar el mantenimiento de la heterogeneidad de hábitats debido a la baja similitud entre varios de ellos y exclusividad de especies para los mismos. La comparación entre las preferencias de hábitat de las aves y las plantas muestra que es necesario tener en cuenta más de un taxón en la toma de decisiones para el manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad de los humedales costeros.
Abstract In the wildlife refuge Pantanos de Villa, habitat preferences of resident and migratory birds were analyzed according to the seasonality of 211 species of birds, of which 97 were residents, 82 migratories and 32 occasional visitors. According to use of habitats: 80.1% of species live on any of these wetlands, 40.8% in the marine coast, 37.9% in parks and gardens, 33.2% in wetlands and the beach, 34.1% in wetlands and parks and gardens and 1.0% in marine sandy beach and parks and gardens. Higher species similarity was between those living in "shrubland zones" and "parks and gardens" (82.3%). Fluctuation intensity of the species richness varied according to their occupance habitats, with the highest value observed between March and May in the water bodies (25) and marine coast (24). Management of the Pantanos de Villa must prioritize maintenance of heterogeneity of habitats because the low similarity degree would show species exclusivity of each of them. Comparisons between preferences of habitats of birds and plants would demonstrate the need of consider more than one taxa in decision-making for the management and conservation of biodiversity of coastal wetlands.
ABSTRACT
Aim: Rotifer research on sessile taxa has received less attention because they are not easy to identify in fixed samples. In the Lake Xochimilco, a Ramsar site in Mexico City, three morphotypes of L. ceratophylli and a single morphotype of L. cf. melicerta occur in different densities. The aim of this study was to test if temperature was responsible for the differences in the population densities of these morphotypes. Methodology: The present study was carried out using population growth method consisting of 4 treatments (3 morphotypes of L. ceratophylli and one of L. cf. melicerta) at 20 and 25°C. Experiments were carried out in 50 ml glass jars containing 25 ml synthetic medium with Chlorella vulgaris as food. The population growth rates (r) were derived. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests were used to quantify the intra-and interspecific differences in the population growth rates. Results: The temperature levels for optimal population growth rates differed among the morphotypes of same species. At 20°C, the morphotype 1 had the highest r (0.23 d-1) similar to that of L. cf. melicerta, while morphotype 3 had the lowest (0.15 d-1). For L. cf. melicerta, the r was higher at 25°C than at 20°C. Of three morphotypes of L. ceratophylli, morphotype 3 had the highest r at 25°C similar to that of L. cf. melicerta at same temperature. Interpretation: There were significant differences among growth patterns within the morphotypes of L. ceratophylli, depending on culture temperature. These trends highlight the relative importance of environmental variables in differentiating morphotypes of a sessile species complex which could explain their possible seasonal changes in the natural waterbodies.
ABSTRACT
Los humedales son cuerpos de agua muy productivos y son refugio para aves migratorias; sin embargo, continuamente reciben contaminantes que ejercen daños en los organismos acuáticos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el estado de salud de Fulica americana mediante biomarcadores histopatológicos, de estrés oxidativo, e índices somáticos en dos humedales de la Cuenca de México, para evaluar el efecto de las condiciones del hábitat en la salud de las aves. Se obtuvieron ejemplares en los humedales, Xochimilco (X) y Tecocomulco (T) en diferentes períodos de un año. Se determinó su edad, se evisceraron y pesaron, se obtuvieron porciones del hígado para el análisis histológico y para la cuantificación del nivel de lipoperoxidación (LPO). Se analizó la calidad del agua de X y T. Se realizó la técnica histológica de inclusión en parafina y la tinción Hematoxilina-Eosina. El mayor deterioro de la calidad del agua se observó en X. Se encontró infiltración leucocitaria (IN) y vasocongestión (VA) en tres grados. En T se observó la mayor prevalencia de ejemplares con daños combinados, en particular en las hembras; mientras que en X se presentó un mayor porcentaje de organismos con IN. La LPO más alta se observó durante el invierno en T lo que pudiera estar relacionado con el arribo de aves migratorias y la cacería; mientras que en X la mayor LPO estuvo relacionada con la reproducción. La mayor masa corporal eviscerada se presentó en los machos de T y la menor en las hembras de X. En todas las gallaretas los índices hepatosomáticos máximos se alcanzaron en otoño y los mínimos en primavera. F. americana puede ser utilizada como centinela debido a que presentó respuestas diferenciadas en los índices somáticos y en los biomarcadores histopatológicos y de estrés oxidativo en las distintas localidades, sexo y épocas del año.
Wetlands are very productive ecosystems and water birds complete their lifecycle there. Unfortunately, they constantly receive xenobiotics which can cause damage in aquatic organisms. This work assessed the health conditions of Fulica americana through histopathological and oxidative stress biomarkers and somatic indices in two wetlands from the Mexico Basin to evaluate the effect of habitat conditions on the birds health. The specimens were collected from Xochimilco (X) and Tecocomulco (T) wetlands during an annual cycle. They were eviscerated and weighed. Liver samples were taken for histological analysis and to quantify the lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the laboratory. The coots were aged. The water quality from both wetlands was analyzed. The liver tissue was embedded in liquid paraffin and was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Two pathologies were detected in three levels each (I, II and III): leukocyte infiltration (IN) and vasocongestion (VA). The highest prevalence of both damages were observed in T coots, while the highest IN percentage was detected in X coots. The maximum LPO levels were detected during winter at T, which could be related to hunter season and the wintering migratory birds. In X the highest LPO levels were related to breeding season. The biggest eviscerated body mass was noted in T males and the smallest in the X females. All coots reached the highest hepatosomatic index during autumn and the minimum during spring. American coot can be used as sentinel because it is able to present differentiated responses, somatic indices, histopathological biomarkers and oxidative stress in different locations, sex and periods of the year.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biomarkers , Birds , Liver/pathology , Oxidative Stress , Wetlands , Lipid Peroxidation , Mexico , Seasons , Water QualityABSTRACT
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo general analizar la relevancia de la sociedad en el uso y manejo del recurso hídrico en el río El Encano, fuente hídrica de gran importancia por pertenecer a una de las áreas declaradas como humedal Ramsar en Colombia. Para el logro de este objetivo, se desarrolló el diagnóstico de los diferentes usos del agua en el río. En donde metodológicamente se llevaron a cabo inicialmente salidas de reconocimiento tanto de la zona de estudio como de la población relacionada con el recurso, donde se determinó una población total de 80 familias a las que posteriormente se les aplicó un tipo de encuesta semiestructurada. Así mismo, se georreferenciaron a lo largo del río los usos dados al recurso hídrico por parte de la comunidad, entre estos se resalta las descargas de vertimientos y las captaciones. Finalmente, la información obtenida fue procesada en el programa Excel. De los resultados obtenidos se resalta la identificación de la problemática relacionada con el recurso hídrico en que sobresale el inadecuado manejo de aguas residuales, siendo esta la actividad de mayor impacto en la fuente, así mismo, la ganadería y la agricultura hacen un uso importante del recurso lo que ha contribuido a su deterioro. Además, se establecieron variables sociales como educación y ocupación laboral que cumplen un papel fundamental en la gestión del recurso. Después del análisis de la información obtenida con la investigación, se puede concluir que el río ha sufrido modificaciones de las características físicas y químicas por el permanente proceso de intervención antrópica; de igual manera, se establece que los procesos de gestión del recurso hídrico por parte de la comunidad son incipientes, en donde se hace necesario fortalecer la educación ambiental en toda la población presente en la zona.
This article aims to analyze the relevance of society in the use and management of water sources in El Encanto River, a water source of great importance because it belongs to one of the areas declared as Ramsar wetland in Colombia. To achieve this objective, a diagnosis of the different uses of the water from the river was conducted through recognition fieldtrips, both in the área of study and in the population, related to the water resource where a population of 80 families was determined and applied semi-structured interviews. Likewise, the uses given to water resources by the community along the river were georeferenced, and among them, dumping download and deposits are hignlighted. Finally, the information collected was processed in the Excel Program. From the results obtained, the problem related to water resources was highlighted, where the inadequate management of wastewater stand out being the greatest impact activity in the source, as well as stockbreeding and agriculture which makes important use of the resource and has contributed to its deterioration. Additionally, social variables such as education and job were stablished since they play an important role in the management of the resource. After analyzing the information obtained through this research, it is possible to conclude that the river has suffered modifications of its physical and chemical characteristics due to the permanent anthropic intervention. Similarly, it is established that the processes of water management by the community are incipient, and it is necessary to strengthen environmental education for all population present in the area.
Subject(s)
Humans , Water Resources , Water Quality , Water Use , DiagnosisABSTRACT
etlands are important wildlife habitats that also provide vital services for human societies. Unfortunately, they have been disappearing due to human activities such as conversion to farmland, pollution, habitat fragmentation, invasion of alien species, and inappropriate management, resulting in declines in species diversity, wildlife habitat quality, and ecosystem functions and services. In some countries, many programs and actions have been undertaken to reverse the rate of wetland loss by restoring, creating and constructing new wetlands. We report on the assessment of Odonata larvae from a tropical and putatively restored wetland located in the La Mancha Biological Station, CICOLMA (LM, Ramsar site #1336), Veracruz, Mexico. Larval surveys were performed during the 2010 and 2011 dry and rainy seasons in both LM and a reference site, Cansaburro (CB), located approximately 2 km South of LM. Twelve samples were collected during each survey using a D-frame aquatic net (0.2 mm mesh size), sweeping 1 m2 areas along shorelines using a random design. The effect of site, season and year on Odonata larval abundance was explored and diversity and abundance patterns of the assemblages were compared. A total of 3 718 larvae from 25 species (five Zygoptera and 20 Anisoptera) in 14 genera and three families were collected from both wetlands. Species number was equal in both wetlands although abundance was significantly higher in LM. Renyi´s diversity profiles and species abundance patterns (rank abundance curves) in both sites were similar, suggesting an apparent recovery at LM. Differences in species composition (sites shared 13 species), and species dominance between both assemblages were observed and were related to differences in the aquatic plant structure between both wetlands as a result of extensive plant management in LM and cattle grazing in CB. Most evidence derived from this work shows that the LM wetland may be recovered. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 1043-1058. Epub 2015 December 01.
os humedales son hábitats importantes para la vida silvestre y también proporcionan servicios vitales para la sociedad que, por desgracia, han ido desapareciendo debido al uso del suelo que produce una disminución en la diversidad de especies, la calidad del hábitat de vida silvestre, y de la función de los ecosistemas. En algunos países se han llevado a cabo programas y acciones para revertir la tasa de pérdida de los humedales mediante la restauración, la creación y la construcción de nuevos humedales. En este trabajo se reporta un estudio numérico de las larvas de odonatos de un humedal tropical asumido como restaurado, localizado en la Estación de Biología La Mancha, CICOLMA (LM, sitio Ramsar # 1336), Veracruz, México. Los muestreos de las larvas se realizaron durante las estaciones de secas y lluvias de 2010 y 2011 tanto en LM como en el sitio de referencia Cansaburro (CB) situado a unos 2 km al sur de LM. Se tomaron doce muestras al azar en las orillas durante cada recolecta en cada sitio utilizando una red acuática D-net (abertura de malla de 0.2 mm) barriendo una área aproximada de 1 m2. El efecto del sitio, la temporada y el año sobre la abundancia de larvas fue explorado y los patrones de diversidad y abundancia de ambas comunidades fueron comparadas. Un total de 3 718 larvas de 25 especies (cinco Zygoptera y 20 Anisoptera) de 14 géneros y tres familias se obtuvieron de ambos humedales. El número de especies fue igual en ambos humedales aunque la abundancia fue significativamente mayor en LM. Los perfiles de diversidad de Renyi y los patrones de abundancia de especies (curvas de rango abundancia) en ambos sitios fueron similares sugiriendo una evidente recuperación de LM. Las diferencias observadas en la composición de especies (los sitios compartieron 13 especies) y la dominancia de las especies entre ambas comunidades se explica con base en las diferencias en la estructura vegetal acuática entre los dos humedales que es principalmente el resultado de una amplio manejo en LM y del pastoreo de ganado en CB. La mayoría de las pruebas derivadas de este trabajo muestran que el humedal de LM puede estar recuperado.
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Climate change has been recognized as a global threat and is already affecting ecosystems such as coastal wetlands. With more than 3,200 km of coastline, wetlands are the dominant ecosystem in Vietnam. This country is considered to be one of the most seriously affected by climate change in the world. Hence, coastal wetlands are vulnerable. This study applied the Drivers - Pressures - State - Impacts - Responses approach to discuss and analyze the main challenges induced by climate change and its potential consequences for Xuan Thuy Ramsar site in the Red River delta, Vietnam. In this research we used both observed and predicted data on the impacts of climate change issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam, including changes in temperature and rainfall, and sea level rise. The results illustrated numerous potential impacts and pressures associated with climate change on the study site. Understanding the effect of these potential impacts on wetland ecosystems is very important for managers and policy-makers because current conservation programs in Xuan Thuy Ramsar site have not included climate change issues. In addition, the complexity of synthesis impacts associated with global climate change is also a big challenge for local stakeholders. Our review suggests that a long-term conservation planning to response to climate change is crucial rule towards sustainable management of Xuan Thuy Ramsar site.
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Colombia es un sitio importante para las aves migratorias. Sin embargo, aún falta mucho conocimiento de dónde estas se encuentran durante su paso o permanencia por el país y cuáles utilizan los páramos. Registramos nuevas especies de aves migratorias para la laguna del Otún, inmersa en un complejo de humedales declarados sitio Ramsar desde el 2008. La laguna está localizada en el Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados a 3932 msnm, en ecosistema de páramo, en la Cordillera Central de los Andes de Colombia. Durante cinco salidas entre 2010 y 2012 se registraron cuatro nuevas especies de aves migratorias para el parque: Anas acuta, Pandion haliaetus, Riparia riparia y Dendroica petechia. Adicionalmente, se registró una ampliación del rango altitudinal para dos especies migratorias que solo habían sido registradas en la región a menos de 3500 msnm: Tringa flavipes e Hirundo rustica. Estas observaciones sugieren que dichas especies podrían tolerar condiciones de alta montaña y utilizar el páramo. Es necesario estudiar a fondo las dinámicas migratorias y el uso de hábitat de alta montaña por las aves migratorias.
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The Colorado river delta is a unique coastal system in the world, as it combines two important systems: the Colorado river and the Gulf of California. Consequently, the delta is dominated by bilateral interests, and influenced by administrative, political and natural processes, which involve the countries of the United States and Mexico. Located in the northern part of the Gulf of California, under a condition of natural isolation, a series of environmental attributes have been developed (biotic and abiotic) that are only observed in is region. In this work, the development of the bilateral political relations and the most important ecological characteristics are presented, as well as the management instruments that have been developed for over 80 years. From these issues, the possible scenario for the region is defined, and the development of methodologies for monitoring the effects of these possible tendencies on the natural components of the delta is proposed.
The Colorado river delta is a unique coastal system in the world, as it combines two important systems: the Colorado river and the Gulf of California. Consequently, the delta is dominated by bilateral interests, and influenced by administrative, political and natural processes, which involve the countries of the United States and Mexico. Located in the northern part of the Gulf of California, under a condition of natural isolation, a series of environmental attributes have been developed (biotic and abiotic) that are only observed in is region. In this work, the development of the bilateral political relations and the most important ecological characteristics are presented, as well as the management instruments that have been developed for over 80 years. From these issues, the possible scenario for the region is defined, and the development of methodologies for monitoring the effects of these possible tendencies on the natural components of the delta is proposed.