Posterior Division of Left Renal Artery is Direct Branch of Abdominal Aorta and early Ramification of Renal Arteries on Both Sides: A Case Report.

Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the kidney is important not only for Anatomist but also to the surgeons to avoid surgical accidental injuries during partial nephrectomy, renal transplantation, interventional radiological procedures, laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, urological and renal vascular operations more safely and efficiently. During the routine dissection in the department of Anatomy, Khaja Bandanawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga. We observed an unusual variation in the vascular supply to the kidney on the left side of a 49 years male cadaver. We observed accessory renal artery to supply apical segment and posterior segment is directly coming from abdominal aorta.

Three-dimensional imaging of living transplanted kidney vasculature by 3D color Doppler ultrasonography.

Background: It is of clinical importance to display the vasculature of transplanted kidney in three-dimensional (3D) and in non-invasive way. 3D color Doppler ultrasonographic imaging (3D-CDUI) is a non-invasive technique to display the 3D vasculature of living organs. Objective: Probe into characteristics of 3D vasculature of living transplanted kidney by 3D-CDUI, and evaluate the clinical value of 3D-CDUI on monitoring complications after operation of renal transplant. Methods: Nine patients who received allogeneic transplantation of kidney were monitored with 3D-CDUI. The instruments used included ACUSON Sequoia 512 and TomTec computer station of 3D-CDUI. Using magnetic positioning free-hand scanning, the 3D reconstruction and display of renal tissue structure and blood flow were performed off-line. Results: All patients underwent 3D-CDUI examinations without any side effect or complication. When acute rejection occurred, the 3D distribution change of renal blood flow signal could be observed clearly. During treatment of acute necrosis of renal tubules, changes of renal blood flow signal in 3D color Doppler images could be detected earlier compared with 2D color Doppler images. The position of embolized vassels could be diagnosed accurately by 3D-CDUI. Conclusion: The 3D-CDUI was helpful to improve diagnosis level of ultrasonography by monitoring complications after renal transplantation.

Physiopathological action of connexin in kidney / 国际儿科学杂志

As a kind of inherent membrane surface molecules of our human body,connexins are closely related to the cell growth,proliferation and differentiation,which are highly expressed in kidney.Many kidney diseases have a close relationship with connexins' altered expression and disordered function.This paper is dedicated to review the characteristics of connexins molecules,the expression and corresponding functions in the kidney tissues,as well as the possible regulation mechanisms in the kidney tissues in order to explore their applications and value in medical study.

Developmental Expression of Renin and Aquaporin-1 in the Rat Renal Vasculature / 대한신장학회잡지

Recent studies in the developing rat kidney have demonstrated that renin in juxtaglomerular cells and aquaporin-1(AQP1), a kind of water channel, participate in the development of renal arterial system. The purpose of this study was to identify the association among renin and AQP1 in the developing renal arterial system. Sprague-Dawley rat kidneys from 14-, 16-, 18- and 20-day-old fetuses, and 1-, 4-, 7-, 14-, 21- and 28-day-old pups were preserved with periodate-lysine-2% paraformaldehyde solution for single or multiple immunohistochemistry. Renin- positive, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells were detected using renin polyclonal(1 : 5,000), alpha-smooth muscle actin(ASMA) monoclonal(1 : 1,000), and AQP1 polyclonal(1 : 500) antibodies, respectively. Immunoreactivity for renin and AQP1 was not detected in the developing vessels in fetal kidneys on the 14 th day of gestation. At the 16th day of gestation, AQP1 appeared in the developing kidney. Immunoreactivity for AQP1 was observed in endothelial cells of the arterial capillary plexus and of the arcuate artery, but not in the venous capillary plexus or the arcuate vein. At the 18th day of gestation, renin-positive cells appeared throughout the arterial system including the arcuate artery. After birth, immunoreactivity for renin and AQP1 was gradually decreased in the developing artery. No renin immunoreactivity was detected in the arcuate artery from 7 days after birth, and in the interlobular artery from 14 days after birth. Renin immunoreactivity was confined to juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole from 21 days after birth. AQP1 immunoreactivity in endothelial cells was not observed in the arcuate artery from right after birth, or in the interlobular artery, or afferent arteriole from 14 days after birth. This study indicates that the expression and loss of AQP1 in endothelial cells spatiotemporally coexists with renin in smooth muscle cells during the development of arterial system in the rat kidney. It is suggested that AQP1 and renin might play an important role in the development and growth of the rat kidney arterial system by functioning through a paracrine or autocrine mechanism.

Compartmental analysis of RBC circulation through the rabbit kidney

This experiment involved 12 rabbits of both sexes, weighing 2.1 kg. After anesthesia, the kidneys were exposed, isolated and cannulated in the renal artery, ureter and sometimes in the vein as well. The kidney were perfused through the renal artery with Krebs-Henseleit solution, which were then filtered to be free of particles, gased with 95% O2-5% CO2, and kept at 37 degrees C. We measured RBCs concentrations by means of Coulter Counter in the venous outflow collected, and plotted them against the volume perfused. Using 2 different flow rates, 9 ml/min (group I) and 19 ml/min (group II), we found that the RBCs decreased in a multiexponential decay fashion and a biophysical model for each flow rate was constructed. These models indicated that there were more cell stores (2.20 x 10(10)) in the fast compartment of group II than in group I (1.72 x 10(10)). This difference is not statistically significant, but certainly coincides with urine flow collected from ureter cannula during perfusion. Our present data clearly suggest that in order to clear 99% blood cells out of 10-12 gm rabbit kidneys, at least 3-6 ml of cell free perfusate is required while clearing the whole blood cells out of human kidneys (200-240 gm) may need 600 ml or more. Thus, we recommend that at least 600 ml of perfusate should be used to clear most of the blood cells in the renal vasculature before renal transplantation is performed.