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The consumption of vegetable oils is common in our daily diet. Rapeseed oil (canola oil) is the third most consumed edible oil in the world, followed by palm and soybean oils in terms of production. Rapeseed oil has a low proportion of saturated fatty acids, while it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, as well as in healthy compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, processing technologies affect the content and functional activities of bioactive compounds in the oil. Aim: To assess any potential effect of hot or cold pressing and a refining process on the nutritional value and the profile of several bioactive compounds in canola oils produced in Chile. Methods: Canola oils were characterized regarding their fatty acid profile, phytosterol and tocopherol composition, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, according to the mode of extraction (cold or hot pressed) and before and after bWeing subjected to a refining process. Results: Fatty acid profiles were not significantly different in any of the analyzed canola oils. Refining but not temperature extraction led to a sharp decrease of phytosterols and tocopherols. Hot pressing significantly increased the amount of total phenols (3.1 times) and the antioxidant activity measured by ORAC (3.1 times) and DPPH (8.3 times) compared to the cold extraction. However, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity decreased after refining. Conclusions: Refining processes should be adjusted to reduce the loss of bioactive compounds in the oil.
El consumo de aceites vegetales es habitual en nuestra dieta diaria. El aceite de colza (aceite de canola) es el tercer aceite comestible más consumido en el mundo, seguido por los aceites de palma y soja en términos de producción. El aceite de colza tiene una baja proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, mientras que es rico en ácidos grasos insaturados, así como en compuestos liposolubles saludables como fenoles, tocoferoles, fitoesteroles, carotenoides y vitaminas. Sin embargo, las tecnologías de procesamiento afectan el contenido y las actividades funcionales de los compuestos bioactivos en el aceite. Objetivo: Evaluar cualquier efecto potencial del prensado en caliente o en frío y un proceso de refinación sobre el valor nutricional y el perfil de varios compuestos bioactivos en los aceites de canola producidos en Chile. Métodos: Los aceites de canola se caracterizaron en cuanto a su perfil de ácidos grasos, composición de fitoesteroles y tocoferoles, contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante, según el modo de extracción (prensado en frío o en caliente) y antes y después de ser sometidos a un proceso de refinación. Resultados: Los perfiles de ácidos grasos no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguno de los aceites de canola analizados. La refinación, pero no la extracción en caliente, condujo a una fuerte disminución de los fitoesteroles y tocoferoles. El prensado en caliente aumentó significativamente la cantidad de fenoles totales (3,1 veces) y la actividad antioxidante medida por ORAC (3,1 veces) y DPPH (8,3 veces) en comparación con la extracción en frío. Sin embargo, la concentración de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron después del refinado. Conclusión: Los procesos de refinación deben ajustarse para reducir la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos en el aceite.
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Background Most of the studies on grading and classification of occupational health compre-hensive risks for specific employers still remain in the establishment and description of methodology, and practical application studies are rarely reported. Objective To explore the application of an occupational disease hazards comprehensive risk assessment method issued by the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau in conjunction with the National Health Commission and a self-developed occupational health grading and classification method in petroleum refining enterprises, and to provide practical experience for the implementation of differentiated law enforcement by relevant regulatory authorities. Methods Two occupational health grading and classification methods were practiced in three petroleum refining enterprises in Guangdong Province. The occupational hazards comprehensive risk assessment method was provided by the Notice on Carrying out Pilot Work of Occupational Health Classification Supervision and Law Enforcement of the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau and the National Health Commission. The principle was to derive the occupational health risk level according to nature of occupational hazards, exposure level, and number of workers exposed to them in an employer, and then to classify them into Class A, Class B, and Class C by combining with local occupational health management status level. The occupational health grading and classification method was self-developed according to available domestic and foreign occupational health risk assessment methods. Its principle was to calculate the risk level of each workstation in an employer based on published carcinogenicity classification or LD50/LC50 of chemical toxicants, level of noise, exposure parameters such as exposure level and exposure frequency, estimate the comprehensive risk Ro of the target employer by the Romanian comprehensive risk calculation method, and then calculate a comprehensive risk Ro' weighted by the occupational health management index of the target employer and classify it into class A, class B, and class C. Finally, assessment results, scope of application, inquired indicators, advantages,disadvantages and professional competence requirements of the two grading and classification methods were compared. Results The occupational hazards that were evaluated in three enterprises in this study were benzene, toluene, xylene, gasoline, hydrogen sulfide, and noise. The exposure levels of benzene, toluene, xylene, and gasoline were all below 10% OEL (occupational exposure limit), and hydrogen sulfide and noise were disqualified. Occupational hazards such as benzene and hydrogen sulfide were serious occupational hazards in the three enterprises, and the number of workers exposed was 461, 912, and 224, respectively; the HRs (hazard ratings) of benzene, toluene, xylene, gasoline, hydrogen sulfide, and noise were level 5, 3, 2, 3, 5, and 3 respectively. The occupational health management status of the three enterprises was graded as B, A, and B, respectively by the occupational disease hazards comprehensive risk assessment method. The occupational health management index of the three enterprises was graded as B, A, and A, respectively by the occupational health grading and classification method. The comprehensive risk assessment results showed that two enterprises classified into as the highest class C and one into class B by the occupational disease hazards comprehensive risk assessment method, while all three enterprises were classified into class B by the occupational health grading and classification method. Conclusion The two grading and classification methods are not consistent in the evaluation results of petroleum refining enterprises, and there are differences in the evaluation scope, indicators to be collected, and professionalism. It is recommended that occupational health regulators should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods and choose the appropriate assessment method according to the actual regulatory purpose.
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Background: Bacteria present in the atmosphere often show predicable patterns across space and time. and these patterns and properties of the bacteria can be affected by presence of soot which is generated by artisanal refining and excessive burning of fossil fuel. These bacteria are being inhaled by humans on daily basis and this can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Aim: This work was carried out to investigate the microbial load and antimicrobial susceptibility of an environment associated with artisanal refining activities. Methodology: The eight samples were taken randomly from four different locations in a high artisanal refining state Rivers State (Ojoto Roundabout, Nembe Waterside, Rumuokalagbor Village, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Rivers State University Microbiology laboratory and Mile 1 Park) all in Port Harcourt, Rivers State and compared to two locations from another state Kano state (No. 33 Lamido Crescent and God is Good Motors Park, Kano State) without artisanal refining activities all in Nigeria and tested for viable bacteria load. The six test and two control samples were collected on prepared dry nutrient agar exposed to free air for a period of five (5) minutes and were covered properly and transferred to the laboratory and incubated at 37OC for 24 hours. The isolates were morphologically and biochemically determined and identified. Results: The Total Heterotrophic count indicates that samples from Rumuokalagbor village have a high number of bacteria growth colonies with a colony forming unit of 1.43 x 106 while sample from Rivers State University Teaching Hospital had lesser colony forming unit of 7.5 x 105,. However, the Total Heterotrophic Bacteria Count from our control is seen to be very low with 3.2 x 105 and 2.8 x 105 respectively. Microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species. were identified from the various locations. Few isolates were gotten from the entire laboratory with a total of 22 isolates, 18 Bacillus species (77), 3 Staphylococcus species (18%) and 1 Staphylococcus aureus (5%). The antimicrobial sensitivity results revealed Ciprofloxacin (77%) having higher sensitivity followed by Levofloxacin (66.6%). Norfloxacin (0%), Rifampicin (0%) and Ampiclox (0%) were seen to be highly resistant to the bacteria isolated. Conclusion: This work was able to identify Bacillus species,Staphylococcus species and Staphylococcus aerues. as bacteria associated with artisanal refining at the different sampled sites. Strict implementation on stopping artisanal refining in our communities is recommended to reduce the public health risk posed by soot inhalation.
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Under the guidance of the theory and technique of arrival of of heat-sensitive moxibustion, the technical elements of umbilical refining of moxibustion proposed in by were analyzed. It is believed that the parameters of moxibustion temperature and time are the key points. The standard of "quantitative moxa" is established to achieve the appropriate moxibustion temperature and moxibustion time. The umbilical refining of heat-sensitive moxibustion is established to reappear the magic effect of 's umbilical refining of moxibustion. The umbilical refining of heat-sensitive moxibustion is recommended for stomachache, diarrhea, constipation, dysmenorrhea, impotence, etc. with significant curative effect.
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Objective@#To explore the differences of occupational stress and its factors between petroleum refining workers and support staffs, and to propose more targeted measures to promote the health of petroleum refining and petrochemical workers.@*Methods@#A questionnaire survey was conducted among 353 petroleum refining workers and 189 employees in the logistics department using the occupational stress inventory revised edition (OSI-R) scale between June 13, 2017 and July 27, 2017.@*Results@#Among the occupational factors, there were significant differences in the job requirements, work risk, job monotony, participation in the decision-making scores among the male workers between labor group and logistics group (P<0.01) . And for female workers in the chemical group and logistics group there were also differences in the value of work control, job requirements, work monotonous, work prospects, improvement of opportunity (P<0.05) . In the aspect of personality traits, the score of work psychological control in chemical group was higher than that of the logistics group, while the organization loyalty score was lower than that of the logistics group. Be-sides, there were significant differences between chemical group and logistics group in the score of A behavior, self-esteem and anxiety traits among female group (P<0.05) . In terms of mitigating factors, there was a significant difference in social support score between chemical group and logistics group among female workers (P<0.01) . Comparison of the two groups of psychological stress showed that the mental health and anxiety status of the chemical group and the logistics group showed a difference (P<0.05) , and female workers in the chemical group job satisfaction score lower than the logistics group, but the body Complaints score higher than the logistics group.@*Conclusion@#The psychological stress response of petroleum refining workers is obviously more serious than the staff of logistics department, and there were significant differences between the two groups on occupational stress factors.
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Objective@#To investigate the association between occupational stress factors and the level of thyroid function and liver function in petroleum refining and petrochemical workers. @*Methods@#A total of 353 petroleum refining workers were investigated by occupational stress indicator question-naire (OSI-R) , and their level of thyroid and liver function were measured. @*Results@#With the incre-ase of task control, decision control, environmental control, resource control and technology utilization score, the TT4 concentration level decreased (P<0.05) . The TT4 concentration level increased with the increase of the quantiontive load, load changes, job hazards, job prospects, promation opportunities and participaction decision rating (P<0.05) . The total protein concentration level decreased with the increase of task control, decision control, environmental control, resource control, quantitative load, load change, promotion opportunity and participation decision value (P<0.05) , increased with the use degree of technology, work risk, job monotonous, work prospects score rised (P<0.05) . And there were statistically significant differences in the job requirements and job control scores between the low, middle and high levels of occupational factors (P<0.05) . @*Conclusion@#Occupational stress factors of petroleum refining workers have certain influence on the level of thyroid and liver function index.
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Objective To investigate the influence of long-term exposure to oil and gas toxicants on the peripheral blood T lym-phocyte subsets in Karamay Uygur and Han refining workers and the underlying mechanism.Methods 175 cases of Uighur and Han refinery workers who had long-term close contact with poison of oil and gas(112 cases of Han people and 63 cases of Uygur people)and 110 healthy people(70 cases of Han people,40 cases of Uighur)were selected as research subject.The peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets of all cases were detected for comparative analysis.Results Compared with healthy control group,the median of CD4+in the uighur refinery workers was significantly reduced(P<0.05);the CD8+in Han ethnic refinery workers was signifi-cantly lower,while the ratio of CD4+/CD8+increased significantly(P<0.05).Compared with Han ethnic,the median of CD3+, CD8+in uighur significantly increased,while the ratio of CD4+/CD8+decreased significantly(P<0.05).Conclusion Long-term close contact(more than 5 years)of oil and gas poison will significantly reduce the function of peripheral blood T lymphocyte sub-sets of refinery workers,and the effect on Han ethnic oil refinery workers was significantly higher than that on Uighur,,so corre-sponding measures on effective occupational protection are necessary to carry out.
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The "design space" method was used to optimize the purification process of Resina Draconis phenol extracts by using the concept of "quality derived from design" (QbD). The content and transfer rate of laurin B and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone and yield of extract were selected as the critical quality attributes (CQA). Plackett-Burman design showed that the critical process parameters (CPP) were concentration of alkali, the amount of alkali and the temperature of alkali dissolution. Then the Box-Behnken design was used to establish the mathematical model between CQA and CPP. The variance analysis results showed that the P values of the five models were less than 0.05 and the mismatch values were all greater than 0.05, indicating that the model could well describe the relationship between CQA and CPP. Finally, the control limits of the above 5 indicators (content and transfer rate of laurine B and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, as well as the extract yield) were set, and then the probability-based design space was calculated by Monte Carlo simulation and verified. The results of the design space validation showed that the optimized purification method can ensure the stability of the Resina Draconis phenol extracts refining process, which would help to improve the quality uniformity between batches of phenol extracts and provide data support for production automation control.
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In this study, the origin of anatomical terms, the process by which international anatomical terms were made, and the making principles of international anatomical terminology were confirmed. We also describe the process in which the Japanese anatomy terminology (Termonologia Anatomica Japonica), which has been influential in Korea, has developed. Most of the past Korean anatomical terminology used the Japanese term. However, the Korean association of anatomists gradually recognized the necessity of own terminology and decided to refine the terms by forming a terminology committee. The terminology committee first laid down the direction for refining terms and made the basic principles of revising them. Through many meetings, the terms were refined and made into terminology book (Korean anatomical terminology). The Korean anatomical terminology has been revised five times since its first edition in 1979 to the sixth edition in 2014. Here, we illustrate the difference between Japanese terms and Korean terms and the process of refining Korean terms using examples.
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Humans , Anatomists , Asian People , KoreaABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of different processes ofBaijin Capsule to treatment of mice with chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression.Methods Chronic unpredictable stress was used to establish depression mice models. Experimental mice were divided into the following groups according to body mass: model group, positive medicine group, artware one (traditional process) high-dose and low-dose groups, and artware (refining process) two high-dose and low-dose groups. All medication groups were given relevant medicine for gavage. By detecting the two behavior indexes, immobility time of swimming and tail suspension of mice, the anti-depression effects of traditional process and refining process ofBaijin Capsule were investigated. By detecting autonomic activities and body mass, tested medicine was examined for function state of central excitation and changing animal body.Results The times for automatic activities ofBaijin Capsule in the model and artware (refining process) two high-dose and low-dose groups were (138.27±40.70)s, (100.01±34.75)s and (88.15±30.62)s, respectively, with statistical significance (P<0.01); the mice swimming immobility times in the model and artware (refining process) two low-dose groups were 668±19 and 705±24, respectively, with statistical significance (P<0.01); the mice tail suspension immobility times in model and artware (traditional process) one high-dose groups group were (28.14±1.25)g and (26.43±2.58)g, respectively, with statistical significance (P<0.05); the mice tail suspension immobility times in model and artware (refining process) two high-dose groups were (98.29±36.90)s and (87.54±30.05)s. Mice tail suspension immobility time in artware (refining process) two high-dose group decreased,without statistical significance.Conclusion Refining process ofBaijin Capsule can effectively be used to treat mice with chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression, and the efficacy is superior to the traditional process.
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Objective To optimize refinement of water extract from Bushen Yangxue Granules by chitosan flocculation.Methods According to the content of icariin detected by HPLC, the waters amount, extraction time and extraction times were evaluated by orthogonal design. The effects of the solution concentration, clarifying temperature and the amount of clarifying agent on the flocculation clarification processes were optimized with the content of icariin and polysaccharides.Results The optimum water extraction processes A2B1C3 were follows: 10 times amount of water, three times extraction and 1 h for each extraction process. The optimized flocculation clarification processes A1B2C3 were as follows: solution concentration was 0.4 g/mL, the clarifying temperature was 40℃ and the addition of chitosan was 0.1%.Conclusion The optimized refining process is stable and feasible.
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In Japan, moxa floss has long been produced by traditional methods. It has a high degree of purity and is incomparable to that in other countries. On the other hand, mugwort (leaves) are being imported from China now, and used to make the product sold in recent years. However details on this current situation have not been reported publicly.<br>Therefore we sent a questionnaire 14 major Japanese manufactures involved in the manufacturing, processing or domestic wholesale of moxa. The questions were both multiple choice and freely-written descriptive types, consisting of 29 items in 15 fields, about the current situation and problems faced in moxa manufacturing. The questionnaire was sent by return mail on 16 th November, 2011.<br>As a result, 12 out of 14 makers (85.7%) responded. Stocks wise, mugwort from Japan was 88 t, and import from China was 45 t. Moxa floss from Japan was 13 t, and import from China was 50 t. Manufacturing season started in late November and ended in late March. Stone mills, grain fans, and <i>nagatoshi </i>were used for manufacturing and many of these apparatus were made by craftsmen at their company. This survey enabled us to examine delivery and export systems for mugwort leaves and moxa floss, current moxa manufacturing and apparatus status, as well as problems and the future outlook for Japanese moxa floss makers.
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Gui-Ling-Ji (GLJ), a classical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is the only existing compound of refining agent after 400-year testing. It is also one of 4 kinds of TCM secret varieties of the first batch after liberation. However, due to the lack of in-depth modern research, the magical effect of GLJ has not been fully understood and the clinical application has also been influenced. This article analyzed the situation and problems of secret varieties and GLJ. Experiences and strategies of the successful redevelopment of secret varieties were re-ferred to. Then, this paper proposed modern research thoughts of GLJ in order to realize the actively protection and the second development of the prescription.
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Aims: The study analyzes the carbon footprint of the waste oil management system operating in Portugal to ensure the sustainable operation in the future. The analysis was carried out in 2011for the system that is composed of a treatment procedure collecting the treated oil for re-refining, followed by the production of expanded clay and recycling for electricity production. Methodology: Carbon footprint analysis was conducted by using the Umberto software 5.5 based on the concepts of life cycle assessment with respect to international standards (ISO). Within this context, the substances considered for such carbon footprint analysis are directly relevant to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007). Results: The results showed that managing waste oils may contribute to the reduction of carbon footprint due to the avoided emissions of greenhouse gas through the reuse of treated waste oils. The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from collection and treatment of waste oils would not outweigh such benefit earned from the substitution of virgin lubricant oil even though the use of treated waste oils for producing expanded clay may end up some more carbon dioxide emissions. Conclusion: The carbon footprint analysis in this study has shown the potential for improvements in the waste oil management system in Portugal. The most significant improvement that could be made is the increase of using treated waste oils for the expanded clay production. However, such a strategy would not be consistent with the waste hierarchy principle which dominates the current decision making in managing waste nationally.
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Artisanal refining typically involves primitive illegal stills in which crude oil is boiled and the resultant fumes are collected, cooled and condensed in tanks to be used locally for lighting, energy or transport. The distilleries are heated on open fires fed by crude oil that is tipped into pits in the ground. As part of the oil burns away, some seeps into the ground. The waste from the process is stored in open pits thereby increasing the risk of the contamination of the environment and possibly impacting the underground aquifer. It is this concern of crude oil seeping to the groundwater that necessitated the current investigation with the sole objective of assessing the vulnerability of the aquifer to the activities of artisanal refining. Soil, water and crude oil samples from artisanal refining sites were collected according to standard procedures and transferred to the laboratory for analyses to determine their properties. An empirical method was adopted in estimating the permeability. The Kozeny – Carman equation for deriving the coefficient of permeability takes the porosity (η) into account. Using a typical soil porosity η = 0.4, mean particle size = 0.05 and mean viscosity determined from crude samples permeability estimate was calculated to be 3.6 x 10- 8cm/s, infiltration was assessed using a simplified version of Darcy’s law. With a typical superficial soil permeability of 3.6 x 10-8 cm/s, depth of ponding of 0.5m, and a wetting front of 0.4m, an estimated infiltration rate of 1.15 x 10-8cm/s can be expected. Given the infiltration rate and the depth to groundwater (water table is between 3m and 8m), we calculated the time for crude oil contaminant plume to intercept the water table simply reexpressing the equation for velocity as distance/time which results in approximately 4.6 years. The character of the water from the area indicates that groundwater is already being impacted given that artisanal refining has been going on in the area since 2002.
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Objective: A novel method for the separation of alkaloids from Nelumbinis Folium by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography (pH-ZRCCC). Methods: The two-phase solvent system composed of MtBE-methanol-water (4:1:5), 10 mmol/L triethylamine (TEA) in organic stationary phase and 5 mmol/L HCl in aqueous mobile phase. The upper phase was used as the stationary phase, while the lower phase was used as the mobile phase. In one-step elution under the conditions of a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, 800 r/min and the effluent was detected at 254 nm. Results: From 2.18 g of the crude extract, 110 mg N-nornuciferin, 420 mg O-nornuciferin, 310 mg nuciferine, and 190 mg roemerine were obtained and each with a purity of over 98% as determined by HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by HPLC, MS, and 1H-NMR. Conclusion: The present pH-ZRCCC method may be applied to the purification of other various alkaloids from natural products.
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Objective To strengthen the management of contaminated area of sterilization and supply center, increase the cleaning quality of instruments and control nosocomial infection. Methods We executed the following measures: paying attention to the decontamination work, changing concepts, refining regulations, establishing programmed decontamination process, specification of work, thinning pest responsibility, strengthening infection mangement of contaminated area, effect examination and training and checking. Results The bacteria removing rate reached 95.3%. Conclusions Refining management could result in perfect cleaning effect which was applicable in the management of contaminated area of sterilization and supply center.
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Objective To investigate the refining and concentration of the Banlangen aqueous extractives using membrane separation technology. Methods The membrane separation process for refining and concentration Banlangen aqueous extractives was optimized by the quality of products and membrane operation parameters, and was tested through medium-scale trials. Results The selected G2+GM+RO2 membrane process was suitable. The inherent quality of the products obtained by membrane separation process was better than that obtained by traditional process. Conclusion G2+GM+RO2 membrane process is suitable to refine and concentrate Banlangen aqueous extractives, and it has technical conditions for industrial scale trials.