Survey of the Reasons for Dental Extraction in patients of Kashmiri Population

Background: Extraction of teeth is the commonest surgical procedure carried out in the dental surgery setting. The purpose of this survey was to identify the causes of teeth extraction in Kashmiri population. Material & Methods: This study was done on the patients who were referred to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Government Dental College Srinagar for tooth extraction for the period of 6 months from February 2019 to July 2019. Total of 3000 patients were included in this study. Results: There were 1680 (56%) extractions in males and 1320 (44%) in females with male?to?female extraction ratio of 1.2:1. In both male and female gender, there were more teeth extractions between the ages of 11 and 30 years. The commonest tooth to be extracted was 1st molar both in upper (27.2%) and lower (30.4%) arch. The commonest reasons for teeth extraction were caries (53.4%; 1602/3000). Conclusions: The result of this study shows that dental caries is the commonest reason for tooth extraction in Kashmiri population. It is hoped that the study will facilitate the development of treatment and preventive procedures relevant to the problems, thus minimizing the loss of teeth and its expected adverse consequences.

Correlation of Human height with dimensions of hand. A study in Young Population of Northern India

Background: Anthropometry has continuously been used in forensic examinations of unknown commingled human remains. Forensic Anthropology is concerned with the building of ante mortem histories of individuals from skeletonized remains The aim and objective is to find out the bilateral and bisexual variations from the percutaneous measurement of length of hand and middle and little fingers of both hands of males to reconstruct the stature.Material & Methods:100 male undergraduate students were taken up for the study. The stature was measured by a stadiometer. The hand length and finger length were measured by the measuring scale and vernier calipers. The prediction of estimation of stature from the length of both hands, middle finger length and little finger length of both hands was determined.Results:The mean height in males is 174.3690±6.18 cm. The mean hand length in males is 19.74±0.87 cm in right hand and 19.65±0.83 cm in left hand. The mean length of right middle finger length is 8.32±0.45 cm and left middle finger length in males is 8.28±0.49 cm. The mean length of right little finger length is 6.38±0.43 cm and left little finger length in males is 6.27±0.52 cm.Conclusions:Positive and statistically significant correlation can be observed among the different variables taken up in the present study. Pearson’s correlation was used which can predict a significant relationship between the height and the length of hand and middle finger of male.

Establishing and testing a multiple regression equation to predict body fat from height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference

Background: Body fat measurement requires a dedicated device and careful preparation of the subjects concerning food and water intake, exercise, precautions about alcohol intake, or any other condition that may change the hydration status of the subject. If simple anthropometric parameters can be used to estimate body fat that may help clinicians to know the body without measuring it. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find a regression equation to estimate body fat from height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC). Materials and Methods: First, we measured the height, weight, WC, HC, and body fat of 80 individuals with proper care for bioelectric impedance analysis. Then, this data were used to find multiple regression equation. Then, the equation was tested with 20 individuals where we measured the height, weight, WC, and HC and put those data into the equation to estimate body fat. Results: The mean age of participants was 28.12 ± 3.45 years. The height, weight, WC, and HC all contributed statistically significantly to the prediction of body fat, F (4.75) = 31.17 P < 0.0001. The established regression equation was: Body fat = 40.134 - (height in cm × 0.271) + (weight in kg × 0.412) + (WC in cm × 0.052) + (HC in cm × 0.067). During the test of the equation, measured mean fat (36.79 ± 2.64%) was not statistically different (P = 0.75) from estimated body fat (36.6 ± 3.23%). Conclusion: A multiple regression equation was formulated to estimate body fat from the height, weight, WC, and HC of an individual. This equation successfully estimated body fat from the anthropometric parameters. A further large-scale study is needed to find a more generalized estimation equation.

Modelación matemática de los casos autóctonos de Covid-19. Municipio Bayamo. Febrero- Agosto 2021

El municipio Bayamo acumuló, 8162 casos positivos autóctonos de febrero a agosto en el año 2021, es el centro de la epidemia en la provincia de COVID-19 provocada por el SARS -CoV-2 determinado por el test de Proteína C Reactiva, representa el53,2 % del total de los casos en ese periodo en Granma, muy diferente a lo ocurrido en el año 2020 en el cual la provincia acumuló solamente 185personas contagiadas en nueve meses, con una tasa de 22.6 la más baja de Cuba. La provincia Granma acumuló 119 fallecidos en agosto/2021 que representa el 62,9 % de todos los muertos desde que comenzó la pandemia hasta agosto, lo que indica la alta incidencia de la epidemia que hay en estos momentos. Para la modelación matemática y el análisis de los casos positivos autóctonos de todos los ocurridos durante los meses de febrero a agosto en el año 2021 en Bayamo se obtuvieron polinomios de grado tres y cuatro que modelan el comportamiento de la epidemia durante los siete meses analizados, así como el de los fallecidos durante el mes de agosto en Granma con un carácter predictivo mayor al 98 % en todos los modelos.

The Bayamo municipality accumulated 8162 autochthonous positive cases from February to August in 2021, it is the center of the epidemic in the province of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 determined by the C-Reactive Protein test, represents the 53.2% of the total cases in that period in Granma, very different from what happened in 2020 in which the province accumulated only 185 infected people in nine months, with a rate of 22.6, the lowest in Cuba. Granma province accumulated 119 deaths in August / 2021, which represents 62.9% of all deaths since the pandemic began until August, which indicates the high incidence of the epidemic that exists at the moment. For the mathematical modeling and analysis of the autochthonous positive cases of all those that occurred during the months of February to August in 2021 in Bayamo, polynomials of degree three and four were obtained that model the behavior of the epidemic during the seven months analyzed. as well as that of the deceased during the month of August in Granma with a predictive character greater than 98% in all models.

O município de Bayamo acumulou 8.162 casos autóctones positivos de fevereiro a agosto de 2021, é o centro da epidemia na província de COVID-19 causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 determinado pelo teste da Proteína C Reativa, representa 53,2% de o total de casos nesse período no Granma, muito diferente do que aconteceu em 2020 em que a província acumulou apenas 185 pessoas infectadas em nove meses, com uma taxa de 22,6, a mais baixa de Cuba. A província do Granma acumulou 119 mortes em agosto / 2021, o que representa 62,9% de todas as mortes desde o início da pandemia até agosto, o que indica a alta incidência da epidemia que existe no momento. Para a modelagem matemática e análise dos casos positivos autóctones de todos os ocorridos durante os meses de fevereiro a agosto de 2021 em Bayamo, foram obtidos polinômios de grau três e quatro que modelam o comportamento da epidemia durante os sete meses analisados. bem como o dos falecidos durante o mês de agosto no Granma com caráter preditivo superior a 98% em todos os modelos.

Stature estimation from radiographic measurements in adult Anatolian population / Estimación de la estatura a partir de mediciones radiográficas en una población adulta de anatolia

SUMMARY: The purpose of the present study was to create a regression equation for measuring stature using measurements obtained from the long bone radiographs of adult individuals in Anatolian population. In this study, the maximum length measurements of the six long bones in the upper and lower limbs of 167 healthy individuals were determined from radiographic images. Single and multiple regression equations were created to predict the stature of the individuals from the maximum bone stature. From these equations, the standard error of estimate was determined in the range of 1.68-4.09 cm. As a result of this study, the obtained regression equations resulted in highly reliable and successful results in terms of predicting stature. These equations will provide convenient and predictive accuracy in the estimation of stature from skeletal remains obtained from societies that lived and living in Anatolia. Besides, we anticipate that it will guide researchers working in the fields of Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Medicine and Anatomy.

RESUMEN: El propósito del presente estudio fue crear una ecuación de regresión para medir la estatura utilizando medidas obtenidas de las radiografías de huesos largos de individuos adultos en la población de Anatolia. En este estudio, las medidas de longitud máxima de los seis huesos largos en los miembros superiores e inferiores de 167 individuos sanos se determinaron a partir de imágenes radiográficas. Se crearon ecuaciones de regresión única y múltiple para predecir la estatura de los individuos a partir de la estatura ósea máxima. A partir de estas ecuaciones, se determinó el error estándar de estimación en el rango de 1,68 a 4,09 cm. Como resultado de este estudio, las ecuaciones de regresión obtenidas dieron resultados altamente confiables y exitosos en términos de predecir la estatura. Estas ecuaciones proporcionarán una precisión conveniente y predictiva en la estimación de la estatura a partir de restos óseos obtenidos de sociedades que vivieron y viven en Anatolia. Además, anticipamos que guiará a los investigadores que trabajan en los campos de Antropología Forense, Medicina Forense y Anatomía.

Correlation between hemolysis degree and antibody IgG subtypes contained in infant serum and erythrocyte eluates / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the effects of IgG subtypes(IgG 1 and IgG3) of antibodies contained in infant serum and erythrocyte eluates on hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN), so as to provide reference for its early clinical diagnosis and treatment. 【Methods】 49 newborns with HDN in our hospital from June 2019 to March 2020 were detected for three hemolytic tests(direct antiglobulin test, elution test and indirect antiglobulin test), as well as the components of IgG1 and IgG3 in eluates. The correlation analysis was conducted by combining birth hours (physiological jaundice) and hemolytic degrees (total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and hemoglobin). 【Results】 In the 44 cases of IgG1 and IgG3 subtype detection of infant RBC eluates, regression equations could be established between total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and birth hours, and between hemoglobin and elution test, and linear regression relationships were found (P<0.05). In the 28 cases of IgG1 and IgG3 subtype detection of infant serum, regression equations could be established between total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, birth time and IgG3 subtype, and between hemoglobin and IgG1 subtype (P<0.05), and linear regression relationships were found (all P<0.05). Three infants, presenting IgG1 and IgG2 subtypes(+ ) and three hemolysis tests(-), were all second pregnancy, constituted by Rh-HDN of 2 case and other-system-HDN 1. 【Conclusion】 The degree of HDN is directly related to IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies in infant blood plasma. In addition to the total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin, the changes of IgG3 antibodies in infant plasma and IgG1 antibody in anemic infants should be monitored. If IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies are yielded even with all negative ABO-HDN hemolysis tests, non-ABO-HDN should be considered in time to achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Validation of anthropometric equations for predicting body mass and height in older women / Validação de equações antropométricas para a predição da massa corporal e estatura de mulheres idosas

Abstract To investigate the cross-validity of two equations widely used in national research to predict body mass and height in older Brazilians. Additionally, the importance of possible differences between observed and predicted BMI will be investigated with the help of equations. BM and HEI were measured using mechanical scales and portable stadiometers in a sample of 200 older women (66.6 ± 5.43 years) living in Maceió / AL - Brazil. To verify the validity of equations, the following variables were used: Student's t-test, constant error (CE), total error (TE) and standard error of estimation (SEE). To verify agreement between actual and predicted values, the Bland-Altman test was used. The comparison between BM and HEI values obtained through equations and those verified in measurements showed statistically significant differences (p <0.05). CE between predicted and measured values, TE of tested equations, as well as SEE for the prediction of variables: BM (1.66; 0.11 and 6.33), HEI (-0.02; 0.02 and 0.10) and BMI (1.47; 0.10 and 3.24) allowed determining relative values very close to actual ones (2.6%, 1.31% and 5.3% for BM, HEI and BMI respectively); however, values were not statistically significant. The equations analyzed should not be used in a general way for the population of older Brazilian women with characteristics similar to those analyzed in this study. Therefore, further studies should be carried out with the objective of constructing specific equations for the population of older women and hospitalized patients, especially the most fragile ones.

Resumo Investigar a validade cruzada de duas equações, largamente utilizadas em pesquisas nacionais, para a predição da massa corporal e estatura em idosos brasileiros. Adicionalmente, será investigado a importância das possíveis diferenças entre o IMC observado e predito com auxílio das equações. As medidas da MC e EST foram mensuradas, com auxílio de balanças mecânicas e estadiômetros portáteis, em amostra de 200 idosas (66.6±5,43 anos) residentes em Maceió/AL - Brasil. Para verificar a validade das equações foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis: teste t de Student, erro constante (EC), erro total (ET) e o erro padrão de estimativa (EPE). Para verificar a concordância entre os valores reais e preditos utilizou-se o teste Bland-Altman. A comparação entre os valores de MC e EST obtidos através das equações e os verificados na mensuração das medidas, apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05). O EC entre os valores preditos e medidos, os ET das equações testadas, bem como, o EPE para a predição das variáveis: MC (1,66; 0,11 e 6,33), EST (-0,02; 0,02 e 0,10) e IMC (1,47; 0,10 e 3,24) permitiram determinar valores relativos muito próximos dos reais (2,6%, 1,31% e 5,3% para MC, EST e IMC respectivamente), entretanto, não estatisticamente significativos. As equações analisadas não poderiam ser utilizadas de maneira generalizada para a população de idosas brasileiras com características semelhantes às estudadas. Portanto, recomenda-se estudos adicionais desenvolvidos com o objetivo de construir equações específicas, para a população de idosas, hospitalizadas, especialmente as mais frágeis.

Estimation of the maximum length of the humerus from its segments lengths / Estimación de la longitud máxima del húmero a partir de las longitudes de sus segmentos

SUMMARY: Long limb bones and fragmentary portions, such as the humerus, are commonly used and examined in forensic and archaeological investigations. This study aimed to estimate the maximum length of the humerus from the measurements of its segments' lengths in our population. The right and left humeri of 100 dry bones from unknown sexes were included in the study. A total of 28 different segments were obtained from 8 different anatomical landmarks named H0, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, and H7. The length of each segment was compared with the maximum length of the humerus (MHL). An independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and linear and multiple regression analyses were performed and statistical significance was assigned to p values <0.05. The differences in the measurements of the right and left humeri were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). All of the humerus segments indicated a high correlation when compared with the maximum humerus length (p < 0.05). The H2-3 segment showed a weak correlation with MHL r = 0.173 (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that the linear and multiple regression equations can be used to estimate the humerus length from its segments' lengths.

RESUMEN: Los huesos largos de los miembros y las porciones fragmentarias, como el húmero, se usan y examinan comúnmente en investigaciones forenses y arqueológicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la longitud máxima del húmero a partir de las mediciones de las longitudes de sus segmentos. Fueron evaluados 100 húmeros secos, derechos e izquierdos, pertenecientes a individuos adultos, de sexo desconocido. Se obtuvieron 28 segmentos distintos de 8 puntos de referencia anatómicos diferentes, denominados H0, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 y H7. La longitud de cada segmento se comparó con la longitud máxima del húmero (MHL). Se realizó una prueba t independiente, la correlación de Pearson y análisis de regresión lineal y múltiple y se asignó significación estadística a valores de p <0,05. Las diferencias en las medidas del húmero derecho e izquierdo no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05). Todos los segmentos del húmero indicaron una alta correlación en comparación con la longitud máxima del húmero (p <0,05). El segmento H2-3 mostró una correlación débil con MHL r = 0,173 (p> 0,05).Este estudio demostró que las ecuaciones de regresión lineal y múltiple se pueden usar para estimar la longitud del húmero a partir de las longitudes de sus segmentos.

Stature estimation from percutaneous length of ulna

Introduction: Height plays a vital role in establishing the identity of an individual. Anatomically, it is a linearcomposite of skull, vertebral column, pelvis and legs and is measured from vertex to foot. Many instances wheredirect measurement of height is impossible, necessitates an alternative methodology.Aim: As height is directly proportional to the length of long bones, my present study aims at deriving a regressionequation between height and percutaneous length of ulna in gender specific south Indian adolescent population.Materials and Methods: A total of 153 subjects (76 male and 77 female) with age span of 20 – 22 years wereincluded in this study. Length of ulna was measured using sliding Vernier caliper and height by standard heightmeasuring instrument for all subjects.Results:The findings of the study indicated significant differences of the ulna length between the genders. Apositive correlation between height and ulna length was observed in both sexes and it was statistically significant.Regression equations for stature estimation were formulated using the ulna lengths for both males and females.Conclusion: The ulna length provides an accurate and reliable means in estimating the height of an individual.The regression formulae proposed in this study will be useful for clinicians, anatomists, archeologists,anthropologists and forensic scientists when such evidence provides the investigator the only opportunity togauge that aspect of an individual’s physical description

Estimation Of Height From Measurement Of Percutaneous Tibial Length In Southern Parts Of West Bengal

Background: A close relationship between stature and dimensions of various body segments is of value inmedico-legal investigation as well as in anthropology. A cross sectional study was carried out on 400 subjects(200 males and 200 females) in the South Bengal. Stature was measured by a “Standard anthropometric instrument”.This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between height and tibial length among a group ofmales and females in South Bengal and to derive regression formulae between tibial length and height of anindividual.Result and main findings: Significant and positive correlation co-efficient was seen to exist between stature andmeasurement of tibial length in both male and female population. Their respective regression equations werealso obtained in both sexes.Conclusion: In this study, the correlation of height with tibial length is greater in case of male than female. Tibiallength is greater relative to stature in men than women. Comparison was also made with the other populationand this would contribute to the understanding of the relative status of our population in the context ofanthropometric variants.

Estimation of stature from percutaneous length of tibia amongst Bengalee population-an observational study in a teaching institution in West Bengal, India

Background: Assessment of stature from measurement of percutaneous body parts is important for identification. This assessment can be done from long bones, especially tibia and femur. Tibia is ideal in this context as it is subcutaneous, and measurement is easy. Various regression equations correlating stature with percutaneous length of tibia (PCLT) are outdated, incorrect or inappropriate. So, the present study aimed at finding a recent relationship, and if possible, correlation between PCLT and stature.Methods: PCLT and stature of 470 subjects of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India, were recorded.Results: New regression equations were derived from the data, taking into consideration the racial, geographic, secular and gender differences. After determining that PCLT and stature were related and positively correlated, the newly formulated regression equations were evaluated and found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: The new regression equations derived from this study could be employed for more accurate estimation of stature.

Determining Temperature Extreme in Warri City, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

Climate change and global warming which is also known as a change in Earth’s overall climate or rising temperature have taken centre stage in international concerns, several fora and treaties have been observed with a view of stemming trend, in rising temperatures. This study evaluated ten years of maximum and minimum annual temperature of Warri in Nigeria between (2005 and 2015) to determine trends and identified extreme fluctuation in temperature. Data used for this study were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency’s Zonal Office, Warri. An objective method for determining temperature extreme has been used. Least square linear regression equation has been used to estimate temperature that would be equalled or surpassed 1%, 5% and 10% of the hours at any given location during the warmest and coldest months of the year. These equations are based on an index calculated from the three readily available parameters; the mean monthly temperature, the mean daily maximum temperature for the month and the mean daily minimum temperature for the month. The warmest month in Warri was March with a mean monthly temperature of 33.9 while the coldest month was July with mean monthly of 25.8.

Assessing Agreement Level between Actual Stature and Regression Estimates using Foot Length of Adults

Introduction: Stature can be determined using measurementsof different body parts. Forensic anthropology uses regressionequation for determining stature from body part. The aim ofthe present study is to assess the agreement level betweenactual and estimated stature using regression equation fromright foot length (RFL) among both sexes in Chennai region.Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, 619subjects of both sexes with age ranging from 18 to 59 yearswere studied for determination of stature. Simple regressionequations were formulated from RFL. They were appliedfor determination of stature of an individual of both sexesseparately. Then they were assessed for their agreementbetween actual and estimated stature.Results: The present study found a satisfactory agreementbut not very good agreement between actual and estimatedstature with regression equation from RFL in both sexes.According to the Bland-Altman plot, there was a bias asnegative predicted higher than the actual stature values andfew observations were found moving beyond lower and upperlimits (95% confidence limit).Conclusion: When actual stature cannot be determined,regression equation could be the most appropriate forprediction of stature using foot length in adults.

Nosocomial Infections: Awareness and Practices of Nurses Regarding its Spread in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan

Introduction: The infections acquired in patients duringadmission in a hospital and the patients have no evidenceof infection before admission in hospital are known asnosocomial infections or hospital acquired infections. Theetiological organism may be bacterial, fungal, viral orparasitic, found in the air or on hospital items; spreading fromone person to another person. The main objective of currentstudy was to assess the knowledge and practices of nurseswith respect to the spread of hospital infections in a tertiaryhospital of Lahore.Material and methods: A cross sectional, descriptive studywas carried out in a tertiary hospital of Lahore, Pakistanduring a period of four months from June 2018 to September2018. Sample size was 120 and simple random sampling wasdone. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 21.Results: Most of the participants 115(95.8%) were female and5(4.2%) were male. It was revealed that nurses had enoughawareness about the spread of hospital infections. Out of120 participants, 39 (32.5%) were agree and 34(28.3%) werestrongly agree that they are aware of handwashing guidelines,but their practices to reduce the spread of hospital infectionwere not good since 38(31.7%) were neutral and 9(7.5%)were disagree to follow the recommended guidelines for usingalcohol based solutions or other antiseptics before and aftereach contact with patients.Conclusion: Nurses had a good knowledge regarding thespread of nosocomial infections, use of safety precautionsand use of alcohol based formulations but their practicesfor reducing the spread of hospital infections were not up tosatisfactory level.

Evolutionary trends of stature in Pleistocene China / 解剖学报

Objective To study the evolutionary trends in the stature of Pleistocene hominins from China. Methods We took the indirect method of stature estimation from fragments of long bones; maximum length of the long bones was directly estimated from measurements of its fragments, and thereafter the stature was reconstructed from the estimated maximum length. Results The result showed that the stature variation was 155.4-169.2 cm for H. erectus (n = 4) and 155.2-171.7 cm for early modem humans (n = 12) , and only 166. 1 cm for one female in archaic Homo sapiens. The stature of Liujiang and Lijiang hominins located in the southeast was lower than other early modern humans from North China. Conclusion The stature variation is similarly from H. erectus to early modern humans, while the average stature seems to have increased continuously. We find that the geographical variation observed in modern humans has appeared in early modern humans. In addition, there is no significant difference between early modern humans and Neolithic populations.

Stature Estimation Of The Individual Using Arm Span Measurement In Jalgaon Region Of North Maharashtra

Height is one of the important parameter for identification of the individual. The study was undertaken toestimate height of individual from arm span by regression equation and to compare it with measured height. Thestudy was carried out on 50 adult males and 50 adult females from Jalgaon, Maharashtra over a period of threemonths from February to April 2018. The population was randomly selected for this study. In present study,correlation coefficient between height and arm span in males is 0.73 while in females it is 0.69.The Regressionequation derived from arm span in male is Height = 47.26 + (0.72 X arm span) and in females Height =57.32 +(0.64X arm span). The derived equations were tested and difference between measured and estimated height wasfound non-significant.

Concordancia entre la medición directa y el valor estimado de colesterol de LDL en pacientes ambulatorios / Concordance between direct measurement and estimated LDL cholesterol in outpatients / Concordância entre medição direta e colesterol LDL estimado em pacientes ambulatoriais

Los laboratorios clínicos estiman la concentración del colesterol asociado a la lipoproteína de baja densidad (cLDL) mediante la ecuación de Friedewald; sin embargo, ésta presenta una notable desviación cuando la concentración sérica de triglicéridos se encuentra elevada. Se compararon 4.644 resultados de cLDL valorados en el laboratorio central del Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (Lima-Perú), mediante el ensayo directo homogéneo, con los valores estimados por las ecuaciones de Friedewald, Anandaraja, Chen, Vujovic, Córdova y de regresión múltiple. Además, se estratificaron los resultados en 5 grupos en función de las concentraciones de triglicéridos para determinar la influencia que ejerce el nivel de triglicéridos sobre dichas ecuaciones. En el total de las estimaciones, las ecuaciones de regresión y Vujovic mostraron los menores sesgos de -3,00 y -2,90 mg/dL, respectivamente. Asimismo, ambas ecuaciones presentaron un grado de acuerdo sustancial con la determinación directa y un menor error sistemático en los tres niveles de decisión clínica para el cLDL; sin embargo, la ecuación de regresión presentó una mejor performance para estimar el cLDL en concentraciones de triglicéridos ≥401 mg/dL. Se concluye que la ecuación de regresión presenta bajo error analítico, además de mostrar una buena concordancia con el método directo, incluso a concentraciones altas de triglicéridos.

Clinical laboratories estimate the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) associated with the Friedewald equation, but the latter shows a significant deviation when the serum triglyceride concentration is elevated. A total of 4644 LDLc values assessed at the central laboratory of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Lima-Perú Hospital were compared by means of the homogeneous direct assay with the values estimated by the Friedewald, Anandaraja, Chen, Vujovic, Córdova and multiple regression equations. Besides, the results were stratified into 5 groups based on triglyceride concentrations to determine the influence exerted by the triglyceride level on these equations. In the total of the estimates, the regression equations and Vujovic showed the lowest biases of -3.00 and -2.90 mg/dL respectively. Likewise, both equations presented a degree of substantial agreement with the direct determination and a smaller systematic error in the three levels of clinical decision for LDLc. However, the regression equation showed a better performance for estimating LDLc at triglyceride concentrations ≥401 mg/dL. It is concludeasdasdd that the regression equation presents low analytical error, besides showing a good concordance with the direct method even at high triglyceride concentrations.

Laboratórios clínicos calculam a concentração do colesterol associado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDLc), utilizando a equação de Friedewald; no entanto ela apresenta um desvio significativo quando a concentração sérica de triglicerídeos está elevada. 4644 resultados de LDLc foram comparados avaliados no laboratório central do Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (Lima-Peru), por ensaio directo homogêneo, com os valores estimados pelas equações Friedewald, Anandaraja, Chen, Vujovic, Córdova e de regressão múltipla. Além disso, foram estratificados os resultados em cinco grupos com base nas concentrações de triglicerídeos para determinar a influência que exerce o nível de triglicerídeos sobre tais equações. No total das estimativas, as equações de regressão e Vujovic mostraram os menores vieses de -3,00 e -2,90 mg/DL, respectivamente. Também, ambas as equações apresentaram um grau substancial de acordo com a determinação direta e um menor erro sistemático nos três níveis de decisão clínica para o LDLc; contudo, a equação de regressão apresentou melhor desempenho para estimar o LDLc em concentrações de triglicerídeos ≥401 mg/dL. Conclui-se que a equação de regressão apresenta baixo erro analítico, além de mostrar boa concordância com o método direto, mesmo em altas concentrações de triglicerídeos.

VO2max Estimation of Male Freshmen Based on Height, Weight and Vital Capacity / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To establish a simple and practical regression equation for estimating maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max),so as to provide a base and reference for epidemiological studies.Methods Totally 128 freshmen(88 males and 40 females) were randomly recruited majoring in social sports and physical education to conduct the correlation analysis between VO2max and the weight,body surface area,body mass index(BMI) and vital capacity.Then 34 freshmen(17 males and 17 females) were chosen from them randomly to compare whether there was a significant difference between the two VO2max relative values measured by Astrand estimation and direct measurement respectively.Based on the results,the multiple linear regression analysis was conducted:independent variables entered theregression equation in turn according to the Forward method and the significance test of the regression equation,the regression coefficients and the fitting degree was conducted.We got the regression equation finally according to the Durbin-Watson and VIF values.Another 17 male freshmen were recruited to verify the efficient of the regression equation.Results Significant differences were observed in the relative VO2max value of females,being 45.14 ± 8.08 ml/kg/min and 32.63 ± 5.87 ml/kg/min by Astrand and direct measuring respectively,but not in that of the male,being 47.24 ± 6.46 ml/kg/min and 51.62 ± 6.91 ml/kg/min accordingly.There was very significant correlation between VO2max and weight,body surface area,BMI and vital capacity of the male freshmen(P＜0.01),but not of the female freshmen (P＞0.05).The regression equation of estimating the relative VO2max of the boy freshmen was y=34.812+0.015×vital capacity(ml)-40.403×body surface area(m2).No significant differences were found between the value calculated using this equation and that measured directly (P＞0.05).Conclusions The regression equation found in this study is simple,practical and efficient,and it can be used to estimate the relative VO2max of male freshmen majoring in physical education and social sports in epidemiologic study,so as to evaluate their cardiopulmonary fitness.

The evaluation of clinical performance for blood gas analyzer: MB-3100 / 中国医学装备

Objective:To estimate the precision and accuracy performance of blood gas analyzer(MB-3100) for three measuring indicators: pH, pCO2 and pO2.Methods: The evaluation of precision was achieved by testing quality controls of BIO-RAD, and the mean, SD and CV of the results were calculated according to protocol EP5 of Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute(CLSI). The evaluation of accuracy was achieved by comparing MB-3100 and Rapidlab 1265 according to the EP9-A2 of CLSI, and the consistency check of the two detection systems were analyzed by using paired t- test and equation of linear regression. All of these results were analyzed by using SPSS19.0.Results: The results of the research showed that the precision performances of analyzer MB-3100 in various detection level were acceptable. And there was no statistically significant difference for the accuracy performances between the two systems on pH, pCO2 and pO2, respectively (t=0.042,t=1.489,t=-1.6,P>0.05). Moreover, both of the system errors of the two systems at different medical decision level were less than the corresponding total error allowances (TEa), respectively.Conclusion: Both of the precision and accuracy performances of MB-3100 blood gas analyzer are acceptable, and it can provide reliable reports for clinical practice.

Advances in the research on the stature estimation of forensic anthropology / 中国法医学杂志

Stature is one of the important criteria to individual recognition. And it is always a focus in forensic anthropology. There are some new progresses studies in stature estimation in recent years. We review some studies in stature estimation published in domestic and foreign in the past six years, and find some progresses in stature estimation: (1) As the increasing average human stature, the stature estimation equation is needed to be corrected; (2) Gender, age, race and territory have a great influence to stature estimation. Thus when the study protocol designed, these influences should be considered; (3)The medical imaging technology, especially Computed Tomography, is becoming a new tool to infer stature estimation in forensic anthropology.