Uma periferia, dois centros: o município de Praia Grande no contexto da formação da macrometrópole paulista no começo do século XXI / One periphery, two centers: the municipality of Praia Grande in the context of the formation of the macrometropolis of São Paulo at the beginning of the 21st century / Una periferia, dos centros: el municipio de Praia Grande en el contexto de la formación de la macrometrópolis de São Paulo a principios del siglo XXI

O presente estudo tem dois objetivos principais: discutir os impactos, consequências e respostas demográficas do processo de expansão e estruturação de grandes aglomerações urbanas, com especial enfoque no caso do município de Praia Grande/SP na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS); e examinar, com mais detalhes, as nuances da mobilidade populacional e, em particular, das modalidades migratórias (e suas características), como elementos importantes da peculiar inserção regional do referido município enquanto "periferia simultânea" de duas regiões metropolitanas. A partir do uso exaustivo dos dados censitários, em especial dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, analisam-se o crescimento e a expansão territorial de Praia Grande, enfatizando, em nível intramunicipal, o papel das distintas modalidades de migração (intrametropolitana e inter-regional). Além disso, procura-se associá-las a diferentes motivações a partir de um olhar detalhado para o perfil sociodemográfico dos fluxos estabelecidos. Como principais resultados do trabalho, observou-se que o papel de Praia Grande enquanto área de expansão metropolitana da RMBS se encontra lastreado pelos crescentes fluxos migratórios intrametropolitanos provenientes do polo regional, realidade esta que igualmente pode ser vista em outros contextos metropolitanos. No entanto, enquanto peculiaridade de seu processo de ocupação e inserção regional, parte majoritária dessa migração é originária de fora da RMBS, mais precisamente do município de São Paulo, centro de outra importante área de metropolitana, fato que contribui para caracterizar Praia Grande como uma "periferia com dois centros".

The present study has two main objectives: the first one is to discuss the impacts, consequences and demographic responses of the process of expansion and structuring of large urban agglomerations, with special focus on the case of Praia Grande/SP in the Metropolitan Area of Baixada Santista; the second one, to examine in more detail the nuances of population mobility and, in particular, migratory modalities (and their characteristics), as important elements of the peculiar regional insertion of that municipality as "simultaneous periphery" of two metropolitan areas. Based on the exhaustive use of census data, especially the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010, this study presents an analysis of the growth and territorial expansion of Praia Grande emphasizing, at intra-municipal level, the role of the different migration modalities (intra-metropolitan and inter-regional). In addition, it seeks to associate them to different motivations from a detailed look at the sociodemographic profile of established flows. As main results of the work, it was observed that the role of Praia Grande as an area of metropolitan expansion of RMBS is supported by the growing intra-metropolitan migratory flows from the regional core, a reality that can also be observed in other metropolitan contexts. However, as a peculiarity of its process of occupation and regional insertion, a major part of this migration comes from outside the RMBS, more precisely, from the municipality of São Paulo, the center of another important metropolitan area, a fact that contributes to characterize Praia Grande as a "periphery with two centers".

El presente estúdio tiene dos objetivos principales: el primero, discutir los impactos, las consecuencias y las respuestas demográficas del proceso de expansión y estructuración de grandes aglomeraciones urbanas, con énfasis en el caso de Praia Grande (São Paulo) en la Región Metropolitana de Baixada Santista (RMBS); el segundo, examinar con más detalle los matices de la movilidad de la población y, en particular, de las modalidades migratorias (y sus características), como elementos importantes de la peculiar inserción regional del município como una "periferia simultánea" de dos regiones metropolitanas. A partir de los datos del censo, especialmente de los censos de 2000 y 2010, el estúdio presenta un análisis del crecimiento y la expansión territorial de Praia Grande con énfasis en el proceso intramunicipal, el papel de las diferentes modalidades de migración (intrametropolitana e interregional). Además, busca asociar estos movimientos a diferentes motivaciones a partir de una mirada sobre el perfil sociodemográfico de los flujos establecidos. Como resultado principal del trabajo, se observó que el papel de Praia Grande como área de expansión metropolitana de la RMBS es respaldado por el incremento de los flujos migratórios intrametropolitanos con origen en el polo regional, una realidad que también se puede ver en otros contextos metropolitanos. Sin embargo, como peculiaridad de su proceso de ocupación e inserción regional, parte significativa de esa migración se origina fuera de la RMBS, más precisamente, en la ciudad de São Paulo, cientro de otra región metropolitana (la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo), hecho que contribuye a caracterizar el municipio de Praia Grande como una "periferia de dos centros".

Aglomerações urbanas e mobilidade populacional: o caso da Região Metropolitana de Campinas / Urban Agglomerations and Demographic Mobility: The Case of Campinas, Brazil / Aglomeraciones urbanas y movilidad demográfica: el caso de la región metropolitana de Campinas

Esse artigo analisa, para uma grande aglomeração urbana, a complexidade da dinâmica migratória, que se revela nas diferentes modalidades de movimentos populacionais e nas características dos indivíduos envolvidos nestes deslocamentos, assim como nos elementos estruturais que os condicionam. Baseado em dados de uma pesquisa domiciliar para a Região Metropolitana de Campinas - RMC, realizada em 2007, e nos dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010, esse estudo analisa os aspectos da mobilidade residencial (e dos indivíduos envolvidos) em várias de suas facetas, especialmente em termos das características e motivações dos atores envolvidos. Mesmo com a redução da migração externa na região, pode-se notar um significativo potencial endógeno de redistribuição da população em função de sua mobilidade dentro da RMC, muito embora, diferentemente de outras regiões metropolitanas, na de Campinas ainda se verifique que a migração externa, em grande medida, se direciona diretamente para a periferia. A análise de características demográficas e socioeconômicas dos que se movem (e não se movem) sugere a existência de coerência entre o que se esperaria observar para uma migração condicionada pelo fator econômico e o posicionamento da RMC no cenário nacional e estadual, assim como pelo processo de produção do seu espaço habitado. A seletividade dos migrantes, em geral, e dos intrametropolitanos, em particular, sugere motivações diferenciadas, das quais, embora ainda não dominante, a questão habitacional se mostra relevante. O estudo também indica que, diferentemente do que ocorria no passado, a periferia metropolitana está se diversificando e incorporando cada vez mais indivíduos e família de mais alta renda...

Abstract This paper analyzes the complexity of the migratory dynamics of a large urban agglomeration. This complexity can be seen both in the different types of movements involved and in the individual and collective characteristics of the migrants themselves, as well as in the structural elements that may affect them. Based on data from a household survey for the metropolitan area of Campinas (RMC) held in 2007 and from the 2010 Demographic Census, we examine the residential mobility characteristics in many dimensions, especially in terms of the characteristics and motivations of the actors involved. Even with the reduction of external migration into the region, we can identify the existence of a significant potential of internal population redistribution due to people mobility within the RMC. Nevertheless, unlike other metropolitan areas, external migration to a large extent still flows directly into the periphery within this region. The analysis of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of moving (and not moving) people suggests the existence of a coherence between what we would expect to observe for a migration conditioned by the economic factor and the RMC's positioning in the national and São Paulo state scenarios, as well as by the region´s process of production of space. The selectivity of migrants, in general, and of intrametropolitan migrants, in particular, suggests different motivations according to which, though still not dominant, the housing issue arises as a significant matter. The study also shows that, contrary to what was observed in the past, the metropolitan periphery has been diversifying and incorporating more and more high-income individuals and families...

Resumen Este artículo analiza las complexidades de las dinámicas migratorias en una gran aglomeración urbana. La complexidad se observa tanto en la variedad de movimientos y en las características individuales y colectivas de los migrantes como en los elementos estructurales que los afectan. Utilizando datos provenientes de una encuesta de hogares realizado en 2007 en la región metropolitana de Campinas (RMC) y de los Censos Demográficos, se examina varias dimensiones de la movilidad residencial en la RMC, particularmente en lo que se refiere a las características y motivaciones de los diferentes actores. Se observa también que, al contrario de lo que ocurre en otras regiones etropolitanas, la periferia de RMC sigue recibiendo flujos migratorios importantes de afuera de la región. El análisis de las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de los migrantes y no-migrantes sugiere una coherencia entre padrones migratorios, la posición ocupada por la RMC en el escenario nacional y del estado de São Paulo, y también del proceso de producción del espacio en la región. La selectividad de migrantes, incluso de los migrantes intrametropolitanos, sugiere la existencia de motivaciones diversas, entre las cuales la vivienda se constituye en elemento importante, aunque no dominante. El estudio también muestra que, al contrario de lo observado en el pasado, la periferia metropolitana está se diversificando y recibiendo un número mayor de familias y clases más abastadas...

Deslocamento para o trabalho e fatores associados em industriários do sul do Brasil / Commuting to and from work and factors associated among industrial workers from Southern Brazil / Desplazamiento para el trabajo y factores asociados en industriales del sur de Brasil

Estudo transversal visando estimar a prevalência das formas de deslocamento para o trabalho e identificar fatores associados em trabalhadores do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Um total de 2.265 trabalhadores responderam questionário sobre a forma de deslocamento utilizado para ir ao trabalho: caminhada/bicicleta, ônibus ou de carro/moto. Para estimar a associação entre o desfecho e variáveis sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e comportamental foi utilizada a regressão logística multinomial. O principal meio de deslocamento para o trabalho foi o ônibus (45,7 por cento). Trabalhadores com maior condição socioeconômica tiveram maior probabilidade de deslocamento passivo.

Cross-sectional study that aimed to estimate the prevalence of forms of commuting to and from work and to identify factors associated among industrial workers in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. A total of 2,265 workers completed a questionnaire on the forms of commuting to and from work (walking/biking, bus or car/motorcycle). Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between the outcome and sociodemographic, occupational and behavioral variables. The main form of commuting to and from work was by bus (45.7 percent). Workers with higher socioeconomic condition were more likely to engage in passive commuting.

Estudio transversal buscando estimar la prevalencia de las formas de desplazamiento para el trabajo e identificar factores asociados en trabajadores del Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (sur de Brasil). Un total de 2.265 trabajadores respondieron cuestionario sobre la forma de desplazamiento utilizado para ir al trabajo: caminata/bicicleta, autobús o en carro/moto. Para estimar la asociación entre el resultado y variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y conductual se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial. El principal medio de desplazamiento para el trabajo fue el autobús (45,7 por ciento). Trabajadores con mayor condición socioeconómica tuvieron mayor probabilidad de desplazarse de forma pasiva.

Effectiveness evaluation on an intervention model of reproductive health among unmarried women migrants in Qingdao: a community trial / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To study knowledge,ability and related behavior of reproductive health among unmarried women migrants in Qingdao area,Shandong and evaluate effectiveness of basic intervention,including provision of free condom and health education and enhanced intervention,including healthy sex,contraception and health-care seeking behavior.Methods A community intervention trial was conducted among 1800 unmarried women migrants aged 18 -29 years in 10 workplaces of Qingdao.Basic intervention included health knowledge publicity and distribution of free condoms,and enhanced intervention included distribution of very important person (VIP) service cards,hotline telephone service,broadcasting digital versatile disc (DVD) of reproductive health knowledge,health lectures,peer education,and so on,in addition to health knowledge publicity and distribution of free condoms.Effectiveness was evaluated using questionnaire before and six months after intervention.Results After intervention,awareness of reproductive health and attitude to reproductive health improved significantly among the women migrants,as compared to those before intervention,particularly in knowledge of contraception and sexual health with enhanced intervention (with more than 20％ of them aware) ( P ＜ 0.01 ).About effectiveness on health-care seeking behavior,59.2％ (482/814) and 80.8％ (651/806) of the women migrants with reproductive tract infections would visit physicians after basic and enhanced intervention,as compared to those of 32.0％ (286/895) and 31.9％ (275/862) before them,respectively (P＜0.01).About effectiveness on contraceptive behavior,persistent and proper use of effective contraception methods improved significantly after intervention,as compared to that before it ( P ＜ 0.05 ),but with no significant difference between the two group with basic and enhanced intervention.Conclusions Both basic and enhanced intervention is effective and feasible in women migrants,more effective for enhanced one.

The investigation and analysis of the current status of drug-resistant tuberculosis among migratory population in Chaoyang district in Beijing / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the latest situation in the period 2006-2008 of drug resistance tuberculosis among migratory population in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Methods All sputum culture-positive specimens from migratory population were collected.Drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to M,H,R and E were tested by proportion method.Results Drug susceptibility of 371 isolates from 2006-2008 were tested.Total drug resistance wag 22.4%(83/371),the primary drug resistance and the acquired drug resistance were 17.5%(58/331)and 62.5%(25/40)respectively.The multi-drug resistance was 5.9%(22/371);the primary multi-drug resistance was 4.2%(14/331)and acquired multi-drug resistance wag 20.0%(8/40).The drug resistance and multi-drug resistance were higher in treated cases than that in new cases.and the difference wag statistically significant(χ~2 was 39.020 and 13.210,P<0.01).The drug resistance to 4 anti-tuberculosis drugs from high to low was M(16.7%).H(12.1%),R(11.3%),E(1.9%).The primary drug resistance rate were 13.3%(S),8.8%(H),8.2%(R),1.8%(E).The acquired drug resistance rate were 45.5%(S),40.0%(H),37.5%(R),2.5%(E).The drug resistance to S,H and R were higher in treated cases than that in new cases,and the difference was statistically significant(χ~2 was 23.549,29.810 and 27.754,P<0.01).Conclusion The drug resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis among migratory population was relatively high in chaoyang district of Beijing,suggesting the necessity to strength the tuberculosis control program for migratory population.

Systematic approach to management on prenatal care in floating population: effectiveness and proposal for improvement / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of system approach to management on prenatal health care in floating population. Methods The prenatal care was managed through establishing "Contact handbook on the health of pregnant women in Shanghai" for 505 lying-in women from the floating population of Minhang District. The condition of antenatal health care, the outcome of gestation and related factors were investigated and the results were compared to those reported in literatures. Results After system approach to management, the rate of having 1 - 3 antenatal examinations accounted for 32.1% ( 162/505 ), that of 4 - 8 examinations accounted for 43.0% ( 217/505 ), that ≥ 9 examinations accounted for 15.6% (79/505), which were higher than that reported by Zhuang Chanjuan (P = 0.001 ). Among 458 responders 185 (40.4% ) thought the cost for prenatal examination was "high" or "too high". Among 293 responders, 211 (72.0%) did not establish the contact handbook due to "not knowing the handbook" or "not clear about the process". The frequency of antenatal examination was associated with education levels of the lying-in women ( P =0.000) , whether their husbands being native Shanghainese or not ( P =0.002)and establishing contact handbood ( P = 0.002). Conclusions System approach to management promotes the utilization of antenatal health care for floating population, establishing contact handbook is a workable method to promote the utilization.

Perfil epidemiológico bucal en un asentamiento de población desplazada y destechada (Antioquia-Colombia) / Oral epidemiological profile of a violently displaced and homeless community in Bello, Colombia

Introducción y Objetivo: El desplazamiento forzado por violencia y la situación de pobreza que vive el país exige que se realicen propuestas en poblaciones específicas que tengan en cuenta grupos vulnerables en aspectos importantes como la salud bucal. El propósito fué analizar la situación desalud bucal de la población desplazada y destechada ubicada en el asentamiento “Altos de Oriente”, del municipio de Bello, por medio de evaluación clínica teniendo en cuenta los principales datos sociodemográficos. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio carácter descriptivo, exploratorio, acerca del perfil epidemiológico bucal en un asentamiento de pobladores desplazados y destechados del municipio de Bello (Antioquia- Colombia) en el año 2006. La muestra fueron 58 personas captadas voluntariamente en una jornada de salud. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables sociales y demográficas, el nivel de higiene bucal, el estado dental, periodontal y protésico. Resultados: Se encontró alta historia y prevalencia de caries dental y de enfermedades orales en comparación con la población general colombiana, con algunas diferencias por sexo; así mismo, los resultados informan de un acceso deficiente a los servicios de salud, en especial de salud bucal. Conclusiones: Se analizó la situación de salud bucal en el contexto social y político actual del país así como las repercusiones en la calidad de vida, producto del fenómeno de desplazamiento forzado por la violencia y sus expresiones como la pobreza, la marginalidad y la exclusión social. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad de profundizar en la problemática de poblaciones específicas, para la construcción de propuestas que mejoren las oportunidades de acceso a servicios sociales y a servicios de salud bucal.

Introduction and Objetives: Purposes are required in specific groups in important aspects such as oral health concerned with the forced displacement by violence and the poverty situation in Colombia. The purpose of this study was evaluate the oral health situation of a homeless community violently displaced by force, living in the “Altos de Oriente” Shelter Camp in the city of Bello, Colombia by means of a clinical evaluation which took into account the main socio-demographic variables. Materials and Methods: A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out in order to assess theoral epidemiological profile of said community during 2006. The sample consisted of 58 subjects who volunteered during a health brigade. The study analyzed social and demographic variables, the level of oral health as well as dental, periodontal and restorative conditions. Results: An increased history and prevalence of caries and oral diseases was found in comparison with the general Colombian population with some differences between genders. Results also indicated deficient access to health services in general and especially to those related to oral health. Conclusions: The oral health situation of the displaced community was analyzed under the current social and political context ofthe country as well as their repercussions in the quality of life, product of the forced displacement phenomena and its expressions such as poverty, marginality and social exclusion. These findings evidence the need to study more deeply the problems of specific populations, in order to design proposals that will improve opportunities to access social and oral health services.