Aproximación al aprendizaje pedagógico en la discapacidad intelectual leve / An approach to pedagogical learning in mild intellectual disability

Este trabajo presenta una reflexión actualizada de métodos y estrategias eficaces para el aprendizaje del cálculo, la escritura y lectura en sujetos con discapacidad intelectual leve. Conforme con el análisis de las investigaciones abordadas, se puede concluir que, si bien los propósitos de la atención pedagógica a los sujetos con déficit intelectual vienen enmarcados bajo los principios de la educación inclusiva, se evidencia una gran diferencia entre las intenciones de la educación inclusiva y la realidad de las instituciones educativas. Así, los niños con discapacidad intelectual leve, pese a ser integrados en el aula regular, no logran recibir la atención educativa requerida para fortalecer los aprendizajes pedagógicos de lectoescritura y cálculo; situación que se relaciona con el desconocimiento, por parte de los docentes, de las estrategias pedagógicas para abordar las particularidades educativas de esta población. El resultado del análisis, evidencia la existencia de diversas técnicas; indica, al mismo tiempo, que no existe un método específico para el aprendizaje de habilidades académicas en los sujetos con deficiencias intelectuales leves, sugiere identificar el interés y la necesidad de los estudiantes para así establecer flexibilizaciones en las planeaciones pedagógicas y metodológicas del currículo que favorezcan el proceso de aprendizaje

This work presents an updated reflection of effective methods and strategies for learning calculation, writing and reading in subjects with mild intellectual disabilities. According to the analysis of the analyzed researches we can concluded that, although the purposes of pedagogical attention to subjects with intellectual deficits are framed under the principles of inclusive education, there is evidence of a great difference between the intentions of inclusive education and the reality of educational institutions. Thus, children with mild intellectual disabilities, despite being integrated into the regular classroom, do not manage to receive the educational attention required to strengthen the pedagogical learning of literacy and numeracy. A situation that is related to the ignorance, from teachers, of the pedagogical strategies to address the educational particularities of this population. The result of the analysis shows the existence of various techniques, indicates, at the same time, that there is no specific method for learning academic skills in subjects with mild intellectual deficiencies, we suggest identifying the interest and need of students in order to do so, establishing flexibilities in the pedagogical and methodological planning of the curriculum that favor the learning process.Keywords: Learning; Intellectual deficit; Intellectual disability; Inclusive education; Teaching; Reading/writing; Mathematics; Pedagogy.

Habilidades gnósico-práxicas relacionadas con dificultades del aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura en individuos de 9 a 12 años / Gnosis-praxic Skills Related to Disabilities in Learning to Read and Write in Individuals Aged 9 to 12 Years

Resumen Las dificultades del aprendizaje constituyen una de las principales causas de fracaso escolar; su aparición temprana puede evidenciarse en las habilidades gnósico-práxicas que soportan los procesos de lectura y escritura. Objetivo: Describir las habilidades gnósicas y práxicas en niños escolares, de 9 a 12 años de edad, asociadas a la presencia o no de dificultades en la lectura y/o la escritura. Participantes: 53 niños de una institución pública del municipio de Sabaneta-Colombia, divididos en dos grupos, uno compuesto por 16 niños con dificultades en la lectura y/o escritura y, el otro, por 37 niños sin dificultades en estos procesos. Resultados: La comparación intergrupos evidenció diferencias estadísticas (valor p y tamaño del efecto) significativas en aspectos cruciales para el proceso de lectura y escritura: la formación de imágenes visoconstruccionales y la velocidad, la planeación y la coordinación motora, evaluadas a partir de las tareas gnósico-práxicas de Sucesión de números y letras (WISC-IV) y Tapping (BANETA). Adicionalmente, se hallaron diferencias estadísticas en las subpruebas de Esterognosia, y correlaciones significativas entre Tapping y la velocidad al escribir palabras (BANETA). Conclusión: Las habilidades gnósico-práxicas no son plenamente los procesos predominantes en las diferencias intergrupos, si bien las habilidades motoras se vinculan con los procesos de aprendizaje y las dificultades que en ellos puedan presentarse, como lo sugieren las correlaciones dadas entre la subprueba de velocidad motora y el proceso de escritura. Adicionalmente, la velocidad de procesamiento y la memoria operativa se presentan como procesos transversales a las habilidades gnósico-práxicas y de lectura y escritura.

Abstract Learning disabilities constitute one of the main causes of school failure; their early manifestation may be evidenced in the gnosis-praxis skills that support reading and writing processes. Objective: To describe the performance of gnosis-praxis skills in school children (aged from 9 to 12 years old), associated to the existence or not of reading and/or writing difficulties. Participants: 53 children of a public school in Sabaneta - Colombia, divided into two groups, one consisting of 16 children with difficulties in reading and/or writing and, the other, by 37 children without difficulties in these processes. Results: The intergroup comparison showed significant statistical differences , in crucial aspects for reading and writing process: the visoconstructional image formation, speed, planning and motor coordination, obtained from the gnosis - praxis tasks of Letter-Number Sequencing (WISC-IV) and Tapping (BANETA). Additionally, statistical differences were found in the subtests of Stereognosis (BANETA) and significant correlations between Tapping and the speed rate in writing words. Conclusion: Gnosis - praxis skills are not the predominant processes in intergroup differences, even though motor skills are linked to learning process and the difficulties they may arise, as suggested by the correlations given between the motor speed subtest and the writing process. In addition, processing speed and operational memory are shown as crosscutting processes in gnosis-praxis, reading and writing skills.

A Study to Assess Whether Medium of Instruction in School Does Affect the Learning Style Preferences of First Year Medical Students

Introduction: First-year medical students coming from different backgrounds and mediums of schooling have to cope up witha vast amount of information. Learning is influenced by the mode of input that has been presented to the students. They havedifferent learning styles and preferences as far as knowledge uptake is concerned. Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing, andKinesthetic (VARK) are among the known modes of information presentation.Purpose: The present study was aimed at checking out if the medium of instruction in schools affected preference in learningstyles among the 1st-year medical students. This could be of help probably in providing customized instructive plans if required.Methods: In the present study, 116 1st-year medical students from Grant Government Medical College coming from differentmediums of instruction in school were included and categorized as English medium (EM) and Non-EM (NEM). The standardVARK questionnaire developed by Fleming was used in the study to assess their learning preferences.Results: No significant difference in learning style preference for both EM and NEM was found in either multimodal or unimodallearners. Further breakdown of the multimodal learners into modality combinations, i.e., bimodal, trimodal, and quadmodal, too,did not reveal any significant learning style difference among the different mediums.Conclusion: As no significant difference in learning style preference among students from different mediums were revealedin the present study, there seems to be no need of personalized teaching strategy differences for the students coming fromdifferent backgrounds and medium of instruction.

Leitura, escrita e equivalência de estímulos: em foco procedimentos de ensino / Reading, Writing and Stimulus Equivalence ­ Focus on Teaching Procedures / Lectura, Escrita y Equivalencia de Estímulos ­ en Foco Procedimientos de Enseñanza

A literatura aponta que a comunidade behaviorista produz sistematicamente estudos sobre sua produção científica. Usualmente, utilizam-se os resumos das publicações, os quais permitem focalizar grande número de trabalhos; no entanto, tal decisão impede que se aprofunde a análise do que foi realizado, em virtude da ausência de informações mais detalhadas. O presente estudo identificou especificamente os procedimentos de ensino sobre leitura recombinativa, com referencial da equivalência de estímulos. Foram analisadas na íntegra 12 pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado, identificando-se participantes (quantidade, idade, série cursada); setting (escola x outros); agente da intervenção (pesquisador, professor, outros); forma de intervenção (pesquisador - participante; pesquisador- grupo); condições experimentais (avaliação inicial, ensino, avaliação após ensino, generalização, manutenção); relações ensinadas e relações testadas. Entre outros aspectos, a análise desses estudos indicou que: os participantes foram alunos do ensino fundamental; os procedimentos de ensino foram realizados na escola; o agente da intervenção foi o pesquisador; a forma de intervenção foi pesquisador- grupo; - a avaliação da manutenção foi pouco frequente; - as intervenções apresentaram um caráter "reparador" das falhas do sistema educacional. A partir dos resultados, são sugeridos aspectos a serem focalizados em novos estudos.

The literature points out that the behaviorist community systematically produces studies on its scientific production. Usually, abstracts of the publications are used, which allow to focus on a great number of works; however, such a decision precludes an in-depth analysis of what has been done, owing to the absence of more detailed information. In the present study, specific emphasis is given to instructional interventions based on stimulus equivalence to teach reading. Twelve master's and doctoral studies were analyzed in all, identifying participants (quantity, age, series studied); setting (school x others); intervention agent (researcher, teacher, others); intervention format (researcher ­ participant, researcher ­ group); experimental conditions (pretest, training, posttest, generalization, maintenance); training relations; and tested relations. The results indicated, among others: the participants were elementary school students; the instructional interventions were carried out in the school; the intervention agent was the researcher; the intervention format was researcher-group; the intervention presented a "reparative" character of the failures of the educational system; the maintenance test was infrequent. New aspects to be focused on future studies are suggested.

La literatura apunta que la comunidad conductista produce sistemáticamente estudios sobre su producción científica. Usualmente, se utilizan los resúmenes de las publicaciones, los cuales permiten enfocar un gran número de trabajos; Sin embargo, dicha decisión impide que se profundice el análisis de lo que se ha realizado, debido a la falta de información más detallada. El presente estudio identificó específicamente los procedimientos de enseñanza sobre lectura recombinante, con referencial de la equivalencia de estímulos. Se analizaron en total 12 investigaciones de maestría y doctorado, identificando se participantes (cantidad, edad, serie cursada); (escuela x otros); agente de la intervención (investigador, profesor, otros); forma de intervención evaluación tras la enseñanza, generalización, mantenimiento); relaciones enseñadas y relaciones probadas. Entre otros aspectos, el análisis de estos estudios indicó que: los participantes fueron alumnos de la enseñanza fundamental; Los procedimientos de enseñanza se realizaron en la escuela; El agente de intervención fue el pesquisador; La forma de intervención fue pesquisador - grupo; - la evaluación del mantenimiento fue poco frecuente; - las intervenciones presentaron un carácter "reparador" de las fallas del sistema educativo. A partir de los resultados, se sugieren aspectos a centrarse en nuevos estudios.

Dificultades en el factor neuropsicológico Cinestésico predicen posibles problemas en la adquisición de la escritura / Kinesthetic neuropsychological factor difficulties predict possible problems in writing acquisition

En este estudio, se evaluó a un grupo de niños y niñas de primero a tercer grado de educación básica primaria con problemas en la adquisición de la escritura en comparación con un grupo control. Los resultados obtenidos en la Evaluación neuropsicológica infantil "Puebla-Sevilla", muestran diferencias significativas en los factores Cinético, Cinestésico y Percepción Espacial Global entre los dos grupos. Resultados similares fueron observados en las tareas de escritura contenidas en la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI). Asimismo, se tipificaron cualitativamente los tipos de errores cometidos en las tareas de escritura. Análisis posteriores mostraron una correlación en la ejecución de los sujetos, mostraron además que el factor Cinestésico puede considerarse predictor de una adecuada adquisición de la escritura y que la tarea de dictado de la ENI es sensible para el reconocimiento de dificultades en dicho factor.

In this study, we evaluated a group of boys and girls, from first to third grade of primary school, with difficulties in writing acquisition in comparison with a control group. The results obtained by using the "Evaluación Neuropsicológica infantil 'Puebla-Sevilla'" show significant differences between the experimental and the control group in the Kinetic, Kinesthesic and the Global Spatial Perception neuropsychological factors. Similar results were also obtained in the writing tasks that are part of the "Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI)". We also qualitatively typified the errors in the writing tasks. Correlational statistical analysis of the experimental and control groups show that the Kinesthesic factor can predict possible difficulties in the correct acquisition of the writing, and also, that the dictation task of the ENI can be valid for the recognition of difficulties in that factor.

Development of Reading and Writing for Deaf Students with Deaf Parent / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the development of reading and writing of deaf students with deaf parent.Methods 498 deaf students,332 parents with deaf students and 66 teachers in a special education school were investigated and analyzed.The ability of reading and writing of deaf students with deaf parents or hearing parents were compared.Results and Conclusion There was no significant difference of reading and writing between deaf students with deaf parents and hearing parents.

Desarrollo de la lectoescritura: adquisición y dominio / Development of reading/writing skills: acquisition and dominion

El presente trabajo analiza el desarrollo de la lecto-escritura, precisando dos fases: la adquisición y el dominio. En la primera fase, presenta los diferentes niveles conceptuales que desarrolla el niño, desde edades tempranas, en su intento por comprender el lenguaje escrito. Describe el papel de los gestos, el garabato, el dibujo y el juego, como las primeras construcciones con características simbólicas. Las conceptualizaciones del niño sobre el sistema de escritura corresponden a las hipótesis del nombre, de cantidad, de variedad y silábica, las cuales evidencian la construcción del conocimiento. Concreta en la adquisición, la conciencia fonológica, sintáctica y semántica. En la segunda fase, de dominio, se presentan una serie de procesos (perceptivos, léxicos, sintácticos, semánticos) y estrategias (metacognitivas, inferenciales, etc.) que determinan el nivel de literacia o dominio del sistema de escritura. Este estudio concreta que el desarrollo del lenguaje escrito inicia con la prehistoria conceptual de los gestos, garabatos, etc., continúa con la adquisición formal de la lecto-escritura, y finaliza con el dominio para comprender y producir textos escritos. El dominio de los procesos lingüísticos, cognitivos, metacognitivos, conceptuales, etc., está determinado por el nivel de manejo consciente de estos procesos.

This work analyzes the development of reading/writing skills, specifying two phases: acquisition and dominion. In the first phase, it shows the different conceptual levels developed by the child, from early ages, in his attempt for understand the written language. It describes the paper of gestures, scribbles, drawings and games, as the first constructions with symbolic characteristics. Conceptualization of the child, on the writing system, corresponds to the hypotheses of the name, amount, variety, and syllabics, all of which evidence the construction of knowledge. It makes concrete the acquisition of phonologic, syntactic and semantic awareness. In the second phase, the dominion one, it appears a series of processes (perceptive, lexical, syntactic, and semantic) and strategies (metacognitive, inferential, etc.) determining the level of literacy or dominion of the writing system. This study states that development of the written language initiates with the conceptual prehistory of the gestures, scribbles, etc., it continues with the formal acquisition of the reading/writing skills, and it finalizes with the dominion to comprehend and produce written texts. The dominion of linguistic, cognitive, metacognitive, conceptual, and other processes is determined by the level of awareness of these processes.