Endovascular stenting with a drug-eluting stent of transplanted renal artery stenosis in a dual kidney transplanted patient / Tratamento endovascular com stent farmacológico em estenose de artéria renal transplantada de paciente com transplante renal duplo

Abstract Renal transplant remains the preferred therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Given the shortage of suitable donor kidneys, use of an expanded criteria donor (ECD) allows marginal kidneys to be transplanted; albeit at risk of increased graft failure due to lower nephron mass. To reduce the risk of graft failure, double kidney transplant (DKT) is advocated, with favorable outcomes. Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is one of the most common vascular complications following renal transplant. Unlike single kidney transplants, where TRAS usually presents with fluid overload, uncontrolled hypertension, and worsening kidney functions; it may be clinically silent in DKT patients since they have two functional transplanted kidneys. We hereby report a case of TRAS in a DKT patient who had 2 years of favorable clinical outcomes following successful endovascular stenting. He however recently died of COVID-19 associated pneumonitis.

Resumo O transplante renal continua sendo a terapia preferida para doenças renais em fase terminal. Dada a escassez de rins de doadores adequados, o doador com critérios expandidos permite que rins marginais sejam transplantados, embora haja um maior risco de falha do enxerto devido à diminuição da massa nefrótica. Para diminuir o risco de falha do enxerto, recomenda-se o transplante renal duplo (TRD), com resultados favoráveis. A estenose de artéria renal transplantada (EART) é uma das complicações vasculares mais comuns após o transplante renal. Ao contrário dos transplantes de rim simples, nos quais a EART geralmente se manifesta como sobrecarga de fluido, hipertensão descontrolada e piora das funções renais, ela pode ser clinicamente silenciosa em pacientes com TRD, pois eles têm dois rins funcionais transplantados. Relatamos aqui um caso de EART em um paciente com TRD que teve resultados clínicos favoráveis por dois anos após o sucesso do implante de stent endovascular. No entanto, ele morreu recentemente de pneumonite associada à covid-19.

Efficacy of percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting in patients with renal artery stenosis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To explore the short term efficacy and safety of percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting in patient with renal artery stenosis.Methods From January 2003 through June 2012,fifty hypertension patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis ≥70％ were successfully treated by percutaneous translumminal renal angioplasty with stent (PTRAS).There were 32 males and 18 females with an average age of (51.2 ± 12.3) years ranged from 21 ～78 years.The blood pressure level,dosage of anti-hypertension drugs and serum creatinine (Scr) of patients were documented and analyzed before and after stenting.All patients were clinically followed up for 6 months after stenting.Continuous variables were analyzed by using t-test for comparison among patients.Results The technical success rate was 100％.Of them,16 patients were cured,30 patients improved and 4 patients ineffective.There were significant differences in blood pressure,sCr and dosage of anti-hypertension drugs between post-stenting and prestenting [SBP (145.7 ±11.3) vs.(179.1 ±22.3) mmHg; DBP [(75.1±9.2) vs.(112.5 ±19.2)mmHg],sCr [(138.2 ±20.3) vs.(191.1 ±36.5) μmol/L] (P＜0.01) and the dosage of antihypertension drug was dramatically decreased.And there were no adverse events found during follow-up period.Conclusions The success rate of PTRAS technique was high,and the blood pressure of patients could be effectively controlled by it,being beneficial to renal function.

Successful Renal Autotransplantation for the Treatment of Severe Renovascular Hypertension in a 14-year-old Boy

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) is the current treatment of choice for renal artery revascularization, but renal autotransplantation has been an alternative treatment for complex cases. Here we report a 14-year-old boy with severe hypertension successfully treated with PTRA and renal autotransplantation. Doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed slight narrowing in the right renal artery ostium and complete obstruction in the left renal artery ostium with multiple collaterals. PTRA with stent insertion was performed for the treatment of the right renal artery, but it was impossible for the left renal artery due to the total obstruction. Therefore, left nephrectomy for autotransplantation was done with the peritoneal approach and the left kidney was autotransplanted to the ipsilateral iliac fossa. Postoperatively, Doppler ultrasonography and mercapto-acetyl-triglycine (MAG-3) renogram were performed, which showed normal renal artery blood flow and kidney function. Blood pressure was normalized and anti-hypertensive drugs were gradually tapered. Fibromuscular dysplasia was suspected to be responsible for the renal artery stenosis based on clinical aspects. In conclusion, renal autotransplantation is also a good treatment option for children with severe renovascular hypertension when endovascular treatment has failed or is not possible.

A Case of Renovascular Hypertension Controlled by Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty with Balloon Dilatatio

Renovascular hypertension results from a lesion that impairs blood flow to a part of or all, of one or both kidneys. Renal artery stenosis is the major cause of renovascular hypertension and the most common cause of treatable secondary hypertension. Recently, percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty(PTRA) with or without stent placement, has become the preferred choice for correcting symptomatic renal artery stenosis since it is less invasive than surgical reconstruction. PTRA with balloons designed for the dilatation of the coronary artery can be tried in small sized renal artery stenosis. We report a case of renovascular hypertension in a 13-year-old male who had small sized renal artery stenosis. Hypertension was controlled by PTRA with balloon dilatation.

Successful Resolution of Left Renal Artery Stenosis by Interventional Renal Angioplasty with Stent in a Patient with Renal Insufficiency Underlying Ischemic Nephropathy / 대한신장학회잡지

Ischemic nephropathy is defined as renal dysfunction due to renal hypoperfusion mainly through renal artery stenosis. It is a common cause of chronic renal failure in old patients with atherosclerosis and is also a potentially correctable cause of renal failure if diagnosed earlier. We experienced a case of sudden Rt. main renal artery occlusion and renal failure after femoral artery angioplasty in an aged male patient with underlying atherosclerotic bilateral renovascular stenosis associated with ischemic nephropathy. He received successful Lt. renal artery angioplasty with stenting and restored Lt. renal artery blood flow. His blood pressure was more easily controlled with fewer antihypertensive drugs after renal artery revascularization. His renal function was recovered to his baseline level and became stabilized thereafter. Early diagnosis of ischemic nephropathy with MRA and timely renal angioplasty with stenting are beneficial to avoiding progression to irreversible renal failure.

Two Cases of Renal Artery Stenosis Caused by Takayasu's Arteritis : Treatment with the Palmaz-Schatz Biliary Stent

Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty(PTRA) has become the treatment of choice for major renal artery stenosis. Nonetheless, about 10% of renal artery stenosis could not be properly dilated and 10-15% had a recurrence among the parients successfully dilated. Especially, PTRA in Takayasu's arteritis has technical diffculties due to the tough, noncompliant nature of the stenosis, which art difficult to cross and resist the respeated, prolonged balloon inflations. Intraluminal renal artery stent placement in unsuccessful balloon angioplasty and unsuitable lesions to PTRA may be an attractive approach to improve flow conditions. We report two cases of proximal renal artery stenosis caused by Takayasu's arteritis, who treated with intraluminal renal stenting(Palmaz-Schatz biliary stent). In both cases, clinical and angiographical improvement was achieved.

Angioplastia renal transluminal percutânea no tratamento da hipertensäo renovascular / Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty for Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension

Objetivo - Avaliar o efeito da angioplastia renal transluminal percutânea (ARTP) no tratamento da hipertensäo renovascular. Métodos - Foram avaliados 23 pacientes com estenose da artéria renal e hipertensäo arterial submetidos à tentativa de ARTP. Onze indivíduos eram do sexo masculino e 12 do feminino com idades que variaram de 10 a 78 anos (45,8 ñ 17,41). Vinte Lesöes eram ateroscleróticas, 7 por displasia fibromuscular e 1 por arterite de Takayasu. Em 3 casos a dilataçäo foi bilateral e em 2 foi repetida por reestenose. Dois pacientes apresentavam insuficiencia renal aguda por estenose crítica das artérias renais. Resultados - Obteve-se sucesso técnico em 21 dos 25 procedimentos. Após 20 dilataçöes satisfatórias seguiu-se o sucesso clínico em 17(100// das lesöes por displasia fibromuscular e 77// das ateroscleróticas). A reduçäo da pressäo arterial diastólica após a ARTP foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Nos dois casos de insuficiência renal aguda houve normalizaçäo da funçäo renal com a angioplastia. Ocorreram 2 complicaçöes e nenhum óbito foi relacionado ao procedimento. Conclusäo - O método foi eficaz e seguro no tratamento da hipertensäo renovascular no acompanhamento a curto prazo. Foi possível reverter a insuficiência renal aguda com a ARTP em 2 pacientes

Purpose - To analyze the effect of percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) in renovascular hypertension. Methods - Twenty-three patients with renal artery stenosis and arterial hypertension underwent PTRA. There were 11 male an 12 female, 19 to 78 years old (45.8±17.41). In 20 lesions the diagnosis was atherosclerosis, in 7 fibromuscular dysplasia and in 1 Takayasu artheritis. Three patients underwent bilateral dilatation and 2 patients repeated the procedure due to reestenosis. Two patients presented with acute renal failure and severe bilateral renal artery stenosis. Results - There were 21 technical success in 25 procedures. After 20 satisfatory dilatations, clinical success followed in 17 (100% of cases of fibromascular dysplasia cases and 77% of atherosclerosis. The fall in diastolic arterial pressure after PTRA was statistical significant (p<0.001). In two cases acute renal failure the renal function became normal after angioplasty. There were 2 complications and no death attributed to PTRA. Conclusion - The method was effective and safe in the management of renovascular hypertension during the short-term follow-up. It was possible in two cases of acute renal failure to normalize renal function