Las relaciones entre prosodia y comprensión lectora en alumnos hispanohablantes: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Relations between prosody and reading comprehension in Spanish-speaking students: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumen La fluidez ha sido considerada como uno de los factores relevantes que interviene en la comprensión lectora. Actualmente se incluye en la fluidez, además de la velocidad y la precisión, la prosodia como uno de los componentes que actúa de forma preponderante en la construcción del significado de la lectura. El propósito de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis para determinar, por un lado, la situación de la agenda investigativa en la materia y, por el otro, mensurar la magnitud de la relación entre prosodia y comprensión lectora en alumnos hablantes nativos del español. Se realizó para ello un rastreo bibliográfico en las bases de datos Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, ERIC, Scopus y PubMed, sin restricciones temporales. En la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 18 estudios. Con los estudios correlacionales (n = 12) se llevó a cabo un metaanálisis multinivel, en el que se examinaron 59 coeficientes de correlación. El análisis mostró una asociación significativa entre prosodia y comprensión lectora (t(58) = 9.77, p < .001) con un efecto moderado de .46 (Z de Fisher = .49 [95 % CI = .39, .59]). Ni el nivel escolar al que asisten los alumnos (primario o secundario), ni el nivel en el que se evaluó la comprensión (oración o texto) moderaron la relación entre las variables. En suma, los resultados sostienen que las habilidades prosódicas contribuyen al procesamiento semántico de las oraciones y textos en español, más allá del nivel educativo del que se trate.

Abstract Fluency has been considered one of the relevant factors involved in reading comprehension, by providing a bridge between decoding and comprehension. At present, fluency includes, alongside rate and accuracy, prosody as one the parts which plays a preponderant role in the construction of meaning during the reading process. Prosodic reading is the use of oral language features when reading a text, such as pausing, stress and intonation, in order that the text will be read aloud with the tonal and rhythmic characteristics of speech. Furthermore, prosodic reading makes it possible to organize word sequences into syntactically cohesive units of meaning. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis, firstly, in order to determine the situation of research articles which enquire into the relation between prosody and reading comprehension, and secondly, to measure the significance of that relation in students who are native speakers of Spanish. To that end, a bibliographic search was performed without time restrictions in the following databases: Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, ERIC, Scopus and PubMed. The systematic review included 18 studies. The qualitative synthesis showed four categories of articles: (1) validation studies of instruments to assess reading fluency; (2) intervention studies on different prosodic aspects and enquiries into their impact on reading comprehension; (3) comparisons of good and poor comprehenders; and (4) correlational studies. A multilevel meta-analysis was performed in the correlational studies (n = 12), examining 59 correlation coefficients. The analysis showed a significant association between reading comprehension and prosody (t(58) = 9.77, p < .001) with a moderate effect of .46 (z = .49 [95 % CI = .39, .59]). Once outlier values had been removed, no variation was found in the size of the estimated effect (r = .46). Two additional models were adjusted, including as moderating variables, respectively, the type of assessment performed on comprehension (sentence or text level) and the educational level (primary or secondary). The results obtained from these models suggest the association between comprehension and prosody is neither moderated by the type of assessment carried out (F(1, 57) = 1.51, ρ = .22), nor by the educational level (F(1, 57) = 0.10, ρ = .75). In summary, the meta-analysis showed a moderate relation between prosody and reading comprehension. These relations continued beyond the level at which the latter variable (sentence or text) was examined, and throughout the school trajectory. In other words, and in contrast to other aspects of fluency, such as accuracy and rate, prosody seems to maintain its contribution to comprehension. In sum, the findings support the claim that suprasegmental skills, both at lexical level (i. e. the skills related to the identification, stress and manipulation of stressed syllables in words) and at metrical level (the capabilities responsible for processing intonation, rhythm and pausing when reading), contribute to the semantic processing of sentences and texts in Spanish, regardless of the educational level under analysis. These results should be moderated given the limited number of studies found and the smaller amount of research carried out at secondary school level. In spite of these limitations, the relationships observed among the variables studied support the importance of prosodic reading to psychoeducational diagnosis and intervention in reading comprehension, and they provide significant background for future research.

Subjective visual quality, reading fluency and patient satisfaction with the extended depth of focus IOL / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the subjective visual quality, reading fluency and patient satisfaction after a unilateral or bilateral implantation of the Tecnis Symfony extended depth of focus intraocular lens(IOL)with cataract.<p>METHODS: The retrospective analysis on the 48 patients(71 eyes)with cataract phacomulsification surgery in our hospital, which were randomly divided into two groups. The bilateral group with 23 patients(46 eyes)bilateral implanted the Symfony extended depth of focus IOL, the unilateral group with 25 patients(25 eyes)implanted the Symfony IOL in one eye and an aspherical monofocal IOL in the other eye. The uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA), uncorrected intermediate distance visual acuity(UIVA), uncorrected near distance visual acuity(UNVA), and best corrected distance visual acuity(BCVA)were measured 3, 6mo after surgery. The contrast sensitivity, reading fluency, reading speed, patient satisfaction and the occurrence of complications were also observed.<p>RESULTS: In the unilateral group, there were no significant differences in the UDVA and BCVA between an eye with the Symfony IOL and an eye with monofocal IOL 3mo after surgery(P>0.05). After 6mo of surgery, UDVA were significantly better than pre-operation in two groups, average visual acuity of LogMAR was under 0.1. There were no significant differences in UDVA, BCVA, UIVA and UNVA between two groups(P>0.05). The patients'far, intermediate, and near distances satisfaction were higher after 3mo of surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in spatial frequency contrast sensitivity between the two groups under photopic/mesopic conditions and mesopic with glare 6mo after surgery. The scores of satisfactions for reading fluency were better in the bilateral group than in the unilateral group(P>0.05). After 6mo, the reading speed of binocular group was slightly higher than the unilateral group(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between two groups(P >0.05).<p>CONCLUSION:The Symfony extended depth of focus IOL provides good far, intermediate, and near visual acuity in the bilateral group and the unilateral group, while maintaining the same level of visual quality. In both groups over 90% patients were spectacle independent. Symfony IOL has widely adaptability and highly predictability, patients can obtain better satisfactions for reading fluency and reading speed. It is more suitable for intermediate vision.

O Impacto do Programa "Ainda Estou a Aprender" na Fluência Leitora dos Alunos com Dificuldades / The Impact of the Program "I'm Still Learning" on Reading Fluency of Students with Difficulties / El Impacto del Programa "Todavía estoy aprendiendo" en la Fluidez Lectora de Estudiantes con Dificultades

As estratégias de intervenção no âmbito das dificuldades na aprendizagem da leitura constituem o foco deste trabalho. No panorama nacional, a escassez desses recursos educativos, associada ao fraco investimento na sua validação empírica, orientaram o nosso interesse para a análise desta temática. O recente programa Ainda Estou a Aprender (AEA) é uma ferramenta que tem como objetivo avaliar e intervir na aprendizagem da leitura, mas não se conhecem estudos que atestem a sua eficácia. Neste contexto, desenvolvemos um estudo com 44 alunos do 2º ano de escolaridade com dificuldades na aprendizagem da leitura, que distribuímos aleatoriamente por dois grupos, experimental e controle, no sentido de medir o impacto do programa AEA na fluência leitora. Ao grupo experimental foi aplicado o AEA, individualmente ou em pequeno grupo, em 18 sessões de 30 minutos durante seis semanas. O grupo de controle não seguiu o programa. O desempenho dos dois grupos foi monitorizado em três momentos (pré-teste, pós-teste e follow-up). Os resultados demonstram que os alunos do grupo experimental registaram um desempenho manifestamente superior na fluência (h2= .30), assumindo-se como uma prova da eficácia da intervenção. (AU)

Intervention strategies in the context of difficulties in learning to read are the focus of this work. In the national panorama, the scarcity of these educational resources, associated with the low investment in their empirical validation, guided our interest in analyzing this theme. The recent program "I'm Still Learning" is a tool that aims to assess and intervene in learning to read, but there are no known studies attesting to its effectiveness. In this context, we developed a study with 44 2nd grade students with difficulties in learning to read, which we randomly distributed into two groups, experimental and control, as to measure the impact of the program on reading fluency. The "I'm Still Learning" was applied to the experimental group, individually or in a small group, in 18 sessions of 30 minutes during six weeks. The control group did not follow the program. The performance of both groups was monitored at three times (pre-test, post-test and follow-up). The results demonstrate that the students in the experimental group registered a manifestly superior performance in fluency (h2 = .30), assuming this as a proof of the effectiveness of the intervention. (AU)

Las estrategias de intervención en el contexto de las dificultades para aprender a leer son el foco de este trabajo. En el panorama nacional, la escasez de estos recursos educativos, asociada a la baja inversión en su validación empírica, orientó nuestro interés por analizar este tema. El reciente programa "Todavía estoy aprendiendo" es una herramienta que tiene como objetivo evaluar e intervenir en el aprendizaje de la lectura, pero no se conocen estudios que atesten su eficacia. En este contexto, desarrollamos un estudio con 44 alumnos de segundo año con dificultades para aprender a leer, que distribuimos aleatoriamente en dos grupos, experimental y control, para medir el impacto del programa en la fluidez lectora. El "Todavía estoy aprendiendo" se aplicó al grupo experimental, individualmente o en grupo reducido, en 18 sesiones de 30 minutos, durante seis semanas. El grupo de control no siguió el programa. El desempeño de ambos grupos se controló en tres momentos (preprueba, posprueba y seguimiento). Los resultados demuestran que los estudiantes del grupo experimental registraron un desempeño manifiestamente superior en fluidez (h2 = .30), asumiendo esto como prueba de la efectividad de la intervención. (AU)

Avaliação de um programa informatizado para promoção do repertório de ler com compreensão / Evaluation of a computerized program for the development of a reading comprehension repertoire

A leitura está presente em várias situações do cotidiano, como na aquisição de conteúdos acadêmicos e em situações práticas do dia-a-dia, portanto, quem a compreende apresenta maior autonomia para interagir com o ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do Módulo 3, parte do Currículo de Ensino "Aprendendo a ler e a escrever em pequenos passos", na promoção da leitura com compreensão e da fluência de leitura. O Módulo 3 era composto por 15 livros com a finalidade de promover comportamentos de identificar fatos explícitos nos textos, fazer inferências, identificar o tema da história e aprender vocabulário contextual. Participaram do estudo 11 crianças do ensino fundamental, separadas em grupo controle e experimental. Foram utilizadas medidas de compreensão textual e de fluência de leitura antes e após o procedimento de ensino, as quais foram analisadas com o programa estatístico R Core Team. Foi demonstrado aumento significativo na medida de compreensão de textos para as crianças do grupo experimental, quando comparados os resultados com o grupo controle. Sobre a fluência de leitura, não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas na comparação entre os grupos, entretanto o grupo experimental apresentou aumento significativo da medida quando comparado com ele mesmo.

Reading is present in many situations of our everyday life such as in the acquisition of academic contents and in our daily practical situations; however, those who understand it shows more autonomy to interact with the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Module 3, part of the Teaching Curriculum "Learning to read and write in small steps", towards the improvement of the reading comprehension and reading fluency. Module 3 includes 15 books with the objective to promote the identification of explicit facts in the texts, to make inferences, to identify the theme of the story and to learn contextual vocabulary. Eleven elementary school children participated in the study divided into a control group and an experimental group. The study adopted text comprehension reading fluency measures before and after the teaching procedure, analyzed by the R Core Team statistical program. Results showed significant increase in the text comprehension measure for children from the experimental group when compared to the results from the control group. In regards to reading fluency, there was no significant difference between the comparative measures between the groups; however, the experimental group showed significant increase in this measure, when compared to itself.

Identification of struggling readers or at risk of reading difficulties with one-minute fluency measures

Abstract Background: To identify readers who are struggling or at risk of reading difficulties, reference standards in oral reading fluency (ORF) are used to conduct an assessment that is based on a widely reported method known as curriculum-based measurement (CBM), which itself is based on 1-min fluency measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' ORF (with a 1-min fluency measure) to characterize their fluency and to determine references of appropriate development in reading at the 50th percentile. Method: For this study, a database of readings made available by the Learning Studies Research Laboratory was used. This database consisted of 365 readings by elementary-school students from the third to fifth grades in two cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo from two different public school systems that use the same teaching methodology. The data consisted of digital audio recordings of the passage "The Umbrella" (text suitable for schooling levels) of the Protocol for Assessment of Reading Comprehension procedure. For this procedure, three steps were performed: step 1—listening to the 365 readings and assessing the scores for the number of words read correctly per minute; step 2—the calculation of the mean and percentiles for each grade; and step 3—the adaptation of the reference table to indicate students eligible to receive reading fluency intervention. Results: Third-year students who correctly read 86 or more words per minute, fourth-year students who correctly read 104 or more words per minute, and fifth-year students who correctly read 117 or more words per minute were considered students who had made adequate progress in reading. Conclusion: It was possible to classify students based on the 1-min fluency measures, with reference intervals of words read correctly per minute per school year (for the third, fourth, and fifth years) for those who were making adequate progress in reading and reference intervals for those who were considered readers who were struggling or at risk of reading difficulties.

Velocidad lectora en voz alta y silente: su relación con la comprensión de textos como herramientas para evaluar la fluidez / Oral and silent Reading speed: its relationship with reading comprehension as a tool to assess reading fluency

La lectura fluida se caracteriza por ser comprensiva, rápida y sin errores. Este trabajo se propone estudiar la fluidez lectora en voz alta y silente con medidas de comprensión de textos y velocidad. Además, se identificará cómo la precisión y la velocidad lectora en voz alta y silente están implicadas en la comprensión en cada modalidad. Participaron 41 niños y niñas de 3° grado que respondieron una tarea estandarizada de lectura de palabras y no palabras y dos tareas de lectura y comprensión de texto diseñadas ad hoc. Los resultados indican que la velocidad lectora no varía según la modalidad, pero evidencian un mejor rendimiento en comprensión al leer de manera silente. Asimismo, las medidas de precisión de lectura de palabras y no palabras aisladas se asocian con la velocidad en voz alta y silente, mientras que la precisión al leer palabras en el texto está relacionada con la comprensión lectora silente

Fluent text reading is fast, accurate and comprehensive. The aim of this research is to study oral and silent reading fluency using comprehension and speed measures to establish differences between reading modalities. It will also identify the role of word accuracy and speed measures in reading comprehension in both modalities. A sample of 41 children from 3rd grade was evaluated with a standardized word and nonword reading task, and with an oral and a silent reading comprehension ad hoc designed tasks. Measures of oral and silent reading speed and reading comprehension scores were compared. Results showed no differences between speed reading rates and a better performance in silent reading comprehension. Additionally, reading accuracy measures of word and nonwords have been associated with time reading measures in both modalities, while reading accuracy measures of words in the text have been found involved in silent reading comprehension

Relação entre Fluência e Compreensão Leitora em Escolares com Dificuldades de Aprendizagem / Relating between Fluency and Reading Comprehension in Students with Learning Difficulties

RESUMO A capacidade para ler e compreender textos é fundamental tanto em nossa vida diária como no contexto educativo. Considerando esse aspecto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a fluência e a compreensão de leitura de escolares do segundo para o quinto ano do ensino fundamental com e sem dificuldades de aprendizagem. Participaram oitenta escolares divididos em oito grupos: GI a GIV (escolares sem dificuldades de aprendizagem); GV a GVIII (escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem). Por meio da leitura oral de um texto, foram medidos tempo, exatidão, velocidade e compreensão de leitura. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas em todas as variáveis, indicando desempenho inferior para os escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem. Verificou-se que as dificuldades de fluência de leitura interferiram na compreensão leitora.

ABSTRACT The capacity to read and comprehending text is essential in our daily life and in the educational context. Considering this aspect the objective of this study was to compare fluency and reading comprehension of students from second to fifth grade of primary school with and without learning difficulties. The eighty students who participated were divided into eight groups: GI to GIV (students without learning difficulties); GV to GVIII (students with learning difficulties). Of the oral reading of a text were measured the time, accuracy, speed and reading comprehension. Statistically significant differences were observed on all these variables indicating inferior performance to the students with learning difficulties. It was found that difficulties in reading fluency interfered with reading comprehension.

Análisis comparativo de estudios sobre la velocidad de nombrar en español y su relación con la adquisición de la lectura y sus dificultades / Comparative Analysis of Rapid Automatized Naming Studies in Spanish and Reading Acquisition and Reading Difficulties

La relación entre las tareas de Velocidad de Nombrar (VN) y la lectura se estudió por primera vez, en lengua inglesa, en la década de los 70, descubriéndose que los niños con dislexia eran lentos e inconsistentes en estas tareas. Posteriormente, algunos estudios han confirmado que la VN es el mejor predictor de la lectura en lenguas trasparentes, consecuentemente, se convierte en una medida de gran interés para la ortografía española. Acorde con lo expuesto, se analizan las investigaciones publicadas sobre VN y lectura en español, con el objetivo de extraer conclusiones para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las dificultades de lectura. Los estudios revisados muestran que la VN es un potente indicador para predecir la adquisición posterior de la lectura en edades tempranas y para discriminar entre lectores típicos y aquellos con dificultades. La VN es una medida fácil de administrar, útil tanto para el diagnóstico como para la prevención de las dificultades de lectura en nuestra lengua.

The relationship between Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) tasks and reading proficiency was first studied for English during the 70s, one finding being that children with dyslexia were slow and inconsistent in the RAN tasks. Later on, some studies have confirmed that RAN is the best predictor for transparent ortographies - and so of particular interest for Spanish. The research done so far on RAN and reading in Spanish is therefore reviewed here in order to draw conclusions for the diagnosis and treatment of reading difficulties. Our review shows that RAN is both a powerful early predictor of future reading outcomes and capable of discriminating between typical and poor readers. Being very easy to test, RAN is thus of great use in the diagnosis and prevention of reading disorders in Spanish.