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Objective: To holistically evaluate the protective effects of water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium and its underlying mechanism. Methods: Gut dysfunction model was established by injection of liposaccharide in rabbits, and administrated with water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of C. morifolium to investigate the treatment. Feces of rabbits in each group were collected and analyzed by 1H-NMR complemented with multivariate statistical methods to evaluate the metabolic alteration. Results: Compared with the control group, the levels of lactate and formate in liposaccharide intoxicated model group were significantly increased, and the concentrations of propionate, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate were notably decreased. Both the water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of C. morifolium ameliorated gut dysfunction of rabbits in a similar manner, increased the decreased levels of aspartate, adenine, phenylalanine, tyrosine induced by liposaccharide, and reduced the elevated content of formate. Conclusion: Pathway analysis revealed that both the water and ethanol extracts of stems and leaves of C. morifolium could regulate the disturbed phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; disordered alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and imbalanced glycine, serine and threonine amino acid metabolism, exerting a holistic protective effect on gut disorder. Thus, this study lays a scientific foundation for the resource utilization of stems and leaves of C. morifolium after the harvest of the inflorescence.
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According to the research strategy of resource chemistry of Chinese medicinal materials and Chinese medicinal resources recycling utilization, this study intends to explore the potential resource-oriented utilization value of the seed of Sophora flavescens by contrasting with its kindred plant S. alopecuroides. This study established a rapid UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC-TQ-MS/MS method to determine the alkaloids in the seed of S. flavescens. Results of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis showed that the alkaloids in the seed of S. flavescens were highly similar with S. alopecuroides.In the determination of 7 kinds of alkaloids, the total content was 11.203 and 15.506 mg•g⁻¹ in the seed of S. flavescens and S. alopecuroides, respectively. The content of oxymatrine, oxysophocarpine and sophoridine is high in the seed of S. flavescens. The results indicated that the seeds of S. flavescens. could be an important material resource to obtain alkaloids.
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This study intends to explore the potential resource-orientedutilization value of the flower of Sophora flavescents by analyzing alkaloids and flavonoids in the flower of S. flavescens from Shanxi province. This study established a rapid UPLC-TQ-MS/MS method that is used for determination of seven alkaloids and seven flavonoids in the flower of S.flavescens. The different florescences all have the seven detected alkaloids such as cytisine, oxy-matrine, oxy-sophocarpine, sophoridine, N-methylcytisine, matrine, sophocarpine.The total contents of detected alkaloids are as follows: flower buds 1.47%, primal flowers 1.34%, full bloomed flowers 1.17%, faded flowers 1.01%. The top three contents of alkaloids are N-methylcytisine , oxy-sophocarpine and oxymatrine, accounting for about 83% of the total amount of detected alkaloids. All the samples in different florescences have the seven detected flavonoids such as rutin, luteolin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, trifolirhizin, kurarinone, and kushenol I. The total contents of detected alkaloids are as follows: flower buds 495.2 μg•g⁻¹, primal flowers 313.7 μg•g⁻¹, faded flowers 224.2 μg•g⁻¹, full bloomed flowers 193.0 μg•g⁻¹. The content of luteolinis relatively higher than other detected flavonoids, accounting for about 89%-94% of the total amount of detected flavonoids. The results indicated that the flower of S.flavescens could be an important material resource to obtain the resourceful alkaloids. This result can provide scientific basis for resource-oriented utilization and industrial development of the flower of S. flavescens.
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BACKGROUND: Previous research has revealed that the type of health insurance significant impacts health-care utilization and patient health. The aim of this study was to describe and compare hospital service utilization and charges of inpatients with acute cerebral infarction among patients using two types of health insurance: National Health Insurance (NHI) and Medical Aid (MA). METHODS: The demographic, clinical, health-service utilization, and payment data of 1600 patients were analyzed. The patients were admitted within 7 days after the onset of stroke symptoms. Two insurance groups were compared in terms of patient characteristics and hospital charges using the chi-square test or the t-test. The significance of the impact of the health-insurance type on health-care utilization was tested after controlling for other related factors, using regression models. RESULTS: At the time of admission, the patients' gender, age, and stroke subtype differed significantly between the two insurance groups, whereas there were no differences in risk factors, admission route, referral status, or severity. There were no significant differences in treatments, length of stay, and referral status during their hospital stay. The total hospital charges and daily charges were significantly higher for patients with NHI than for patients with MA. In particular, significant differences were found in the categories of room and board, injection, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between NHI and MA in terms of patient demographic characteristics, health-care utilization, and inpatient charges. Patients with NHI had higher hospital charges, especially in the categories of room and board and imaging tests.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebral Infarction , Delivery of Health Care , Fees and Charges , Hospital Charges , Inpatients , Insurance , Insurance, Health , Length of Stay , National Health Programs , Referral and Consultation , Risk Factors , StrokeABSTRACT
Lots of problems has exposed in medical system,especially in unreasonable utilization of health resources.This article,from the viewpoint of utilization of health resource,analyzes current problems and countermeasures of the reasonable utilization of health resources.