Repeated cesarean section and vaginal delivery after cesarean section in São Paulo State in 2012 / Repetição de cesárea e parto vaginal após cesárea, no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012

Abstract Objectives: describe mothers, pregnancies and newborns' characteristics according to the type of childbirth history and to analyze repeated cesarean section (RCS) and vaginal delivery after cesarean section (VBACS), in São Paulo State in 2012. Methods: data are from the Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Live Birth Information Systems). To find the RCS's group, the current type of childbirth equal to cesarean section was selected and from these all the previous cesareans. To identify the VBACS's group all live birth with current vaginal delivery were selected and from these all previous cesareans. Mothers with a history of RCS and VBACS were analyzed according to the characteristics of the pregnancy, newborn and the childbirth hospital. Results: 273,329 mothers of live birth with at least one previous child were studied. 43% of these were born of RCS and 7.4% of VBACS. Mothers who underwent RCS are older and higher educated and their newborns presented a lower incidence of low birth weight. Early term was the most frequent rating for gestational age born of RCS. Live births were of VBACS and had greater proportions of late term. The RCS was more common in hospitals not affiliated with the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Public Health System) (44.1%). Conclusion: the high RCS's rates, especially in the private sector, highlight the necessity of improvements in childbirth care model in São Paulo.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever características das mães, da gestação e do recém-nascido, segundo histórico de tipo de parto, analisando repetição de cesárea (RC) e parto vaginal após cesárea (PVAC), no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012. Métodos: os dados são provenientes do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. Para encontrar o conjunto RC, selecionou-se o tipo de parto atual igual a cesárea e destes buscou-se todos com cesárea anterior. Para identificar o grupo PVAC, selecionou-se os recém-nascido com parto atual vaginal e destes buscou-se todos com cesárea anterior. Foram analisadas mães com história de RC e PVAC, segundo características da gestação, do recémnascido e hospital do parto. Resultados: estudou-se 273.329 nascidos vivos de mães com pelo menos um filho anterior. Destes, 43% nasceram por RC e 7,4% por PVAC. As mães que realizaram RC são mais velhas e mais escolarizadas, seus recém-nascidos apresentaram menor proporção de baixo peso ao nascer. Termo precoce foi a mais frequente idade gestacional dos que nasceram por RC. Os recém-nascidos por PVAC apresentaram maiores proporções de termo tardio. RC foi mais frequente nos hospitais sem vínculo com o Sistema Único de Saúde (44,1%). Conclusão: as altas taxas de RC, principalmente no setor privado, evidenciam necessidade de melhoras no modelo de atenção ao parto em São Paulo.

Effect of oral dietary fiber on recovery of intestinal function after two cesarean section / 肠外与肠内营养

Objective:To observe the effect of oral administration of dietary fiber (DF) on flatus and defecation promotion and abdominal distension reduce,as well as the impact on exclusive breastfeeding and adverse reactions.Method:A total of 80 pregnant women who received repeated cesarean section at obstetrics department in Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital(2016.12 ～ 2017.03) were randomly divided by computer into two groups.DF group included 40 cases,and the patients took DF (1 bag,15g,with 200ml warm boiled water) 6h after cesarean section in 10min,and repeated it 8 ～ 12 h after operation.Patients in control group only received 200ml warm boiled water at the same point-in-time.The two groups shared the same dietary guidance,nursing and medical treatment.Bowel sound,flatus and defecation conditions as well as the incidence rates of abdominal distension and exclusive breastfeeding were compared between two groups.The adverse reactions after administration of DF were collected.Result:There were 38(97.4 ％)cases that had bowel sound in 12h pro-operation in DF group.There were 25(62.5 ％) cases that had bowel sound in 12h pro-operation in control group.There were 30(76.9 ％) and 12(30.0 ％) cases had first flatus during 24h pro-operation respectively in DF group and in control group.There were 22 (56.4 ％) and 7 (17.5 ％)cases had first defecation ＜48h pro-operation respectively in DF group and in control group.The differences were all statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).In the comparison of gastrointestinal reaction,there were more cases reported abdominal distension(3,7.7％;12,30.0％) and nausea (3,7.7％ ∶10,25.0 ％),with statistical significances (P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical significance (1,2.6 ％ ∶ 4,1.0 ％,P ＞ 0.05) in vomiting.Breast feeding rate was no statistical significance (56.％ ∶52.5 ％,P ＞ 0.05).One case of DF group discovered adverse reactions,such as nausea and vomiting.Conclusion:Oral administration of soluble DF significantly promoted the flatus and defecation after repeated cesarean section,however,patients with intestinal irritability need to be paid more attention to the adverse reactions,such as nausea and vomiting.

Tasa de cesáreas por grupos de Robson en una institución de mediana complejidad de la ciudad de Bogotá, 2012-2014 / Cesarean section rate by Robson groups in an intermediate complexity centre in the city of Bogotá, 2012-2014

Introducción: la clasificación de Robson permite caracterizar las mujeres a las que se les realiza cesárea con el fin de implementar estrategias focalizadas con éxito. El objetivo fue determinar las tasas específicas de cesárea según la clasificación de Robson en una institución hospitalaria de mediana complejidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó mujeres atendidas en un hospital público de atención general, que recibe pacientes del aseguramiento subsidiado por el Estado, entre 2012 y 2014. Se llevó a cabo muestreo aleatorio estratificado según la vía del parto, basado en la razón parto/cesárea encontrada en el periodo, clasificando las mujeres atendidas en los 10 grupos de Robson. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de las variables demográficas, indicaciones clínicas reportadas y las proporciones global y específica de uso de cesárea en cada grupo. El estudio contó con aprobación del comité de ética institucional. Resultados: se seleccionaron 1.190 de 6.558 nacimientos ocurridos durante el periodo. La proporción global de cesárea fue de 36,9 %. Las mujeres nulíparas contribuyeron con el 38,5 % de las cesáreas, seguidas por el grupo con cesárea anterior (36,4 %) que tuvo una proporción específica del 100 %. La proporción específica de cesárea en el grupo de mujeres nulíparas en trabajo de parto espontáneo fue 36,6 % y la del grupo de partos prematuros 43,3 %. Conclusiones: las mujeres con cesárea anterior, con embarazo pretérmino y las nulíparas en parto espontáneo o inducido tienen las proporciones específicas más elevadas de cesárea. Estos grupos podrían ser susceptibles de intervención para impactar las tasas de cesárea de la institución.

Introduction: The Robson classification is useful for characterizing women taken to Cesarean section with the aim of implementing successful focused strategies. The objective was to determine specific Cesarean section rates according to the Robson classification in an intermediate complexity hospital. Materials and methods: cross-sectional descriptive study that included women of the state-subsidized health insurance regime seen at a general public hospital between 2012 and 2014. A stratified random sampling was performed on the basis of the birth route, per delivery, based on the delivery/Cesarean section ratio found during the time period. The women were classified under 10 Robson groups. A descriptive analysis was conducted of the demographic variables, the clinical indications reported, and the overall and specific proportions of Cesarean sections in each group. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution. Results: Out of 6558 deliveries during the study period, 1190 were selected. The overall proportion of Cesarean sections was 36.9%. Nulliparous women accounted for 38.5% of the Cesarean sections, followed by the group with previous Cesarean sections (36.4%) for which the specific proportion was 100%. The specific proportion of Cesarean sections in nulliparous women in spontaneous labour was 36.6%, whereas it was 43.3% in the premature delivery group. Conclusions: The highest specific proportions of Cesarean section were found among women with a previous Cesarean section, women with pre-term delivery and nulliparous women with spontaneous or induced delivery. These groups could lend themselves for intervention in order to have an impact on the rates of Cesarean section in the Institution.