Jujube in Malay Medical Manuscript: A Comparison from Scientific and Islamic Perspectives / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Jujube known as ‘Bidara’ in Malay customs is a beneficial plant to humans. Nowadays, it is being domestically produced into varieties of products to fulfill human needs. However, as time passed, Jujube was only seen as a source for business products while ignoring its real benefits. Thus, this paper aimed to illustrate its benefits as stated in the transliterated books of Malay medical manuscripts, with solid support from scientific and Islamic perspectives. As a common ingredient for remedies, jujube has been documented in old manuscripts such as Kitab Tib MSS 2151, Kitab Tib Muzium Terengganu, The Medical Book of Malayan Medicine, and Kitab Al-Rahmah Fi al-Tibb Wa Al-Hikmah. Past journals and articles were analyzed to describe the benefits of jujube from scientific and Islamic points of view which are derived from the Quran and Hadith. In the selected Malay medical manuscripts, jujube was prescribed as a remedy for dysentery, loss of appetite, sore throat, smallpox, and scorpion sting. Scientific findings have broadened the discoveries of its medicinal advantages with the presence of properties such as anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiallergic. Islamic views which are derived from the Quran, Hadith, and scholars’ books mainly circulate its benefits as a cleansing agent, black magic defense mechanism, and medicine for certain illnesses. To conclude, this paper will review the benefits of jujube from the ancient Malay medical manuscript, which is parallel with the Islamic perspective and supported by scientific findings.

Effectiveness of VATP on Prevention of Pediculosis through the Use of Natural Remedies among Mothers of School-Age Children

Background: The child is the stylish creation among God's brutes. The most precious gift is a healthy child. The children of the moment will shape the India of hereafter. Head lice infestation is an ongoing global health issue, particularly among academ y-age children. An ongoing issue with public health on a global scale, particularly with the academy- age children. Methods: Total 60 maters are included as the sample. An accessible slice system was used. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to gather information, and Chi-square analysis was used to uncover the relationship between knowledge about pediculosis forestallment through the use of natural remedies with socio-demographic factors. Results: The post-test score was more advanced than the pre-test knowledge score, at 71.63. Using natural curatives, the VATP was helpful in precluding Pediculosis to the tune of 33.47 0f the overall score. The reckoned knowledge t-value (15.84) was significantly advanced than the table value for the degree of freedom 59 and 0.05% position of significance (1.96). The videotape- supported tutoring approach was successful as a result. Conclusion: After evaluation of knowledge on Pediculosis, it was established that utmost maters had average knowledge regarding pediculosis forestallment through natural remedies. As a result, exploration has shown that VATP was relatively helpful in raising awareness of natural remedies.

Microbial Quality and Public Health Risks of Selected Herbal Remedies Sold in Open Markets in Owerri Metropolis, South Eastern, Nigeria

Herbal medicines are presently widely used in developed and developing countries for health care due to their affordability, accessibility and availability. Objective: The microbial quality of selected herbal remedies sold in open markets in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria was studied. Methods: The samples were bulked according to type and then serially diluted. The spread plate technique was used in inoculating the samples on the appropriate culture medium and then incubated. Standard laboratory protocols for microbiological studies and biochemical tests were employed for the identification of the microorganisms present in the samples. Results: The presence of bacterial species namely Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp was recorded. They were all gram positive and bacterial counts ranged from 1.0 x 106 to 7.8 x 107cfu/ml. Fungal isolates included Mucor, Saccharomyces and Penicillium spp. and fungal counts ranged from 3.0x103 to 1.3x108 cfu/ml respectively. Conclusion: The presence of these microorganisms in herbal remedies do not only make them hazardous, but might also change the physical, chemical and natural properties of the herbal remedies by altering the contents of active ingredients or converting them to toxic products. The production and consumption of herbal remedies should be properly supervised and monitored to ensure that only good quality products get to the consumers.

Bases científicas del principio de curación homeopática en la farmacología moderna / Scientific bases of the homeopathic healing principle in modern pharmacology

La homeopatía emplea el denominado 'principio de similares' como método terapéutico ­ el cual consiste en administrar medicamentos que provocan ciertos síntomas en individuos sanos para tratar síntomas similares en individuos enfermos (similia similibus curantur) - para inducir una reacción curativa secundaria del cuerpo en contra de sus propios trastornos. Esta reacción secundaria (vital, homeostática o paradójica) del cuerpo se basa en el 'efecto de rebote' de los fármacos modernos, un tipo de evento adverso que se produce después de interrumpir varias clases de fármacos prescritos según el 'principio de los contrarios' (contraria contrariis curantur). Objetivo: La presente revisión ha buscado justificar científicamente el principio de curación homeopática frente a la farmacología clínica y experimental a través de un estudio sistemático del efecto de rebote de los fármacos modernos o reacción paradójica del cuerpo. Métodos: Empleando como referencia estudios y revisiones sobre el tema publicados a partir de 1998, actualizamos los datos añadiendo estudios recientes incluidos en la base de datos PubMed. Resultados: El efecto de rebote se produce después de interrumpir varias clases de fármacos con acción contraria a los síntomas de las enfermedades, exacerbándolos a niveles superiores a aquellos previos al tratamiento. Independientemente de la enfermedad, fármaco, dosis y duración del tratamiento, el fenómeno del rebote se manifiesta en una pequeña proporción de los individuos susceptibles. Siguiendo las premisas homeopáticas, los fármacos modernos también podrían usarse según el principio de la similitud terapéutica, empleando entonces el efecto de rebote (reacción paradójica) con propósito curativo. Conclusiones: Evidenciado por cientos de estudios que constatan la similitud de conceptos y manifestaciones, el efecto de rebote de los fármacos modernos justifica científicamente el principio de la cura homeopática. Aunque el fenómeno de rebote es un evento adverso estudiado por la farmacología moderna, no es conocido por los profesionales de la atención médica, lo cual priva a los médicos de un conocimiento indispensable para el manejo seguro de los fármacos.

Homeopathy employs the so-called 'principle of similars' as therapeutic method - which consists in administering medicines that cause certain symptoms in healthy individuals to treat similar symptoms in sick individuals (similia similibus curantur) - to induce a secondary and healing reaction by the body against its own disorders. This secondary (vital, homeostatic or paradoxical) reaction of the body is based on the 'rebound effect' of modern drugs, a type of adverse event that occurs following discontinuation of several classes of drugs prescribed according to the 'principle of contraries' (contraria contrariis curantur). Aim: The present review sought to scientifically substantiate the homeopathic healing principle vis-à-vis experimental and clinical pharmacology through a systematic study of the rebound effect of modern drugs or paradoxical reaction of the body. Methods: Employing as reference studies and revisions on the subject published since 1998, we updated the data adding recent studies included in database PubMed. Results: The rebound effect occurs after discontinuation of several classes of drugs with action contrary to the symptoms of diseases, exacerbating them to levels above the ones before treatment. Regardless of disease, drug, dose and duration of treatment, the rebound phenomenon manifests in a small proportion of susceptible individuals. Following the homeopathic premises, modern drugs might also be used according to the principle of therapeutic similitude, thus employing the rebound effect (paradoxical reaction) with curative intent. Conclusions: Evidenced by hundreds of studies that attest to the similarity of concepts and manifestations, the rebound effect of modern drugs scientifically substantiates the principle of homeopathic cure. Although the rebound phenomenon is an adverse event studied by modern pharmacology, it is not known by health care professionals, thus depriving doctors of knowledge indispensable for safe management of drugs.

Review on Herbal Remedies for Dysentery and Diarrhea from the Melghat Region of Maharashtra State, India

The rapid advancement in fast pacing lifestyle of people and more dependent on fast food is the major leading cause of the increase in stomach infections leading to dysentery and diarrhea. Diarrhoea / Diarrhea and Dysentery are major causes of morbidity and mortality in rural communities of the developing world. The current review focus on herbal remedies from the Melghat region for dysentery and diarrhea-related symptoms. A total of 287 medicinal plant species from 90 families have been compiled for Dysentery (210) and Diarrhea (243). Most reported plant families were Fabaceae contributing 11.14% plants of the total population, followed by Asteraceae (5.57%), Malvaceae (4.52%), Apocynaceae (3.48%), Rubiaceae (3.48%), Lamiaceae (3.13%), Combretaceae (3.13%), Amaranthaceae (2.78%), Euphorbiaceae (2.78%), Moraceae (2.78%), Mimosoideae (2.43%), etc. In this study, out of 287 species reviewed, trees represented 34.49% of species, followed by herbs (32.75%), shrubs (21.95%), climbers (8.01%), grasses (2.43%), and orchids (0.34%). Curated data presented along with the plant's botanical name, plant's family, category (habit), ailments, the part used with relevant traditional, folk, ethnobotanical uses and patterns with cross citations offers scope for researchers engaged in herbal drug discovery and development to dwell into the herbal reservoir and find suitable plant compounds for fighting this disease.

Likelihood Ratio And Repertory: A Useful Tool To Update Our Repertories

Background:Homoeopathic Science is focusing on the scientific explanation regarding its medicinal action and prescriptions in language of Research and Methodology. Whenever the word Research is there in any area, statistics comes automatically for presentation of theresearch findings. Homoeopathy accepts various Statistical Methods in its research studies to show their efficacy in Medical Science. Likelihood ratio is one of the statistical tools that help Physicians to develop skill in diagnosis of the various disease conditions. In Homoeopathic Science, this tool is not only helpful in case management but also help us to update our Repertories with its scientific data obtained by various case studies. So, let’s explore this tool named Likelihood ratio and its utilityin Homoeopathic Tool named Repertory. Material And Methods:It is a type of analytical study with following inclusion and exclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria:Most frequently cited articles of likelihood ratio were included. Exclusion criteria: publications of article based on likelihood ratio before year 2000 AD were excluded from study.Result:Less than 9 articles with most frequent citation wereeligible for study. There was scarcityof data regarding likelihood ratio in Homoeopathic Science.Conclusion:Many research papersregarding utility of likelihood ratio and repertories are present in Homoeopathic world but still the concept is not able to put a great impact on Homoeopath’s mind.Acceptance of this tool may help us to improve our Homoeopathic practice as well as standards of our Homoeopathy in Medical Science.

The use of homeopathy and flower therapy as an aid in the treatment of climacteric symptoms: an integrative review

Climacteric is characterized as the set of symptoms that usually start in the period of transition from the reproductive phase to female senility, and directly impacts woman's quality of life. Currently, the treatments approved by the FDA for this pathology mainly involve the use of antidepressants and hormone replacement, both having side effects. Clinical studies carried out in 2002, showed an increased risk of breast cancer, and other pathologies related to the prolonged use of these drugs. The impact ofthe studies resulted in a greater interest in complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), such as the use of homeopathy and flower remedies for the treatment of climacteric symptoms. This abstract aims to present an integrative review on the use of homeopathy and flower remedies in the treatment of climacteric symptoms, in order to identify it main scientific evidence. For this, metodology consisted of research in the databases Web of Science, Google Scholar, HomeoIndex, LILACS and SciELO. The inclusion criteria were original human studies, totally available, and published in the last 10 years in Portuguese, English and Spanish, presenting the use of floral remedies or homeopathic treatment. The main homeopathic medicines used were Lachesis mutus, Belladona, Sepia officinalis, Sanguinaria canadensis and Sulfur. The main flower remedies were Cherry plum, Agrimony, Gentian, Walnut, Olive and Larch. The findings in this review demonstrate a positive outcome trend in favor of the effectiveness of these practices through the studies evaluated, encouraging the expansion of new designs and research that fully contemplate the principles of these practices. Thus, this work contributes to the advancement in the understanding of each one of these rationalities, making this work a source of consultation for health professionals and for future research, resulting in a strengthening of CAMs in the field of health.

Influence of homeopathy on the quality of quail eggs stored for different periods of time

The purpose of this trial was to assess the influence of homeopathy products on the diet of quails based on egg quality when submitted to different storage periods. Methodology: Two hundred, 45 day old Japanese quails and 80% of production were used, in a completely randomized design comprised of a 4x3 factorial, and 4 diets (basal feed, inert vehicle and 2 homeopathic products: Fertsigo® (Sulphur10 CH, Sepia 15CH ) and Ovosigo® (Belladonna 12CH,Silicea 12 CH, Natrum mur. 30CH, Calcarea phos. 30CH, Sulphur 12CH) and 3 storage periods (0 days, 7 days and 14 days) with ten repetitions of three eggs per treatment. The weight, percentages of yoke, albumen and shell, albumen height and yolk color, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk index and shell thickness were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis to verify whether there was a interaction effect between homeopathy factors and storage time, and when absent, the isolated effects. Results: An interaction between the homeopathic products and time was found for the parameters of albumen height and yolk, Haugh unit and yolk index, which reduced over time. For egg weight, yolk, albumen and shell, a significant effect (p<0.05) was found only in the case of homeopathy for the percentages of albumen and shell. For egg and albumen weights, yolk and albumen percentages, specific gravity and colorimetry there was an effect for time, however these parameters reduced over the storage time in days. The addition of the homeopathic based products Ovosigo® and FertSigo® are indicated for the diets of Japanese quail during the laying phase since it resulted in better weights for the egg and its components. Conclusion: The different homeopathic products did not have an influence on conserving the quality of the Japanese quail eggs during the periods evaluated.

Formation of Self-organized Structures in Drying Droplets: a Promising Analytical Tool for Homeopathy Basic Research

The droplet evaporation method (DEM) is based on the evaporation-induced pattern formation in droplets and is applied mainly for medical diagnosis[1].Here, we present aseries of experiments performed by our team showing DEMs potential also forhomeopathy basic research, in particular, for the investigation of(i) low potencies, (ii) low potency complexes (physical model), and (iii) the action of high potencies (plant-based model).Methods:(i) DEM differentiated significantly between Luffa, Baptisia, Echinacea, and Spongiauntil 4x[2]. Furthermore, the patterns varied in function of the numberof succussion strokes (0, 10, or 100) applied during potentization[3]. The performance of chaotic succussions vs. laminar flow vs. slight mixing during the potentization of Viscum album quercus3x influenced the DEM patterns; the chaotic succussions reduced, whereas laminar flow enhanced the patterns complexity vs. the unsuccussed control.(ii) The addition of Mercurius bijodatus9x to Luffa4x changed significantly the DEM patterns, even if the material quantity present in the 9x potency lied far beyond that of ultrapure water.(iii) Leakages obtained by placing healthy or arsenic-damaged wheat-seeds into Arsenicum album45x orheat-damaged intoZincum metallicum30c vs. water created significantly different DEM structures [4, 5]. Results:The damaged seeds put into the potency created structures characterized by a higher complexity than those obtained from damaged seeds put into control water. Furthermore, the potency action seemed to increase with rising numbers ofsuccussion strokes applied during potentization,ascould be shown by means of DEM patterns and germination rate using the same wheat-seed model[6].In all our studies, the pattern evaluation was computerized (texture and fractal analysis performed by means of ImageJ) or based on deep-learning algorithms and the robustness of the experimental system was checked by means of systematic control experiments.Conclusion:DEM together with other similarmethods has also been reviewed by our team for what concerns theapplication in homeopathy basic research[7].

Impact of socioeconomic and health-related factors on consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain in 2006, 2011 and 2017 / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Complementary and alternative medicine use and type of use may be influenced by sociodemographic and economic determinants through which we could identify characteristics of patients with greater trend to use it. This paper aims to describe the changes in the consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain for three time points in order to discern changes in rate of consumption, associated factors and whether their use has been affected by a period of economic recession.@*METHODS@#This study utilized 2006, 2011 and 2017 cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged more than 15 years old and resident in Spain. Independent bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses for each of the 3 years studied were performed.@*RESULTS@#The rate of consumption of both homeopathic and natural remedies has decreased over the periods studied. In spite of this decrease, the consumer profile appears to remain stable over the three periods. The sociodemographic factors associated with their consumption were being female, being 30-64 years old, being separated/divorced, having higher education qualifications, being employed and belonging to a higher social class. Psychiatric morbidity, chronic health problems such as pain, mental health problems or malignant tumors, and absence of major cardiovascular events were the clinical factors associated.@*CONCLUSION@#It can be concluded that beyond the economic situation, the use of homeopathic and natural remedies obeys to the needs of the patients related to their state of health and the response they receive from the health system. It may be that women have different needs and expectations of the healthcare system and, given this breach of expectations, seek remedy to alleviate their needs outside the system and conventional medicine.

Remedios curativos y propaganda médica contra la influenza de 1918 en México: ideas y conocimientos / Therapeutic remedies and medical propaganda on influenza in Mexico in 1918: ideas and knowledge sets

Resumen El artículo explora el pensamiento médico en torno al impacto de la pandemia de influenza de 1918 en México. Se analizan las ideas científicas sobre la etiología de la gripe, las cuales se reflejaron en el tipo de remedios y recetas médicas que se publicaron en la prensa y en boletines de salud. Para adentrarse en este tema profundizamos en el contexto histórico internacional dominado por la guerra. En México, años de conflictos armados a consecuencia de la Revolución agravaron las condiciones de vida de la población: hambre, tifo, viruela y otros padecimientos infecciosos se presentaron antes y durante el brote de la pandemia. El trabajo se apoya en documentación de archivo, boletines de salud, prensa de la época y bibliografía actualizada.

Abstract This article explores medical thought on the impact of the influenza pandemic of 1918 in Mexico. It analyzes scientific ideas on the etiology of the flu, as reflected in the types of remedies and medical prescriptions published in the press and in health bulletins. It then goes deeper into the topic by examining the international historic context, dominated by the war. In Mexico, years of armed conflict unleashed by the Revolution exacerbated living conditions among the population: starvation, typhus, smallpox and other infectious diseases were present before and during the outbreak of the pandemic. This study is based on archival documentation, health bulletins, press sources from the period, and modern bibliography.

Semeaduras: uma cartografia na atenção primária em saúde / Sembrando: una cartografía en la atención primaria en salud / Sowing: a cartography in primary health care

Resumo Os fitoterápicos podem atuar como dispositivo terapêutico micropolítico para o campo da saúde mental. Este relato de experiência apresenta o percurso de uma horta comunitária em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) no sul da Bahia, com objetivo de resgatar os saberes locais para produzir um campo de visibilidade. Trabalhou-se com o referencial teórico-metodológico da cartografia para analisar os efeitos do dispositivo horta na saúde dos participantes e na construção do vínculo dos trabalhadores de saúde com usuários do serviço. Participaram do grupo em torno de dez pessoas, majoritariamente mulheres negras, pobres, idosas e moradoras do local. Considera-se que a horta constituiu um dispositivo potente para o encontro de usuárias da USF, acompanhamento terapêutico, construção de vínculos, cultivo de plantas medicinais, redução no consumo de medicações alopáticas e mesmo para a produção de legumes e frutas para alimentação das participantes.

Resumen Los fitoterápicos pueden actuar como dispositivo terapéutico micropolítico para el campo de la salud mental. Este relato de experiencia presenta el recorrido de una huerta comunitaria en un servicio de atención primaria en el sur de Bahía, con el objetivo de rescatar los saberes locales para producir un campo de visibilidad. Se trabajó con el referencial teórico-metodológico de la cartografía para analizar los efectos del dispositivo huerta en la salud de los participantes y en la construcción del vínculo de los trabajadores con los usuarios del servicio. Participaron del grupo cerca de diez personas, mayoritariamente mujeres negras, pobres, ancianas y moradoras del lugar. Se considera que la huerta constituyó un dispositivo potente para el encuentro de usuarias del servicio de salud, acompañamiento terapéutico, construcción de vínculos, cultivo de plantas medicinales, reducción en el consumo de medicamentos alopáticos, e incluso para la producción de legumbres y frutas para alimentación de las participantes.

Abstract Herbal remedies may act as a micropolitical therapeutic device to the mental health field. This experience report shows the course of a community garden in a Family Health Unit (USF) in the south of Bahia, aiming to rescue the local knowledge in order to produce a visibility field. The cartography was used as theoretic-methodological to analyze the effects of the vegetable garden device on the participants' health and on the construction of a bond between workers and the service users. About 10 people participated, mostly black, poor and elder women that were local residents. The vegetable garden turned into a potent device for the meetings of primary health care users, for therapeutic follow-up, for building bonds, cultivating medicinal plants, reducing consumption of allopathic medication and even for the production of vegetables and fruits to feed the participants.

Anti-Diabetic Activity Of Few India Indigenous Medicinal Plants

The traditional system of medicine is so ingrained in our culture that, about 75% of the Indian population depends on this indigenous system for relief. With such a huge section of an ever increasing population relying on herbal remedies, it is imperative that the plant products which have been in use for such a long time be scientifically supported for their efficacy. Diabetes a metabolic disorders is most frequent occurring disease in India. The present paper reports with the investigation of antidiabetic potential of Eugenia jambolana (Bark), Phyllanthus niruri (Whole plant), Momordica charantia Linn. (Seeds) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Leaves).

Assessment of cultural beliefs and practices during the postnatal period in an urban field practice area of SRMC, Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh

Background: The postpartum period continues to be an important part of the tradition and culture among Indian women. But frequently the health of the postnatal women is neglected. So, the present study aimed to explore the beliefs and practices in the postpartum period regarding diet, rest, hygiene, confinement and assess association between cultural practices and socio demographic characteristics.Methods: A cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted in the field practice area of urban SRMC Nandyal. The participants were women who had given births in the past three months. The data was collected using a pre‐tested semi‐structured questionnaire.Results: Among the 140 women, over 75% of women had increased their diet intake postpartum. Vegetables such as brinjal and fruits like papaya were avoided by 58.5% and 63.6% women respectively. Among the mothers 18.3% consumed less than 500 ml of water every day and 22% did not drink milk at all. Household work was avoided by 67% of the women while 79.6% avoided going outdoors. Many women didn’t maintain personal hygiene. Many women took home remedies for faster recuperation. These practices were influenced by the socioeconomic status and the woman’s educational status.Conclusions: Traditional postpartum practices are still popular among women in rural and slum areas in Andhra Pradesh. It is critical to identify the harmful practices and reinforce the positive healthy practices to make postpartum period a healthy and joyful period for the mother.

Conceptos emergentes: injuria hepática inducida por productos herbales (HILI). Revisión de tema / Emerging Concepts: Herb-Induced Liver Injury (HILI)

Resumen Las terapias consideradas alternativas son un grupo de intervenciones que incluyen el uso de suplementos herbarios y dietéticos bajo la falsa premisa de ofrecer un gran beneficio sobre la salud del paciente sin tener que someterse al riesgo de presentar efectos adversos, ya que se tratan de productos naturales. En Colombia, los remedios naturistas son una práctica común, pero la frecuencia de uso todavía es desconocida. A nivel mundial existe una gran preocupación al respecto, ya que se ha establecido con claridad la asociación existente con injuria hepática debido a su uso, lo cual ha motivado a introducir un concepto nuevo en medicina denominado injuria hepática inducida por productos herbales (HILI).

Abstract Alternative therapies are considered to be a group of interventions that include the use of herbal and dietary supplements under the false premise that they offer great benefits to patients' health without having adverse effects since they are "natural" products. In Colombia, naturopathic remedies are common, but their frequency of use is still unknown. Throughout the world there is great concern about these alternatives since hepatic injuries derived from their use have been clearly established. This has led to a new concept in medicine called HILI, an English language acronym for herb-induced liver injury.

Conocimiento tradicional de las vendedoras de plantas medicinales de la ciudad de Sucre-Bolivia / Traditional knowledge of the medicines of medicinal plants of the city of Sucre-Bolivia

En Bolivia se práctica la medicina tradicional por su alta diversidad cultural y biológica. Las plantas medicinales son comercializadas en Sucre-Bolivia mediante puestos urbanos atendidos por mujeres de origen quechua y castellano el objetivo es saber los conocimientos y usos de las plantas medicinales. La recolección de información fue por medio de entrevistas, con cinco preguntas básicas en los meses de julio-agosto. Se identificó que las señoras que tienen puesto fijo tienen de 90 a 110 especies de plantas medicinales y las señoras ambulantes que en su mayoría se encuentran en el mercado campesino tienen poca variedad de plantas medicinales de 5 a 10 especies, estas ambulantes en su totalidad son de orígenes indígenas es porque ellas siembran y cosechan sus propias plantas que en este caso son plantas con características medicinales en cambio las que tienen puesto fijo, también son las que tienen más años de experiencia traen plantas de La Paz (yungas), Cochabamba ya que estas ciudades producen mayor cantidad de plantas medicinales, también son traídas de los alrededores de sucre como Yotala, Icla, Jatun Mayu, Ravelo y del valle que son exportadas para su venta. Es así que estos recursos genéticos representan oportunidades para impulsar el desarrollo económico, enmarcado dentro la sostenibilidad y equidad social.

In Bolivia, traditional medicine is practiced because of its high cultural and biological diversity. The medicinal plants are commercialized in Sucre-Bolivia through urban posts served by women of Quechua and Spanish origin. The objective is to know the knowledge and uses of the medicinal plants. The information was collected through interviews, with five basic questions in the months of July-August. It was identified that the ladies who have a fixed position have 90 to 110 species of medicinal plants and the traveling ladies who are mostly in the peasant market have little variety of medicinal plants of 5 to 10 species, these ambulants in their entirety are of indigenous origins it is because they sow and harvest their own plants that in this case are plants with medicinal characteristics instead those that have a fixed position, they are also those that have more years of experience bring plants from La Paz (yungas), Cochabamba since These cities produce more medicinal plants, they are also brought from the surroundings of Sucre such as Yotala, Icla, Jatun Mayu, Ravelo and the valley that are exported for sale. Thus, these genetic resources represent opportunities to boost economic development, framed within sustainability and social equity.

Artefacts in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their remedies

Background: An enormous number of artefacts are encountered in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which jeopardize the image quality. A comprehensive knowledge of the sources and the remedial measures needed is pivotal to enhance and optimize the image quality in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Objectives: The primary objectives of the study were to identify different MRI artefacts, to find the reason/cause of these artefacts and to find methods for correction of these artefacts. Materials and methods: This was a prospective study which included all the patients that were referred to our department for various MRI examinations. The study was carried at 1.5 tesla Magnetom Avanto Siemens, Germany. All the MRI examinations were performed by trained technologist in presence of an experienced radiologist. The MR images acquired were studied for the presence of any artefacts during the performance of MRI examination, the MR parameters at which the artefacts appeared and subsequently the remedial measures undertaken. Results: A total of 209 patients comprising 95 females and 114 males, referred to our department for MRI examinations of various body parts were studied. The commonest artefact observed was motion artefact in 43 (20.6%) patients followed by susceptibility artefact and aliasing artefact. Less common artefacts observed were chemical shift artefact, herring bone artefact, Gibb’s artefact, Moiré fringe artefact, zipper artefact and magic angle phenomenon. Arshed Hussain Parry, Abdul Haseeb Wani, Abdul Momin Jan, Tariq Ahmad Gojwari. Artefacts in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their remedies. IAIM, 2019; 6(4): 122-130. Page 123 Conclusion: Thorough understanding of the sources of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artefacts and the mechanism of their production enables

De remedios y pócimas: las medicinas en el Quito del siglo 18 / Of remedies and potions: the medicines in the 18th century Quito

Contexto: para conocer la historia de un pueblo, es necesario analizar su espíritu y costumbre, por medio de los cuales se puede comprender su pensamiento que lo identifica y valora dándole su propia razón de ser. Una de las más importantes actividades tiene relación con la forma de preservar su salud, fundamento vital de vida y existencia; en tal virtud este análisis permite conocer la tradición quiteña relacionada con el uso de plantas medicinales y sus diferentes aplicaciones. Objetivo: por medio de esta investigación histórica, detallar el uso de pócimas y plantas medicinales empleados por los llamados médicos y curanderos del Quito del siglo XVIII, con el fin de contrarrestar las enfermedades más comunes que afectaban a los quiteños. Discusión y análisis: son pocos los estudios históricos y antropológicos sobre la materia, lo cual no permite realizar un análisis comparativo con el fin de lograr mejores conclusiones. Posiblemente la dificultad para acceder a fuentes primarias localizadas en archivos especializados sea la causa para esta falencia. Por otro lado, la historia social relacionada con la Medicina es muy relativa, debido a que los historiadores han dado poca importancia a tan valioso tema, con lo cual bien se podría entender de mejor manera el pensamiento del siglo XVIII. Una de las razones, probablemente, tiene relación con el hecho de que para la época, quienes se dedicaban a curar, eran menospreciados, razón por la que el oficio de médico era practicado por mestizos y gente de clase media baja, lo que no permitió dejar mayores evidencias escritas con el fin de comprender como se trataban y curaban las enfermedades, siendo la medicina popular, que subsiste hasta nuestros días, la única evidencia para comprender ligeramente los procedimientos médicos practicados en el lejano siglo colonial de nuestro análisis. Conclusión: la historia de la Medicina en el Ecuador ha sido tratada en contadas ocasiones por médicos profesionales, quienes se han dedicado con admirable paciencia a recoger todo cuanto detalle les ha sido posible localizar sobre todo en los archivos del antiguo hospital San Juan de Dios de la capital ecuatoriana; en igual forma, han podido ubicar ciertos datos que la historia social y política del país no la han tomado en cuenta. Para ello han recurrido al valioso archivo histórico de la Universidad Central del Ecuador, el cual guarda y conserva verdaderas joyas documentales sobre la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; sin embargo, no existen estudios especializados sobre la farmacopea popular, base fundamental para comprender el estado de salud de los quiteños que habitaron en el siglo 18. Descriptores DeCs: historia del Ecuador, historia de la medicina, farmacopea, remedios caseros, siglo 18, Quito (AU)

Context: to know the history of the people, it is necessary to analyze their spirit and customs, by means of which they can understand their thought that identifies and values them by giving them their own reason for being. One of the most important activities is related to the way of preserving their health, vital foundation of life and existence. In this virtue, this analysis allows knowing the tradition of Quito related to the use of medicinal plants and their different applications. Objective: through this historical investigation, to detail the use of potions and medicinal plants used by the so-called doctors and healers of the eighteenth century Quito, in order to counteract the most common diseases affecting the people of Quito. Discussion and analysis: there are few historical and anthropological studies on the subject, which does not allow a comparative analysis in order to achieve better conclusions. Possibly the difficulty to access primary sources located in specialized files is the cause for this failure. On the other hand, social history related to Medicine is very relative, because historians have given little importance to such a valuable subject, which could well be understood in the eighteenth century thought. One of the reasons, probably, is related to the fact that for the time, those who were dedicated to cure, were despised, reason why the doctor's office was practiced by mestizos and people of lower middle class, which did not allow leave more written evidence in order to understand how diseases were treated and cured, being popular medicine, which subsists to our days, the only evidence to understand slightly the medical procedures practiced in the distant colonial century of our analysis. Conclusion: the history of Medicine in Ecuador has been treated on rare occasions by professional doctors, who have devoted themselves with admirable patience to collect all the details they have been able to locate; especially in the archives of the old San Juan de Dios hospital at the Ecuadorian capital. In the same way, they have been able to locate certain data that the social and political history of the country has not taken into account. For this they have resorted to the valuable historical archive of the Central University of Ecuador, which keeps and preserves true documentary gems about the Faculty of Medical Sciences. However, there are no specialized studies on the popular pharmacopoeia, a fundamental basis for understanding the state of health of the people of Quito who lived in the 18th century. (AU)

Plant Remedies Used for Livestock by Farmers in Southern Senatorial Zone, Plateau State, Nigeria

Survey of the plant remedies used by livestock farmers in Southern Senatorial Zone of Plateau State was carried out using structured questionnaire. A total of 150 structured questionnaires were distributed to livestock farmers in three selected Local Government Areas of Southern Senatorial zone Plateau State. Of the 150 questionnaires distributed 142 were completed and retrieved. Information obtained from the respondents showed that livestock farmers in the study area are aware of ethno-veterinary remedies and also use them for the management of common livestock diseases. A total of 49 plant species from 11 families used to treat the 23 livestock diseases in the study area were identified. The study revealed that the plants identified are used either singly or in combination with parts of different plants. Based on the plant parts used, the result showed that barks are most frequently used (50.7%), followed by the leaf (40.8%), the seed (35.2%) and root (18.3%). About 85.9% of the plants used in the study area are sourced from the bush. More so, 76.1% are available all year round while 14.1% are used in preserved form and 9.9% are cultivated during the wet season. The plants identified are either used as processed, wet or in dry form. The result showed that greater percentage of the famers keep small ruminants (43.0%), followed by poultry (26.1%) dogs (16.0%), and pigs (4.7%). About 41.0% of the livestock farmers keep animals for income, 26.0% for meat and income, 14.0% for security, 10.0% for meat and 0.1% for income and security.

Terapias tradicional y natural combinadas en pacientes con alopecia areata / Combined traditional and natural therapies in patients with alopecia areata

Se realizó un estudio de intervención terapéutica en 30 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de alopecia areata en forma de placas, atendidos en la consulta de Dermatología del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde junio del 2014 hasta igual mes del 2015, con vistas a determinar la efectividad de la terapia tradicional china y la natural combinadas (esencias florales de Bach por modelo transpersonal, acupuntura con martillo de 7 puntas y masaje local con el rizoma del jengibre), para lo cual se conformó un grupo de estudio que la recibió y otro de control que fue tratado con crema esteroidea (triamcinolona a 0,1 por ciento). Los pacientes, cuya mayoría comprendía las edades de 25 a 34 años y era del sexo masculino, fueron evaluados al inicio, y luego a la cuarta, la octava y duodécima semanas. La terapia tradicional y la natural combinadas en pacientes con alopecia areata presentó una mejor respuesta y no existieron efectos secundarios, lo que demostró su efectividad al respecto

A study of therapeutic intervention in 30 patients with diagnosis of patchy alopecia areata, assisted in the Dermatology service of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from June, 2014 to the same month in 2015, aimed at determining the effectiveness of the combined Chinese traditional therapy and the natural one (Bach flowers remedies for transpersonal pattern, acupuncture with hammer of 7 tips and local massage with ginger rhizome), for which a study group was formed which received it and another control group which was treated with steroid cream (triamcinolone 0,1 percent). Patients from the age group 25 - 34 years and male sex, were evaluated at the beginning, and then at fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks. The combined traditional and natural therapies in patients with alopecia areata provided a better response and there were no secondary effects, what demonstrated its effectiveness on this respect