ABSTRACT
Perilla frutescens is a widely used medicinal and edible plant with a rich chemical composition throughout its whole plant. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia categorizes P. frutescens leaves(Perillae Folium), seeds(Perillae Fructus), and stems(Perillae Caulis) as three distinct medicinal parts due to the differences in types and content of active components. Over 350 different bioactive compounds have been reported so far, including volatile oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, sterols, and fatty acids. Due to the complexity of its chemical composition, P. frutescens exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antidepressant, and antitumor activities. While scholars have conducted a substantial amount of research on different parts of P. frutescens, including analysis of their chemical components and pharmacological mechanisms of action, there has yet to be a systematic comparison and summary of chemical components, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms of action. Therefore, this study overviewed the chemical composition and structures of Perillae Folium, Perillae Fructus, and Perillae Caulis, and summarized the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of P. frutescens to provide a reference for better development and utilization of this valuable plant.
Subject(s)
Perilla frutescens/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Seeds/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/analysis , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
In recent years, there have been increasing studies on the role of microorganisms in pancreatic cancer which show that bacteria and fungi are closely associated with pancreatic cancer. In the past, the pancreas has usually been considered as a sterile organ. Recent studies, however, show that microbiome exists in the pancreas. Bacteria can migrate from the intestine to the pancreas. Changing the composition of the microbiome may have positive effects on treatment of pancreatic cancer. This article reviews the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiome and pancreatic cancer.
ABSTRACT
Perilla frutescens is a traditional medicinal and edible plant widely distributed in China and enjoys an extensive usage. P. frutescens contains multiple essential oils， which are composed of monoterpenes， sesquiterpenes， and their oxygen-containing derivatives. Compared with other parts of P. frutescens， Perillae Folium produce more oils， with volatile oils as the main constituents. There are many active substances in the volatile oils from Perillae Folium， mainly including perillaldehyde， perillaketone， perillaalcohol， D-limonene， β-caryophylene， etc. Such factors as germplasm， growth environment， extraction method， cultivation time， and harvest period all can trigger changes in volatile oil constituents and content from Perillae Folium. The volatile oils from Perillae Folium have diverse pharmacological effects like anti-oxidation， anti-bacteria， anti-inflammation， vasodilation， anti-tumor， and anti-depression， implying its high clinical application value. However， the chemical constituents in volatile oils from Perillae Folium are complex and unstable and their pharmacological activities are affected by many factors， so the safety and effectiveness of clinical medication fail to be guaranteed， which may has impeded the rational and effective use of these volatile oils. Many scholars in China and abroad have conducted a lot of research on the volatile oils from Perillae Folium， but there is currently no systematic and comprehensive research report on the chemical constituents of volatile oils from Perillae Folium and their pharmacological effects. This paper reviewed the relevant domestic and foreign literature， analyzed the development status of volatile oils from Perillae Folium， and summarized their extraction process， chemical constituents， and pharmacological actions， aiming to provide a reference for their further development， clinical application， and risk assessment.
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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes. At present, the pathogenesis of DR is obscure and drugs can not meet clinical needs, however. Experimental animal model of DR is an effective tool to study its pathogenic mechanism and evaluate drug efficacy. In this paper, the research progress of experimental animal models of DR has been-reviewed in recent years, mainly using mice, zebrafish, and other experimental animals, which can be divided into two categories: induced type and genotype, according to the inducer.
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@#Liposome injection is one of the most successful special injections that use nanotechnology to enhance drug efficacy and reduce accompanied toxicity. New liposomes with special structures and functions have emerged since the first liposome injection containing doxorubicin was marketed. This review summarized the principles and research progress of Stealth liposome technology and cationic liposome technology, analyzed the structural and functional characteristics and clinical application advantages of liposome products that have been marketed from the perspective of pharmacology, introduced current research hotspots of new liposomes, and analyzed the current regulatory status of liposome injection at home and abroad, thereby providing theoretical reference for the research and development（R&D）, clinical translation and supervision of liposome injection.
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Animal infectious diseases pose a serious and continuing threat to the animal health and cause huge economic losses throughout the world. Vaccination is one of the most effective solutions to prevent and control animal infectious diseases. With the development of biotechnologies and the need for disease prevention and control, the focus of vaccine research has been shifted to the development of safe, efficient, broad-spectrum, low-dose and marker vaccines. Novel vaccines capable of inducing high levels of both humoral and cellular immune responses are promising to provide more efficient protection against animal infectious diseases. This minireview summarizes the development, applications, advantages and disadvantages of new-concept animal vaccines emerging in recent years, including mucosal vaccines, long-acting and fast-acting vaccines, chimeric vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines, and so on. Furthermore, we discuss future directions of the vaccines, in order to provide new insights for animal vaccine development.
Subject(s)
Animals , Communicable Diseases , Immunity, Cellular , Nanoparticles , Vaccination , VaccinesABSTRACT
Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets at human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(Her2)proto-oncogenes,which can act on Her2 over-expression of tumor cells,inhibits tumor cells proliferation, differentiation,migration and other physiological activities,reduces the risk of tumor metastasis and extend the sur-vival time of patients.
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To provide scientific and theoretical basis for the further study and reference for the development and efficient use of the medicinal plants, the extraction and separation technology of Celtis sinensis and its main chemical components and pharmacological effects were summarized. Literatures were reviewed, and the key information was classified and summarized. A large number of flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenols, anthraquinones and amides have been isolated from the plants. Extract of Celtis shows diversed pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor and so on. Further studies should be carried out on Celtis sinensis, which is abundant in our country and has high medicinal value and broad application prospect, for its better development and utilization.
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Germ-free ( GF) pigs are a special and adaptable experimental animal model for biomedical studies and animal productions, which are negative for bacteria, viruses, yeast and fungi tested by current microbiological examination. GF pigs were initially used in cleanse of epidemic diseases in animal production and in a bid to study the relationship be-tween animal disease and intestinal flora.Because of the similarities to humans in anatomy, physiology and hematology, and the clear microbiological background, GF pigs have been playing an important role in detecting the relationship between intestinal flora with growth and the development of diseases in medical biology, and also providing a special medical animal model for intestinal flora targeted prevention, diagnosis and treatment for update technology research in the clinic.This pa-per reviews the characteristics, advancements and research tendency of GF piglets.
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Nuciferine is a major aporphine alkaloid in the leaves of Nelumbo nueifera. It has great effects such as lipid-lowering,anti-oxidation,antimicrobial activitity and anti-cancer. The review focused on its pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characters reported in recent years,which can be helpful to the further researches on nuciferine.
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Factor Xa is a trypsin-like serine protease playing a pivotal role in the blood coagulation cascade.Factor Xa and its inhibitors are of great importance in the development of orally active antithrombotic agents and have aroused considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry sector over the years.In this review,the structural characteristics of the factor Xa binding site are discussed and the X-ray information available together with the published structure-activity relationship data is used to identify the molecular interactions that are most important for tight enzyme-inhibitor binding,which would be useful in the structure-based drug design of novel factor Xa inhibitors.