Control Discourses and Power Relations of Yellow Fever: Philadelphia in 1793 / 의사학

1793 Yellow fever in Philadelphia was the most severe epidemics in the late 18th century in the United States. More than 10% of the population in the city died and many people fled to other cities. The cause of yellow fever in the United States had close relationship with slaves and sugar in Philadelphia. Sugarcane plantation had needed many labors to produce sugar and lots of Africans had to move to America as slaves. In this process, Aedes aegypti, the vector of yellow fever had migrated to America and the circumstances of ships or cities provided appropriate conditions for its breeding. In this period, the cause of yellow fever could not be established exactly, so suggestions of doctors became entangled in political and intellectual discourses in American society. There was a critical conflict between Jeffersonian Republicanism and Federalism about the origin and treatment of yellow fever. Benjamin Rush, a Jeffersonian Republican, suggested urban sanitation reform and bloodletting. He believed the infectious disease happened because of unsanitary city condition, so he thought the United States could be a healthy nation by improvement of the public health and sanitation. He would like to cope with national crisis and develop American society on the basis of republicanism. While Rush suggested the improvement of public health and sanitation, the city government of Philadelphia suggested isolation of yellow fever patients and quarantine. City government isolated the patients from healthy people and it reconstructed space of hospital. Also, it built orphanages to take care of children who lost their parents during the epidemic and implemented power to control people put in the state of exception. Of course, city government tried to protect the city and nation by quarantine of every ship to Philadelphia. Control policies of yellow fever in 1793 showed different conflicts and interactions. Through the yellow fever, Jeffersonian Republicanism and Federalism had conflicted in politically, but they had interactions for control of the infectious disease. And with these kinds of infectious diseases policies, we can see interactions in local, national and global level.

O melhor governo possível: Francesco Guicciardini e o método prudencial de análise da política / The best possible government: Francesco Guicciardini and the prudential method of political analysis

This article analyzes the basis of the prudential method of political analysis developed by 16th century Florentine statesman and writer Francesco Guicciardini. According to the article, the prudential method is based on an analytical distinction between "substantial diversities" and "accidental diversities" in human things, allowing the prudent analyst to weave arguments (necessary or probable, respectively) for reality, armed with discrezione and a "penetrating gaze" - the result of a combination of "natural prudence", experience in public affairs, knowledge of "ancient and modern history", and practical reason. The method constitutes the underpinnings for Guicciardini's reflections on political decision-making and possibilities for transforming the reggimento (government) of the city of Florence.

Dans cet article, on examine les fondements de la méthode "prudentielle" d'analyse de la politique développée par Francesco Guicciardini, homme d'état et écrivain florentin du XVIe siècle. On montre que cette méthode part d'une distinction analytique entre "diversités substantielles" et "diversités accidentelles" des choses humaines, laquelle permet de tisser des arguments nécessaires ou probables, respectivement, à l'analyste prudent de la réalité, doté de discrezione et d'un "regard pénétrant" - fruit de l'association entre "prudence naturelle", expérience dans les affaires publiques, large connaissance des "histoires anciennes et modernes" et raison pratique. Un telle méthode constitue la base des réflexions de Guicciardini en ce qui concerne la prise de décisions politiques et les possibilités de transformation du reggimento (gouvernement) de la ville de Florence.