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This study aims to explore the change laws of water absorption in Chinese herbal pieces and establish the prediction model of relative density for Chinese medicine compound decoction. Firstly, fitted equations of water absorption and decocting time was established by observing the change laws of water absorption in 36 kinds of Chinese herbal pieces in 12 groups(according to the drug-parts) with decocting time. The r value of the mineral group and other type group was 0.691 2 and 0.663 3, respectively. The r value of the remaining 10 groups was 0.802 2-0.925 4. All P values were less than 0.05(n=21). The formula of the amount of water added was optimized by combining the fitted equations with determined water absorption, and the liquid yield could be controlled in a range of 100%±10%. Secondly, it was determined that the liquid density tester could be used for the rapid determination of relative density of Chinese medicine decoction after methodological study and comparison with the pycnometer method. The linear regression equation between the corrected relative density(y) and extraction ratio(%, x) was built by measuring and analyzing the related parameters such as liquid yield, relative density and extraction ratio in 46 kinds of Chinese herbal pieces. The established equation was y=0.041 3x+1.003 7, r=0.930 9(P <0.01, n=46), with linear range of 1.94%-65.75%. Based on this, the prototype model for predicting relative density of Chinese medicine decoction was established, and the relative densities of 8 Chinese medicine decoctions were within the prediction interval of this model in verification. This study lays a foundation for database construction of Chinese medicine decoction, implementation of personalized decocting mode and rapid quality control of Chinese medicine decoction.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Quality Control , Specific Gravity , WaterABSTRACT
Background: Microsatellites also known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which is also called as junk DNA, mainly used as a neutral genetic marker, presented across coding and non-coding regions of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses. They are subjects of different fields, such as gene mapping, population genetics, DNA fingerprinting, forensic studies and evolution. Aim: The presented study is focused on the evolutionary relationship between poxviruses for the identification and systematic analysis of the nature and distribution of complex microsatellites, presenting in large DNA viral genomes of poxviruses (Poxviridae family) in vertebrates and invertebrates. Materials and Methods: Genome sequences of seventeen species from the Poxviridae family were assessed by the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI). The microsatellite was extracted using IMEx software, and statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft office Excel 2007. Furthermore, the molecular evolutionary analyses of poxviruses were conducted using MEGA6. Results: In the current study, we screened 17 vertebrate and invertebrates of pox viral genomes and a total of 8539 SSRs which revealed a total of 2387 cSSRs distributed across all the genomes. From the sequences, poly A or poly T mononucleotide prevailed over a poly G or poly C. Among the identified motifs dinucleotides 51.73% which were the most common types of repeats followed by mononucleotides 36.12%, trinucleotides 11.28%, tetranucleotides 0.56%, pentanucleotides 0.10%, and hexanucleotides 0.21%. Polymorphism increases with genome length and decreasing GC content of repeat motifs for dinucleotides, trinucleotides, and tetranucleotides. This result may help genome-wide evolutionary and quantitative analysis like genome size or GC content which has an influence on the number, simple and compound microsatellite of relative abundance and relative densities. Conclusion: We conclude that largest DNA virus of invertebrates show a higher percentage of microsatellites and repeat motif than the vertebrate poxviruses. The genome size and GC content is an important factor in affecting the occurrence of repeat motif as well microsatellites, in vertebrate and invertebrate poxviruses. The analysis on the phylogenetic relationships and microsatellites in vertebrates and invertebrates, as well the pattern of their evolution, may help to understand (the understanding) of poxviruses in the course of natural evolution.
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ABSTRACT: Degradation that occursin agricultural soils causes compaction.Soil density (DS) analysis has been reported to be an unreliable method of measuring the extent of soil compaction, because it varies with the soil granulometric composition and organic matter (OM)content. However, soil relative density (DR) is a good indicator that facilitates the measurement of the degree of compaction and thus, soil comparison and management techniques. Quotient between the DS and its maximum density (Dsmax) gives the DR. This study aimed to assess the effect of the granulometric composition on the physical-hydrological properties of the high-silt containing soils,under no tillage. Samples from disturbed and undisturbed structures of 18 soils were collected from the state of Rio Grandedo Sul following the no-tillage system. Once the granulometric size, OM content, soil density, maximum soil density and relative density were determined,the results indicated a drop in the Dsmax value when silt and MO were added;however, the addition of clay and clay-plus-silt revealed no significant effect. When the silt and MO content increased the soil density decreased. The DR, however, was not affected by either the granulometric composition or OM content. A difference was observed between the DR calculated from the determined Dsmax and that estimated by the Dsmax assessed based on the clay levels.Silt content was reported to exert a different influence on the physical-water properties of the silt soils than the clayey ones.
RESUMO: A compactação é causa de degradação em solos agrícolas. Para mensuração do grau de compactação de um solo a análise da densidade do solo (DS) é insuficiente por ser variável em função da sua composição granulométrica e do seu teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MO). Porém, a densidade relativa (DR) do solo é um indicador que permite a identificação do grau de compactação e, assim, comparar solos e manejos. A DR é obtida pelo quociente entre a DS e a sua densidade máxima (Dsmáx). O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da composição granulométrica, sobre as propriedades físico-hídricas de solos sob plantio direto com elevado teor de silte. Foram coletadas amostras com estrutura preservada e não preservada de 18 solos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sob sistema plantio direto. Determinou-se a composição granulométrica, o teor de MO, a densidade do solo, a densidade do solo máxima e a densidade relativa. Os resultados mostraram que a Dsmáx decresceu com o acréscimo de silte e MO, enquanto argila e argila+silte não tiveram efeito significativo. A densidade do solo diminuiu com o aumento de silte e MO. A DR não foi influenciada pela composição granulométrica e teor de MO. Houve diferença entre a DR determinada a partir da Dsmáx determinada e da calculada pela Dsmáx estimada pelo teor de argila. O teor de silte afeta as propriedades físico-hídricas de solos siltosos de forma distinta do que em solos argilosos.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. (Nabaco) se utiliza de forma tradicional como antiséptica, astringente, antidiarreica, antianémico y galactógeno. Por ello, se emplea en infusión y en baños para tratar la diarrea de los niños y los casos de anemia con diarrea. Hasta el momento en las fuentes consultadas no se han encontrado reportes sobre el control a los requisitos de la calidad de formulaciones farmacéuticas obtenidas a partir de esta planta. OBJETIVO: determinar algunos de los requisitos de calidad de la tintura al 20 % obtenida de las hojas de F. occidentalis. MÉTODOS: la planta fue colectada en la localidad de Cienaguilla, municipio Campechuela, provincia Granma, Cuba. El método de extracción aplicado fue la asistida por ultrasonido, utilizándose como menstruo una solución hidroetanólica. La determinación de los requisitos de calidad de la tintura se realizó analizándose cinco parámetros: requisitos organolépticos, pH, índice de refracción, sólidos totales y densidad relativa. Además, se emplearon métodos de análisis cromatográfico y espectroscópico para determinar la persistencia de los compuestos presentes en la tintura en un período de seis meses. RESULTADOS: los resultados obtenidos en el control de la calidad de la tintura al 20 % se encontraron dentro de los rangos de calidad establecidos por las normas utilizadas; y no presentaron diferencias significativas con los requisitos determinados en otras especies de la misma familia. CONCLUSIONES: el control de los requisitos de calidad mostró que la tintura al 20 % de las hojas de F. occidentalis, no manifestó cambios significativos en un período de seis meses que puedan comprometer su estabilidad como formulación farmacéutica. Esto indica que presenta un determinado grado de estabilidad, lo que constituye una garantía de la calidad y seguridad del producto.
INTRODUCTION: Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich. (Rubiaceae) is traditionally used as antiseptic, astringent, antidiarrheal, antianemic and galactogenous. For that reason, it is used on infusion and baths to treat the diarrhea of the children and cases of anemia with diarrhea. Heretofore in the consulted sources reports about the control of quality requirements for pharmaceutical formulations obtained starting from this plant have not been found. OBJECTIVE: To determine some quality requirements of the tincture at 20 % obtained from the leaves of F. occidentalis. METHODS: The plant was collected in the Cienaguilla locality, Campechuela municipality, Granma province, Cuba. The applied extraction method was the extraction assisted by ultrasound, using as menses a hydroethanolic solution. The determination of quality requirements of the tincture was carried out analyzing five parameters: organoleptic requirements, pH, refraction index, total solids and relative density. In addition, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to determine the persistence of the present compounds in the tincture in a period of six months. RESULTS: The results obtained in the quality control of the tincture at 20 % were found on quality ranges established by the used regulations; and they don't show significant differences according to the requirements determined in other species of the same family. CONCLUSIONS: The control of quality requirements showed that the tincture at 20 % of leaves of F. occidentalis did not manifest significant changes in a period of six months that can compromise his stability like pharmaceutical formulation. This indicates that it presents a certain grade of stability, what constitutes a guarantee of the quality and security of the product.
Subject(s)
Humans , Plants, Medicinal , Rubiaceae/chemistry , Plant Preparations , Coloring Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the best parameter in the preparation technology of paste with different adjuvants. Methods: The appearance, the paste rate, and herb detection were selected as composite indicators. The multi-index comprehensive score method was used to evaluate the paste formability. Central composite design was used to optimize the preparation technology of paste by taking the adjuvant amount (A), the relative density of extract (B) and refined paste (C) as factors. Results: The best condition in the paste preparation process with different adjuvants was as follows: brown sugar (A1 18%-23%, B1 1.210-1.260, and C1 1.310-1.360), Cervi Cornus Colla (CCC, A2 14%-16%, B2 1.200-1.250, and C2 1.230-1.270), Testudinis Carapacis et Plastri Colla (TCPC, A3 12%-15%, B3 1.190-1.230, and C3 1.210-1.240), Asini Corii Colla (ACC, A4 5.0%-8.0%, B4 1.190-1.220, and C4 1.190-1.220). Conclusion: The parameters in the preparation technology of the paste with different adjuvants are accurate and feasible and the quality meets the requirement.
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Introducción: Cassia uniflora Mill tiene una alta biodisponibilidad; se utiliza en el tratamiento de dolores espasmódicos, erupciones cutáneas e infecciones de origen bacteriano. Sus partes más empleadas son las hojas y las semillas. Objetivo: Determinar las especificaciones del control de la calidad para las tinturas a 20 por ciento de las hojas y las semillas de Cassia uniflora Mill. Material y Métodos: Las tinturas a 20 por ciento se prepararon a partir de los polvos de las hojas y las semillas, utilizando como menstruo una solución hidroetanólica. La determinación de las especificaciones del control de la calidad de las tinturas se realizó para cuatro parámetros: pH, índice de refracción, sólidos totales y densidad relativa. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos en el control de la calidad de las tinturas a 20 por ciento se encuentran dentro de los rangos de calidad establecidos en las normas utilizadas. Discusión: Los parámetros de calidad muestran que las tinturas a 20 por ciento de hojas y semillas de Cassia uniflora Mill no tuvieron cambios relevantes que afecten su calidad farmacéutica, por tanto, poseen un determinado grado de estabilidad. Conclusiones: Las especificaciones del control de la calidad de las tinturas indican que, bajo las condiciones aplicadas, los productos elaborados presentan inocuidad, y constituyen una garantía de calidad para su empleo terapéutico.
Introduction: Cassia uniflora Mill has a high biological availability; It is used in treatments for spasmodic pains, cutaneous eruptions and some infections of bacteriological origin. The most useful parts are its leaves and seeds. Objectives: To determine the specifications of quality control for tinctures made up from leaves and seeds of Cassia uniflora Mill at 20 percent. Material and methods: Tincture at 20 percent was made up of the powders of leaves and seeds, using as menses a hydroethanolic solution. Determination of quality control specifications of the tinctures were made taking into account four parameters: pH, refraction index, total solids and relative density. Results: Data obtained in the quality control of the tinctures at 20 percent are among the ranks of quality established by the standards. Discussion: Quality parameters show that tinctures at 20 percent from leaves and seeds of Cassia uniflora Mill had no relevant changes that could affect its pharmacological quality, therefore they have a certain degree of stability. Conclusions: The specifications of the quality control made to the tinctures indicate that under the conditions applied the elaborated products are innocuous, so they are totally guaranteed for therapeutically use.