ABSTRACT
RESUMO O paradigma experimental do priming permite lançar luz sobre diferentes aspectos dos processos de memória e possui diversas aplicações. Priming é um efeito de memória implícita, no qual há a recuperação não consciente de informação experienciada recentemente. No Brasil, o volume de pesquisas utilizando esta metodologia é pouco expressivo se comparado à literatura internacional. Buscando incentivar estudos nesse paradigma, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir aspectos metodológicos relevantes à elaboração de experimentos com priming de repetição, com ênfase na seleção de materiais (software, estímulos normatizados para o Brasil e relevância de fatores psicolinguísticos) e na manipulação de variáveis (instruções e tempo de exposição dos estímulos, por exemplo). Concluiu-se que: a) PsycoPy é uma excelente opção de software de acesso livre, enquanto E-prime é uma excelente opção com exigência de licença; b) estímulos dos testes de priming precisam dispor de normas brasileiras, considerando aspectos psicolinguísticos e normas para as propriedades de estímulos pictórios; c) Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) curtos (menores que 300 ms) associados à máscara são excelentes para investigar ativações automáticas e não conscientes de priming; e d) técnicas para reduzir a influência explícita devem ser utilizadas, como o Critério da Intencionalidade da Recuperação. São apresentadas recomendações para pesquisas futuras.
ABSTRACT The priming experimental paradigm sheds light on different aspects of memory processes and has several applications. Priming is an implicit memory effect, in which there is no conscious retrieval information recently experienced. In Brazil, very few studies using this methodology comparing to the international literature is observed. Aiming to encourage studies to use this paradigm, the goal of this paper is to present and discuss methodological aspects relevant to the elaboration of repetition priming experiments emphasizing the selection of materials (software, standardized stimuli lists for Brazil and the relevance of psycholinguistic factors) and the manipulation of variables (instructions and exposure time of the stimuli, for example). The conclusion was that: a) PsycoPy is an excellent free software access option, while E-prime is an excellent option to license requirement; b) priming stimuli tests must have Brazilian norms, considering psycholinguistic aspects and norms for property pictorial stimuli; c) short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony - SOA (less than 300 ms) associated with the mask are excellent to investigate automatic and not conscious priming activations; and d) techniques to reduce the explicit influence should be used as the Retrieval Intentionality Criterion. Finally, recommendations for future research are presented.
RESUMEN El paradigma experimental de priming permite arrojar luz sobre diferentes aspectos de los procesos de memoria y tiene muchas aplicaciones. En Brasil, el volumen de investigación utilizando esta metodología es pequeño si se compara con la literatura internacional. Tratando de fomentar los estudios en este paradigma, este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar y discutir aspectos metodológicos relacionados con la preparación de los experimentos con cebado repetición, con énfasis en la selección de materiales (software, estímulos estandarizados a Brasil y la pertinencia de los factores psicolingüísticos) y la manipulación variables (instrucciones y tiempo de exposición del estímulo, por ejemplo). Se concluyó que: a) PsycoPy es una opción excelente software de libre acesso , mientras que E-Prime es una excelente opción para requisito de licencia; b) pruebas de priming estímulos deben tener normas brasileñas, t eniendo en cuenta los aspectos psicolingüísticos y normas para los estímulos de propiedad pictórios; c) SOAs cortas (menos de 300 ms) con la máscara asociada son excelentes para investigar las activaciones automáticas y no conscientes de priming; y d) técnicas para reducir la influencia explícita deben utilizarse como la I ntencionalidad de R ecuperación C riterio. Se presentan recomendaciones para la investigación futura .
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Introdução: Priming é um mecanismo de proteção induzida pela exposição anterior de uma célula ou órgão a baixas ou mesmas concentrações de uma substância tóxica. Objetivo: analisar o mecanismo de priming induzido pela exposição a gentamicina em células tubulares proximais humanas e na insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). Métodos: Células tubulares foram expostos a 2 mM de gentamicina durante 24 horas, enquanto ratos Wistar foram expostas a 40 mg/kg durante 3 dias. Depois de uma semana, as células foram expostas à mesma concentração durante 24h e os ratos durante dez dias. Os animais condicionados foram comparados com ratos controle e tratados com gentamicina durante 10 dias. Foram analisados parâmetros bioquímicos, o estresse oxidativo foi analisado por hidroperóxidos e proteínas carboniladas urinárias, enquanto a defesa antioxidante foi estudada pela atividade antioxidante do plasma e imunomarcação e atividade da catalase, superóxido dismutase, heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) nos rins. Necrose, apoptose, proliferação e expressão da endotelina-1 (ET-1) e HO-1 foram estudadas em células. Resultados: o condicionamento dos animais inibiu o aumento da creatinina, ureia, excreção urinária de sódio e de proteína induzida por gentamicina. Bosentana, antagonista do receptor ET-1, e hemin, indutor de HO-1, potencializaram a inibição. O mecanismo de proteção foi mediado pela indução de enzimas antioxidantes HO-1, catalase e SOD atividade e redução do estresse oxidativo. O condicionamento inibiu a morte celular e induziu a proliferação via produção de ET-1. Conclusão: o mecanismo de condicionamento é persistente e multifactorial, o estímulo da defesa antioxidante poderia mimetizar o processo de condicionamento e impedir a IRA.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Priming is the mechanism of protection induced by a previous exposition of a cell or organ to low or equal concentrations of a toxic substance. Objective: To analyze the mechanism of priming induced by the previous exposition to gentamicin in human proximal tubular cells and nephrotoxic acute renal failure (ARF). Methods: Wistar rats and tubular cells were exposed to gentamicin 2mM during 24h or 40 mg/kg during 3 days and after one rest week were exposed to the same concentration during 24h in cells and additional ten days in rats. The primed animals were compared to control rats receiving vehicle and GENTA animals treated with the gentamicin during the same period. Biochemical parameters were analyzed. The oxidative stress was analyzed by urinary hydroperoxides and carbonylated protein while antioxidant defense was studied by antioxidant activity of the plasma (FRAP), catalase, superoxide dismutase, heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) immunostaining and enzymatic activity in kidney. Necrosis, apoptosis, proliferation, endothelin 1 (ET-1) and HO-1 expression were studied in cells. Results: Priming of the animals inhibited the increase in creatinine, urea, sodium excretion and urinary protein induced by gentamicin. Bosentan, ET-1 receptor antagonist, and hemin, HO-1 inducer, potentiate the inhibition. The mechanism of protection was mediated by induction of the antioxidant enzymes HO-1, catalase and SOD activity and oxidative stress reduction. Priming inhibited cell death and induced proliferation through ET-1 production. Conclusion: Priming is a persistent and multifactorial mechanism, the stimulation of the antioxidant defense could mimics partially the priming process and prevent the ARF.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology , Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiology , Antioxidants/physiology , Gentamicins/administration & dosage , Cells, Cultured , Rats, Wistar , Oxidative Stress , Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism , Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & controlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an educational program using priming on oral health, and dental plaque, and gingival bleeding indices in an elderly population with dementia (EWD) residing in nursing homes. METHODS: A pretest and posttest were conducted with a nonequivalent control group. In total, 40 participants from an EWD had the following characteristics: 1) they were aged >65 years, 2) they scored <23 points on the MMSE-DS, 3) they were able to communicate, 4) they were able to hold a toothbrush and brush his or her teeth by themselves, and 5) they had no periodontal treatment for the last 3 months. Through random sampling, participants were assigned into either the experimental (n=20) or control group (n=20). The educational program consisted of twelve 30-minute sessions (twice per week for 6 weeks). The control group was demonstrated the standard tooth-brushing method by the facility during the study period. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographics or main variables at pretest. The experimental group showed significant differences in the subjective oral health condition, as compared to the control group. The experimental group showed an increase in the level of tooth-brushing effort (t=―8.816, P<.001) and higher scores of self-evaluative dental health status (P<.001) as compared to the control group. The experimental group showed a reduced plaque index (t=11.179, P<.001) and gingival bleeding index (t=5.812, P<.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, the experimental group showed significant differences in changes of plaque index and gingival bleeding index between the pretest and posttest. CONCLUSIONS: An interventional program on tooth brushing with priming effectively improved dental health, plaque index, and gingival bleeding index in EWDs residing in nursing homes. Direct care providers should understand the remaining abilities of EWDs and carry out priming when providing care to them.