ABSTRACT
This commentary addresses some of the diverse questions of current interest with regard to the health effects of air pollution, including exposure-response relationships, toxicity of inhaled particles and risks to health, multipollutant mixtures, traffic-related pollution, accountability research, and issues with susceptibility and vulnerability. It considers the challenges posed to researchers as they attempt to provide useful evidence for policy-makers relevant to these issues. This commentary accompanies papers giving the results from the ESCALA project, a multi-city study in Latin America that has an overall goal of providing policy-relevant results. While progress has been made in improving air quality, driven by epidemiological evidence that air pollution is adversely affecting public health, the research questions have become more subtle and challenging as levels of air pollution dropped. More research is still needed, but also novel methods and approaches to address these new questions.
Este comentario aborda algunos de los temas de interés actual en relación con los efectos de la contaminación del aire sobre la salud, tales como las relaciones exposición-respuesta, la toxicidad y riesgos para la salud de las partículas inhaladas, las mezclas de contaminantes múltiples, la contaminación relacionada con el tráfico, la investigación sobre responsabilidad, y los problemas de susceptibilidad y vulnerabilidad. Considera los retos que se presentan a los investigadores que intentan proporcionar evidencia para los responsables políticos en estas cuestiones. Este texto acompaña otros trabajos con resultados del proyecto ESCALA, un estudio en varias ciudades de América Latina que tiene como objetivo general proporcionar resultados relevantes para la política pública. Aunque ha habido avances para mejorar la calidad del aire, gracias a la evidencia epidemiológica de que la contaminación aérea está afectando negativamente a la salud pública, las preguntas de investigación se han vuelto más sutiles y difíciles a medida que los niveles de contaminación se reducen. Se necesita más investigación, pero también nuevos métodos y enfoques capaces de enfrentar estas preguntas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Choline/analogs & derivatives , Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism , Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism , Prodrugs/metabolism , Choline/metabolism , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Edrophonium/pharmacology , Electric Stimulation , /pharmacology , Methylamines/pharmacology , Mice, Inbred Strains , Neostigmine/pharmacology , Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents/pharmacology , Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Piperidines/pharmacology , Rana pipiensABSTRACT
Antibody drugs have experienced development for nearly 30 years. There are varieties of therapeutic antibody drugs successfully used in clinical practice. The design of pre-clinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies for antibody drugs has achieved some progress. This article analyzed the issues in the pharmacokinetic studies of therapeutic antibody drugs from four aspects, including challenges for pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacokinetic characteristics, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic research and some examples of pharmacokinetic studies. As for the prospects for future development, one of challenges is the establishment of bio-analytical methods, which ensure the reliability of the basic findings. Another challenge is the PK and PK/PD analysis. For antibody drugs displaying obvious targeting ability, target distribution is the key point of their pharmacokinetic studies. PK/PD model for data analysis, exposure-response assessment, and release of targeted drug delivery face more prominent challenges.