Factors Influencing the Emergence of Self-Reliance in Primary Health Care using Traditional Medicine: A Scoping Review

Self-reliance is the responsible behavior and the ability of an individual to take care of one’s own health using local resources. A substantial proportion of the population use traditional medicine (TM) for primary health care (PHC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The underlying philosophy of the TM approach is self-reliance due to its emphasis on culture, traditions, customs, and local resources. Given the complexity and ambiguity of how self-reliance emerges, there is a need to have clarity in its understanding and the practice in relation to TM. Hence, we conducted this review to synthesize the factors determining the emergence of self-reliance in PHC using TM in resource-poor settings with a specific focus on LMICs. We searched PubMed, Google scholar, and the Social Science Research Network databases, and conducted reference tracking of selected articles. We included articles published between 2000 and 2020 May. Thematic analysis was done using QDA?miner Lite software version 2.1. We retained 29 papers for review and analysis. A conceptual framework was developed that located factors influencing the emergence of self?reliance. Self?reliance manifests through a socially constructed interaction between factors from the macro (policy and environment) to the micro context (community and household). Due to the lack of explanatory models, there is a substantial gap between understanding self-reliance and its application in health policy and practice. Achieving comprehensive PHC and universal health coverage requires policy provisions to create an enabling environment in health-care facilities, communities, and households that allows the emergence of self-reliance.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON KHADI AWARENESS AMONG YOUTH IN PANIPAT DISTRICT

Khadi is a nature friendly handloom fabric with less carbon foot print. The main aim of this research is to analyze the knowledge and awareness level of khadi consumers and to study that is youth satisfied with khadi clothing and on what parameters. Consumers are having positive attitude towards khadi but according to surveys and responses it was understood that youth demand more of stylish and fashionable clothing with comfort. Khadi makes wearer comfortable in every season but to target youth it needs to explore trendy side of khadi. The study was carried out in Panipat with sample size of 50 which included convenient sampling. Khadi represents itself as a symbol of self-reliance and youth is quiet sensitive to this and are ready to accept khadi but they are not ready to compromise with latest fashionable looks. KVIC has gone online and has launched e-portal and is targeting youth by exploring in different products also other than the clothing. Awareness of khadi cloth among youth is there but brand consciousness about khadi is definitely need to be built among youth

Belief Persistence and Reliance on Traditional Healing of Students at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (Kebergantungan dan Ketekalan dalam Kepercayaan kepada Rawatan Tradisional dalam Kalangan Pelajar di Universiti Pertanian Negeri Bicol Tengah) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Limited scientific evidence about the safety and efficacy of traditional healing make it essential for policymakers to develop policies, regulations, and strategies to mitigate issues related to this practice. Such issues include hit-and-miss operation, incorrect diagnosis, improper dosage, low hygiene standards, and the dominant lack of statutory regulation for traditional healing practitioners and practices owing to the secrecy of some healing methods. On the other hand, the high cost of drugs and other critical considerations strengthen the belief persistence and reliance of people on traditional healing over modern medical treatments, a situation that makes it challenging for the government to define the policymaking parameters in this area. The focus of this descriptive-comparative study was to determine how persistent are the beliefs and reliance on traditional healing of students by obtaining quantitative results from a survey. A total of 277 students were surveyed using stratified proportionate random sampling. Data were gathered through a questionnaire and unstructured interviews. Descriptive statistics, dependent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were the statistical tools used. Results showed that almost all respondents still manifest very strong belief persistence in faith healers (arbolaryo) and bone setters (hilot) and a great majority in those who cure illness caused by spirits (surhano/ parasantigwar). The illnesses they usually consult with traditional healers were vomiting, sprain, and stomachache. Male respondents have stronger belief persistence than do their female counterparts. The belief persistence and reliance of students on traditional healing, even with the recent advances in science, technology, and innovation, as well as the upsurge of new interventions for diagnosis, prevention, and treatments, indicate that the popularity of traditional healing is not declining. These findings are particularly evident in some prevailing traditional healing practices.

What’s Mom Needs for Their Preemie After NICU Discharge? A Scoping Review

@#Support and education are vital for preemie moms to provide a comprehensive guide and ensure effective implementation of relevant information for premature baby care after NICU discharge. The present study aimed to determine the component of caregiving activities for premature babies. A six-stage methodological framework was used in guiding the review process recommended by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). The EBSCOhost Medical database, which included Medline, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, and Ovid, grey literature, reference list, and the Google Scholar search engine, was used for the search strategies. A total of 105 studies of English-language articles were tracked from the year 2000–2016. Selecting only full text and peer review resulting in ten studies and eight relevant documents. Nineteen themes were identified related to premature baby care activities. In conclusion, the themes revealed were best described as specific caregiving activities for premature babies valuable for mothers to organise post-discharge care. To engage, mothers should provide appropriate care to their premature babies as NICU babies are more fragile than normal newborn babies.

Regulatory reliance to approve new medicinal products in Latin American and Caribbean countries / Utilización de decisiones de autoridades regulatorias de otras jurisdicciones para aprobar nuevos productos medicinales en países de América Latina y el Caribe / Uso de decisões regulatórias de outras jurisdições para aprovação de novas especialidades farmacêuticas em países da América Latina e Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the current status of regulatory reliance in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by assessing the countries' regulatory frameworks to approve new medicines, and to ascertain, for each country, which foreign regulators are considered as trusted regulatory authorities to rely on. Methods. Websites from LAC regulators were searched to identify the official regulations to approve new drugs. Data collection was carried out in December 2019 and completed in June 2020 for the Caribbean countries. Two independent teams collected information regarding direct recognition or abbreviated processes to approve new drugs and the reference (trusted) regulators defined as such by the corresponding national legislation. Results. Regulatory documents regarding marketing authorization were found in 20 LAC regulators' websites, covering 34 countries. Seven countries do not accept reliance on foreign regulators. Thirteen regulatory authorities (Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and the unique Caribbean Regulatory System for 15 Caribbean States) explicitly accept relying on marketing authorizations issued by the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and Health Canada. Ten countries rely also on marketing authorizations from Australia, Japan, and Switzerland. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are reference authorities for eight LAC regulators. Conclusions. Regulatory reliance has become a common practice in the LAC region. Thirteen out of 20 regulators directly recognize or abbreviate the marketing authorization process in case of earlier approval by a regulator from another jurisdiction. The regulators most relied upon are the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and Health Canada.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir el estado actual de la utilización de las decisiones de autoridades regulatorias de otras jurisdicciones en América Latina y el Caribe mediante la evaluación de los marcos regulatorios nacionales para la aprobación de nuevos medicamentos y establecer los organismos regulatorios extranjeros que se consideran autoridades regulatorias confiables para cada país. Métodos. Se realizaron búsquedas en los sitios web de las autoridades regulatorias de América Latina y el Caribe para identificar las regulaciones oficiales para la aprobación de nuevos medicamentos. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo en diciembre del 2019 y se completó en junio del 2020 para los países del Caribe. Dos equipos independientes recopilaron información sobre el reconocimiento directo o los procedimientos abreviados para la aprobación de nuevos medicamentos y los autoridades regulatorias de referencia (confiables) así definidos en la legislación nacional correspondiente. Resultados. Se encontraron documentos regulatorios sobre la aprobación de nuevos productos en los sitios web de veinte organismos regulatorios de América Latina y el Caribe, que abarcaban 34 países. Siete países no aceptan la utilización de decisiones de autoridades regulatorias extranjeras. Trece autoridades regulatorias (Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, México, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana, Uruguay y el sistema regulador único para quince Estados del Caribe) aceptan de manera explícita confiar las decisiones para aprobación de nuevos medicamentos emitidas por la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos, la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos y Salud Canadá. Diez países aceptan también utilizar las autorizaciones para la comercialización de Australia, Japón y Suiza. Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México son autoridades de referencia para ocho autoridades regulatorias en la región. Conclusiones. La utilización de las decisiones de autoridades regulatorias de otras jurisdicciones se han convertido en una práctica común en América Latina y el Caribe. Trece de veinte autoridades regulatorias reconocen directamente o abrevian el proceso de aprobación de nuevos medicamentos en caso de que hayan recibido previamente la aprobación por parte de un organismo regulatorio de otra jurisdicción. La Agencia Europea de Medicamentos, la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos y Salud Canadá son las autoridades regulatorias de otras jurisdicciones en las cuales los reguladores de América Latina y el Caribe confían más.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a prática atual de uso de decisões regulatórias de outras jurisdições na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) mediante avaliação os marcos regulatórios dos países para aprovação de novos medicamentos e verificar, para cada país, quais entidades reguladoras estrangeiras são consideradas autoridades reguladoras de confiança por cada país. Métodos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nos sites das autoridades reguladoras da ALC para identificar as regulamentações oficiais para aprovação de novos medicamentos. A coleta de dados foi feita em dezembro de 2019 e concluída em junho de 2020 para os países do Caribe. Dois grupos independentes coletaram informações sobre o reconhecimento direto ou o procedimento abreviado para aprovação de novos medicamentos e as autoridades reguladoras de referência (de confiança) definidas como tal pela respectiva legislação nacional. Resultados. Documentos regulatórios relacionados à aprovação de novos produtos foram obtidos de 20 sites de órgãos reguladores da ALC, abrangendo 34 países. Sete países não admitem o uso de decisões regulatórias de entidades reguladoras externas. Treze autoridades reguladoras (na Argentina, Colômbia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Equador, Guatemala, México, Panamá, Paraguai, Peru, República Dominicana, Uruguai e o Sistema Regulador do Caribe unificado para 15 Estados caribenhos) admitem explicitamente a admissibilidade de decisões regulatórias para aprovação de novos medicamentos de outras jurisdições, quais sejam: Agência Europeia de Medicamentos (EMA), Agência Reguladora de Alimentos e Medicamentos (FDA) dos EUA e Health Canada. Dez países também aceitam decisões para autorização de comercialização da Austrália, Japão e Suíça. Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México são autoridades de referência para oito agências reguladoras. Conclusões. O uso de decisões regulatórias de outras jurisdições tornou-se prática comum na América Latina e Caribe. Treze das 20 agências reguladoras reconhecem diretamente ou abreviam o procedimento de aprovação de novos medicamentos no caso de tal aprovação já haver sido concedida por uma autoridade reguladora de outra jurisdição. A EMA, a FDA e a Health Canada são as autoridades estrangeiras nas quais as agências reguladoras da América Latina e Caribe mais confiam.

El principio de confianza como criterio delimitador de la responsabilidad penal de los médicos / O princípio da confiança como critério delimitador da responsabilidade penal dos médicos / The principle of reliance as a criterion for delimiting the criminal responsibility of physicians

Resumen: En el presente artículo el autor analiza los presupuestos y límites del principio de confianza como criterio de concreción del cuidado debido exigible a los médicos. Para ello, se distingue entre división horizontal y vertical del trabajo. En el ámbito de la división horizontal, se destaca la relevancia que tiene una clara delimitación de ámbitos de responsabilidad para la vigencia del principio de confianza. En el plano de la división vertical, se explica la delegación de actividades médicas en enfermeras y auxiliares paramédicos (contemplada en el inc. 2º del art. 113 del Código Sanitario), así como los deberes de elección, instrucción y supervigilancia que han de cumplirse para que los facultativos puedan confiar en la correcta ejecución de las tareas delegadas.

Resumo: No presente artigo o autor analisa os pressupostos e limites do princípio da confiança como critério de materialização do cuidado devido exigido dos médicos. Para isso se distingue entre divisão horizontal e vertical do trabalho. No âmbito da divisão horizontal se destaca a relevância que tem uma clara delimitação de âmbitos de responsabilidade para a vigência do princípio da confiança. No plano vertical se explica a delegação de atividades médicas para enfermeiras e auxiliares paramédicos (contemplada no parágrafo 2º do artigo 113 do Código Sanitário), assim como os deveres de eleição, instrução e supervigilância que se tem de cumprir para que os médicos possam confiar na correta execução das tarefas delegadas.

Abstract: In the present article, the author analyzes the pre-requisites and boundaries of the principle of reliance as a criterion for determining the due care that can be demanded from physicians. For that purpose, a distinction is made between horizontal and vertical division of labour. Regarding horizontal division, the relevance of a clear delimitation of scopes of responsibility for the principle of reliance to apply is highlighted. Regarding vertical division, an explanation about delegation of medical activities to nurses and paramedic auxiliaries (contemplated in indent 2 of article 113 of the Sanitary Code) is offered, as well as one about the duties of selection, instruction and supervision that must be fulfilled for the physicians to be allowed to trust in the correct execution of the delegated tasks.

A Study on Self-reliance and Residential Service Needs of Patients with Chronic Mental Illness / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES: Residential services are provided to help patients with chronic mental illness, but those have some problems because of provider focused services and uniformized training. So the purpose of the study was to explore residential needs of patients with the chronic mental illness such as chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: A survey was conducted on 139 mental illness patients using mental health facilities at Ansan city area in South Korea. We investigated their demographic and social characteristics, the degree of self-reliance and residential service needs. RESULTS: More than half of them had the desire for self-reliance, and they needed job support mostly. They were positive about the use of residential facilities and needed daily living skill and social skill training. Also they preferred day rehabilitation in type of facility. And they wanted to operate in a way that they returned home at the weekend after group home. CONCLUSIONS: For facilitating the recovery of patients with chronic mental illness, it would be necessary to provide individualized residential rehabilitation services and to improve existing residential facilities and programs reflected on the patients' needs.

La psicoeducación como herramienta estratégica en el abordaje de la patología mental en el dispositivo de guardia / Psychoeducation as a strategic tool in the approach to mental pathology in emergency device

El abordaje de la patología mental posterior al cuadro agudo que motiva la consulta es uno de los obstáculos que enfrentan los profesionales de salud mental en el dispositivo de guardia. En la mayoría de los casos los pacientes que asisten a la guardia solicitan intervención sobre lo que les urge, sin contemplar las consecuencias que implican los avatares relacionados con su patología de base. La cuestión es cómo intervenir allí, luego de haber "resuelto la urgencia". Es necesario orientar la comprensión y promover la identificación del problema o la patología para emprender acciones adecuadas que permitan tratarlo y solucionarlo en pos de una mejora en la calidad de vida. La psicoeducación es una herramienta estratégica para dicho abordaje y enfrenta grandes desafíos

The approach of mental pathology after acute picture that motivates the query is one of the obstacles faced by the professionals of mental health in the guard device. In the majority of these cases the patients request intervention on what urges them, without contemplating the consequences involving the vicissitudes related to their underlying pathology. The question is how to intervene there, after having "resolved the urgency". It is necessary to guide the understanding and promote the identification of the problem or the pathology to undertake appropriate actions directed to treat it and solve questions looking for improvement in the quality of life. Psychoeducation is a strategic tool for this approach and faces great challenges

Um dois obstáculos que os profissionais da saúde mental enfrentam no dispositivo do plantão, e a abordagem da patologia mental posterior ao quadro agudo motivo da consulta. Na maioria dos casos os pacientes que assistem ao plantão procuram intervenção sobre aquilo que urgente, sem perceber as consequências que implicam as vicissitudes em relação a sua patologia de base. Como intervier ali, depois De ter "resolvido a urgência" ? , tendo como objetivo orientar e ajudar a identificar com maior compreensão e clareza o problema o a patologia para enfocar adequadamente sua resolução o tratamento e favorecer, portanto, uma melhora na qualidade de vida. Este e um dos maiores desafios que convocam a psicoeducacao como gerramenta estratégica para essa abordagem

Resilient women: from victimhood to autonomy. Case study in the self-help groups codependent anonymous / La mujer resiliente: de víctima a responsable. Estudio de casos en los grupos de autoayuda codependientes anónimos / A mulher resiliente: de vítima a responsável. Estudo de casos nos grupos de autoajuda codependentes anônimos

This work focuses on highlighting the resilience developed by the women interviewed about the violence they were subjected and on observing the new life conditions that they wanted to develop grounded in their reality. This analysis belongs to the field of social sciences and psychology since it describes resilience, a phenomenon addressed by both disciplines. The hypothesis proposes that through the active belonging to the self-help groups Codependent Anonymous, women who have experienced violence can distance themselves from the problem and develop a sense of responsibility for their own lives. From a gender point of view, this research finds its justification in the category of gender oppression, formulated by Marcela Lagarde on her work entitled "Women captivities." In the field of personality theory, the explanation of interaction dynamics in codependent relationships is sustained through Transactional Analysis, based on Gloria Noriega Gayol's research on codependence and its relation with transgenerational roles. In order to give a sociological explanation of codependence as a phenomenon, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of fields has been applied and codependence has been defined as a habitus. This work shows the way some women participating in Codependent Anonymous self-help groups, were able to achieve a higher level of consciousness through the training offered by these groups and were able to choose strategies that enabled them to face their life situation more centred in themselves while taking responsibility for their lifestyle choice.

Este trabajo se centra en destacar la resiliencia que desarrollaron las mujeres entrevistadas a partir de la violencia de la que fueron objeto y en observar las nuevas condiciones de vida que se plantearon, fundamentadas en su realidad. Se inserta en el campo de las ciencias sociales y el de la psicología, toda vez que describe la resiliencia, un fenómeno que compete a ambos campos. La hipótesis plantea que, a través de la militancia en los grupos de autoayuda Codependientes Anónimos, algunas mujeres que han experimentado violencia, pueden lograr un auto-distanciamiento que les permita desarrollar la responsabilidad sobre sus propias vidas. Desde una visión de género, encuentra su justificación en la categoría opresión de género, planteada por Marcela Lagarde en su trabajo "Los Cautiverios de las Mujeres." En el campo de las Teorías de la Personalidad, desde el Análisis Transaccional, plantea la dinámica de interacción presente en las relaciones codependientes basada en la investigación de Gloria Noriega Gayol acerca de los roles transgeneracionales. Para dar una explicación sociológica de la codependencia como un fenómeno, se ha aplicado la Teoría de Campos de Pierre Bourdieu, y se ha definido a la Codependencia como un hábitus. La conclusión presenta la forma en la que algunas mujeres participantes en los grupos de auto-ayuda Codependientes Anónimos, incrementaron su nivel de consciencia a partir del entrenamiento provisto en estos grupos y eligieron estrategias para enfrentar su situación de vida desde una postura más centrada en ellas mismas y haciéndose responsables de su forma de vivir.

Este trabalho se centra em destacar a resiliência que mulheres entrevistadas desenvolveram a partir da violência à que foram objetos e em observar as novas condições de vida propostas, fundamentadas na sua realidade. Insere-se na área das ciências sociais e da psicologia, já que descreve a resiliência, um fenômeno que compete a ambos campos. A hipótese propõe que, através da militância nos grupos de autoajuda Codependentes Anônimos, algumas mulheres que sofreram violência, podem conseguir um autodistanciamento que lhes permita desenvolver a responsabilidade sobre suas próprias vidas. Desde uma visão de gênero, encontra sua justificação na categoria opressão de gênero, proposta por Marcela Lagarde no seu trabalho "Os Cativeiros das Mulheres." No campo das Teorias da Personalidade, desde a Análise Transacional, propõe a dinâmica de interação presente nas relações codependentes baseada na pesquisa de Gloria Noriega Gayol sobre os papéis trans-geracionais. Para dar una explicação sociológica da codependência como um fenômeno, foi aplicada a Teoria de Campos de Pierre Bourdieu, e definiu-se a Codependência como um hábitus. A conclusão apresenta a forma em que algumas mulheres participantes dos grupos de autoajuda Codependentes Anônimos, aumentaram seu nível de consciência a partir do treinamento provisto nestes grupos e escolheram estratégias para enfrentar sua situação de vida desde una postura mais centrada em si mesmas, fazendo-se responsáveis da sua forma de viver.

Clinical trials for vaccine development in registry of Korea Food and Drug Administration

Based on the action plan "Ensuring a stable supply of National Immunization Program vaccines and sovereignty of biopharmaceutical products," Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) has made efforts to develop vaccines in the context of self reliance and to protect public health. Along with the recognized infrastructures for clinical trials, clinical trials for vaccines have also gradually been conducted at multinational sites as well as at local sites. KFDA will support to expand six to eleven kinds of vaccines by 2017. In accordance with integrated regulatory system, KFDA has promoted clinical trials, established national lot release procedure, and strengthened good manufacturing practices inspection and post marketing surveillance. Against this backdrop, KFDA will support the vaccine development and promote excellent public health protection.

Fatigue resistance of dental implants treated with laser method / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Many surface processing methods of dental implant have been developed, the laser processing is one of them. PURPOSE: This study was to investigate in vitro the fatigue resistance of implants treated with laser method(CSM implant, CSM Company, Daegu, Korea). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fatigue tests of 23 laser treated CSM implant(CSM Company, Daegu, Korea) were conducted using Instron 8871 (Load cell, 5 kN, Instron Co., England), according to ISO 14801 (2003), RESULTS: From 300 N, each specimens were not fractured and withstood until more than 5,000,000 cycle. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this in vitro study, implants treated with laser method (CSM implant, CSM Company, Daegu, Korea) have had enough rigidity and fatigue resistance to use clinically with reliance.

The Selection and Application of Examination Paper Analysis Indexes / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Examination paper analysis is an important job in examination management.It includes qualificative analysis and quantitative analysis,which are connective and complementary.This essay discusses the selection and application of examination paper analysis indexes.