Época de emergência de azevém e nabo sobre a habilidade competitiva da cultura da cevada / Time of emergency of ryegrass and wild radish on the competitive ability of barley crop

Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar os efeitos de épocas de emergência das plantas daninhas, azevém e nabo, sobre a cultura da cevada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, arranjado em esquema fatorial 2x5, com três repetições. No fator A, foram alocadas as plantas competidoras (azevém e nabo) e no B as épocas de emergência (14 e 07 dias antes, no mesmo dia, 07 e 14 dias depois da emergência da cultura). No início da floração da cevada, foram mensuradas as variáveis: estatura das plantas, número de colmos ou caules, área foliar e matéria seca da parte aérea da cultura e das plantas daninhas. Todas as variáveis avaliadas da cevada apresentaram aumento de valor com o atraso da emergência das plantas daninhas. As espécies, cultivada ou daninhas, que emergiram antes, apresentaram maior habilidade competitiva, dominando o ambiente quando emergiram 14 dias antes uma da outra. Quanto mais tarde ocorrer a emergência das plantas daninhas com relação à cultura, menor é a interferência e, desse modo, maior é a habilidade da cevada em competir com a espécie daninha pelos recursos disponíveis no meio.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of times of emergence of the weed ryegrass species and wild radish on barley. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 2x5 factorial design, with three replicates. In factor A were allocated the competing species (ryegrass and wild radish) and in factor B the emergence periods (14 and 7 days before, on the same day, 7 and 14 days after crop emergence). At the beginning of barley flowering, the following variables were quantified: plant height, number of stalks or stems, leaf area, and shoot dry mass of crop and weeds. All barley variables had increased in value with the delay in weed emergence. The species, cultivated or weeds, that emerged earlier showed greater competitive ability, dominating the environment when emerging 14 days before each other. The later the emergence of weeds with respect to the crop, the less the interference they cause, and, thereby, the crop presents a greater ability to compete with the weeds for available resources in the environment.

Germination and early growth of soybean, dry bean and turnip grown UNDER Digitaria horizontalis straw / Germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de soja, feijão e nabiça cultivados sob palhada de Digitaria horizontalis

The study aimed to evaluate the possible inhibitory effects of different concentrations of crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis Willd.) dry mass incorporated to the soil over the germination and early growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and turnip (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). The experimental design adopted was completely random, with four replications where, each one was consisted of a 2.5 L capacity pot. Dry mass of crabgrass at equivalent amounts of 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 t ha-1 were incorporated into the soil. Crops seedling emergence was checked daily, and germination, speed germination index, mean germination time, relative frequency and synchronization index of germination were computed at the final of 10 days .The height and dry mass of plants were evaluated at 35 days after sowing. The incorporation to the soil of D. horizontalis dry mass caused significant reduction of the height and dry weight of soybean, dry bean and turnip, but were not observed consistent influence over the germination of these species.