ABSTRACT
A novel method for simultaneous determination of 3 rat poisons ( tetramine, bromadiolone, brodifacoum) and 5 toxic alkaloids ( hyoscyamine, scopolamine, gelsemine, strychnine, brucine ) in toxic samples by dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction ( DLLME ) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established. A mixture extractant containing 100 μL trichloromethane and 600 μL methanol was injected into the prepared sample to form an emulsion and the extraction process was accomplished. After centrifuged at 8000 r/min for 5 min, the settled drop of trichloromethane solvent was transferred to a conical insert within a GC autosampler vessel, and analyzed by GC-MS. Factors affecting extraction efficiency such as the type and volume of extractant, dispersive agent, extraction time, pH value and salt concentration of extraction system were studied. The limits of detection(LODs) were from 0. 003 to 1 μg/L in water sample, urine sample and rice wine sample. LODs were from 0. 002 to 0. 2 μg/kg in rice sample. The recoveries of toxic samples were in the range of 81. 0%-110%. The relative standard deviations( RSDs) were lower than 7%. The proposed method was sensitive, effective, and suitable for the simultaneous determination of toxic alkaloids and rat poisons in food poisoning sample.
ABSTRACT
Produtos utilizados para controle de roedores ocupam a terceira posição entre as causas mais comuns de exposições a agentes tóxicos em cães. Cerca de 20% dessas exposições resultam em intoxicação (OSWEILER, 1998). A terapêutica adequada e o tempo decorrido entre a ingestão e os primeiros procedimentos são os principais fatores determinantes do sucesso do tratamento, o qual pode ocasionar distúrbios de coagulação e morte do paciente, se não for bem conduzido. Este trabalho relata um caso de ingestão acidental de brodifacoum por um cão e a subsequente abordagem terapêutica emergencial.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Dogs , Monitoring, Physiologic/veterinary , Rodenticides/poisoning , Vitamin K/administration & dosage , Anticoagulants/toxicity , Charcoal/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Exposure to toxic substances, including pesticides, can cause irreversible damage to humans, including death, and is therefore considered a serious public health problem worldwide. This is a retrospective study using data gathered by the Toxicological Information and Assistance Center of Brazil's Federal District (Ciat-DF) between 2004 and 2007. During this period, 709 intoxications with pesticide occurred in the DF and were analyzed in this study. Fifty-one percent of the intoxicated individuals were men; the events occurred mostly in the home (91 percent), in the urban area (86.3 percent) and by ingestion (84 percent). Children from 1 to 4 years of age and adults from 20 to 39 years were involved in 30 percent and 36 percent of the cases, respectively. Accidental intoxication corresponded to 47.1 percent of the cases, followed by attempted suicide (44.2 percent). The illegal rodenticide known as "chumbinho", the main ingredient of which is carbamate insecticide aldicarb, was involved in 35.1 percent of the cases, mostly in suicide attempts. In eighteen cases, the intoxicated individuals died after exposure to the pesticides, namely 15 suicides and 3 accidental poisonings. When compared with other data sources, this study identified a high level of underreporting to the Ciat-DF of intoxication by pesticide during the period under study.
A exposição humana a substâncias tóxicas, incluindo agrotóxicos, pode levar a danos irreversíveis no organismo e até ao óbito, sendo considera um grave problema de saúde pública. Este é um estudo retrospectivo, que utilizou dados reportados ao Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica do Distrito Federal, Brasil (Ciat-DF) referentes a intoxicações por agrotóxicos ocorridas no DF de 2004 a 2007. Nesse período, 709 intoxicações foram notificadas e avaliadas neste estudo. A maioria dos indivíduos envolvidos nas intoxicações foi do sexo masculino (51,2 por cento), intoxicados no domicílio (91 por cento), em área urbana (86,3 por cento) e por via oral (84 por cento). Crianças de 1 a 4 anos e adultos de 20 a 39 anos estiveram envolvidos em 30 e 36 por cento das intoxicações, respectivamente. As intoxicações acidentais corresponderam a 47,1 por cento dos casos, seguidas pelas tentativas de suicídio (44,2 por cento). O raticida ilegal chumbinho, conhecido por conter, principalmente, o inseticida carbamato aldicarbe, esteve envolvido em 35,1 por cento dos casos, principalmente em tentativas de suicídio. Dezoito das intoxicações registradas evoluíram a óbito, 15 por suicídio e 3 por acidente individual. Quando comparado com outras fontes de dados, este estudo detectou uma alta taxa de subnotificação das intoxicações por agrotóxicos reportadas ao Ciat-DF no período do estudo.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Pesticides/poisoning , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Poison Control Centers , Poisoning/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This is a case report of bromadiolone poisoning, which was mistaken initially as a case of assault and homicide by the relatives and police. Bromadiolone acts by inhibiting vitamin K synthesis and produces multiple areas of bleeding that can bear a superficial resemblance to contusions. The history however, later revealed that the deceased had consumed a rat poison whose main constituent was bromadiolone. The clinical diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation was supported by the his-topathology findings, and the toxicological analysis confirmed the presence of bromadiolone. The antidote to this compound is vitamin K1 and in severe cases, whole blood or plasma also should be used. Once the patient has stabilized, and in less severe cases, vitamin K1 can be given orally.
ABSTRACT
Rats are among the most destructive of pests, ravaging crops and prepared food material. A variety of rodenticides are available in India for killing these pests, and among them, the most common compounds include zinc phosphide and bromadiolone. While there is little doubt that they are effective rodenticides, the flip side is that they are increasingly being employed for committing suicide, and even homicide. Thin layer chromatography, an inexpensive and relatively simple method for detecting various poisons has rarely been employed in detecting bromadiolone in biological materials. An attempt has therefore been made in this study to identify bromadiolone in biological samples. This can be employed in clinical and forensic cases as a preliminary test, which if necessary can subsequently be confirmed with more sophisticated analyses.