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Abstract Objective: Due to the high cost and short term of passive immunization against the respiratory syncytial virus, the main virus causing acute viral bronchiolitis, predicting epidemic regions and epidemic months is extremely important. The objective of this study is to identify both the month when the seasonal peak begins and Brazilian regions and states with the highest incidence of monthly hospitalizations due acute viral bronchiolitis. Methods: Based on data obtained from DATASUS, monthly hospitalization rates due acute viral bronchiolitis were calculated for every 10,000 live births to children under 12 months of age in all Brazilian states and the Federal District between 2000 and 2019. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models were estimated to forecast monthly hospitalization rates in 2020. Results: A higher incidence of hospitalizations was found for male children, especially under six months of age. As for Brazilian regions, between 2000 and 2019, the South region registered the highest incidence of hospitalizations, followed by the Southeast, Midwest, North and Northeast regions, in this order. Considering the seasonal peak, the period between March and July 2020 comprised the highest expected hospitalization rates. Conclusions: Palivizumab is suggested to be started between February/March and June/July for most Brazilian states, with the exception of Rio Grande do Sul, which, in addition to presenting the highest rates of hospitalizations for acute viral bronchiolitis per 10,000 live births, has the longest seasonal peak between May and September.
RESUMO Objetivo: Em razão do alto custo e do curto prazo da imunização passiva contra o vírus sincicial respiratório, principal vírus causador de bronquiolite viral aguda, a previsão das regiões e meses epidêmicos é extremamente importante. Objetiva-se identificar o mês de início do pico sazonal e as regiões e Estados brasileiros de maior incidência de hospitalizações mensais por bronquiolite viral aguda. Métodos: Com dados obtidos no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil, foram calculadas as taxas mensais de hospitalizações por bronquiolite viral aguda a cada 10 mil nascidos vivos de crianças com idade inferior a 12 meses, em todos os Estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal, no período entre 2000 e 2019. Modelos sazonais autorregressivos integrados e de médias móveis foram estimados para a previsão das taxas mensais de hospitalizações em 2020. Resultados: Verificou-se maior incidência de hospitalizações em crianças do sexo masculino, principalmente naquelas com idade inferior a seis meses. Em relação às regiões brasileiras, entre 2000 e 2019, a Região Sul apresentou a maior incidência de hospitalizações, seguida pelas Regiões Sudeste, Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste, respectivamente. Quanto ao pico sazonal, o período entre março e julho de 2020 compreende as maiores taxas de hospitalizações previstas. Conclusões: Sugere-se o início da administração do Palivizumab entre fevereiro/março e junho/julho para a maioria dos Estados brasileiros, com exceção do Rio Grande do Sul, que, além de apresentar as maiores taxas de hospitalizações por bronquiolite viral aguda a cada 10.000 nascidos vivos, possui o pico sazonal de maior duração entre maio e setembro.
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Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 38 semanas ingresado con distrés respiratorio a un nosocomio al norte del Perú. Tras intubación y conexión a ventilación mecánica, se administró tratamiento antimicrobiano y sedoanalgesia. Durante la hospitalización, el paciente presentó fiebre, tos con expectoración quintosa, rubicundez facial y desaturación. Se observó edema en párpados, manos y pies, pero la perfusión tisular se mantuvo adecuada. En el cuarto día, sufrió convulsión febril, sibilancias respiratorias y oliguria con hematuria. Se realizaron cambios en el tratamiento y se administraron transfusiones. Al día 7, con apoyo del panel de PCR múltiple (FilmArray®) para el diagnóstico etiológico de enfermedades infecciosas respiratorias, se diagnosticó colonización/infección por Acinetobacter baumanni multirresistente, la cual se acompañó con la detección de Serratia marcescens y virus sincicial respiratorio. Tras una estancia prolongada se logró la extubación exitosa el día 10. El día 24, el paciente fue dado de alta sin fiebre, signos vitales estables y sin requerir oxígeno, solo tratamiento para las convulsiones.
A case is presented of a 38-week-old infant admitted with respiratory distress to a hospital in northern Perú. After intubation and connection to mechanical ventilation, antimicrobial treatment and sedoanalgesia were administered. During hospitalizaron, the patient experienced fever, cough with quintose expectoration, facial rubor, and desaturation. Edema was observed in the eyelids, hands, and feet, but tissue perfusion remained adequate. On the fourth day, the patient had a febrile seizure, respiratory wheezing, and oliguria with hematuria. Treatment changes were made, and transfusions were administered. On the seventh day, using the FilmArray® multiplex PCR panel for etiological diagnosis of respiratory infectious diseases, colonization/infection by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanni was diagnosed, accompanied by the detection of Serratia marcescens and respiratory syncytial virus. After a prolonged stay, successfu extubation was achieved on day 10. On day 24, the patient was discharged without fever, stable vital signs, and without requiring oxygen only treatment for seizures.
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INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções respiratórias virais são doenças de alta incidência no nosso meio. Os vírus circulam durante todo ano, todavia, a incidência destas infeccões aumentam com a sazonalidade. Grande parte destas infecções ocorrem em crianças por serem mais susceptíveis do ponto de vista imunológico. OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência dos patógenos virais nas infecções respiratórias em crianças de 0 a 9 anos no Hospital das Clinicas Samuel Libanio(HCSL), Pouso Alegre - MG. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática dos dados coletados a partir de aspirados de orofaringe, para pesquisa de vírus pela equipe da Comissão de Controle de Infecções Hospitalares (CCIH), entre os anos de 2010 e 2014. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 310 amostras e cerca de 26,4% foram positivas para algum vírus. O vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR) foi o mais prevalente nas crianças menores de um e também na faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos (25,3% e 11,1 %, respectivamente), estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Já no grupo entre 5 a 9 anos prevaleceu o virus Influenza A H1N1 com 13,8%. CONCLUSÃO: As infecções virais contribuem para um alto número de hospitalizações que oneram o serviço público de saúde, principalmente na faica etária pediátrica. Deste modo, medidas preventiva como campanhas de vacinação devem continuar a ser incentivadas, de preferência abrangendo os vírus mais prevalentes para uma determinada faixa etária. (AU)
Introduction: Viral respiratory infections are of high incidence diseases in our midst. Viruses circulate throughout the year, however, the incidence of these infections increase with seasonality. Most of these infections occur in children because they are more likely immunologically. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of viral pathogens in respiratory infections in children aged 0 to 9 years old at the Samuel Libânio Clinical Hospital, Pouso Alegre-MG. Methods: A systematic review of data collected from aspirates oropharynx was performed to search for viruses by the Commission's Team of Nosocomial Infection Control between the years 2010 and 2014. Results: 310 samples were analyzed and about 26.4% of the samples were positive for a virus. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most prevalent in children under one year old and also in the age group 1-4 years (25.3% and 11.1%, respectively), statistically significant (p<0.001). In the group between 5 and 9 years prevailed the virus Influenza A H1N1 with 13.8%. Conclusions: Viral infections contribute to a high number of hospitalizations that burden the public health system, especially in the pediatric age group. Thus, preventive measures such as vaccination campaigns should continue to be encouraged, preferably covering the most prevalent virus for a certain age group (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Virus Diseases , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Respiratory Tract Diseases/immunology , Vaccines , Child , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: An outbreak of acute febrile illness occurred in the Republic of Korea Air Force boot camp from May to July 2011. An epidemiological investigation of the causative agent, which was of a highly infective nature, was conducted. METHODS: Throat swabs were carried out and a multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was performed to identify possible causative factors. RESULTS: The mean age of patients who had febrile illness during the study period was 20.24 years. The multiplex RT-PCR assay identified respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as the causative agent. The main symptoms were sore throat (76.0%), sputum (72.8%), cough (72.1%), tonsillar hypertrophy (67.9%), and rhinorrhea (55.9%). The mean temperature was 38.75degreesC and the attack rate among the recruits was 15.7% (588 out of 3750 recruits), while the mean duration of fever was 2.3 days. The prognosis was generally favorable with supportive care but recurrent fever occurred in 10.1% of the patients within a month. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first epidemiological study of an RSV outbreak that developed in a healthy young adult group. In the event of an outbreak of an acute febrile illness of a highly infective nature in facilities used by a young adult group, RSV should be considered among the possible causative agents.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Body Temperature , Disease Outbreaks , Military Personnel , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Oseltamivir/therapeutic use , Pharynx/virology , RNA, Viral/chemistry , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics , Sputum/virologyABSTRACT
Background: Respiratory viral infections (RVi) can be associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Aim: To investigate the frequency and clinical manifestations of RVi among adult patients during winter hospitalizations. Patients and Methods: All patients admitted to the hospital with flu like disease and those with fever or exacerbation of any underlying disease during hospitalization without an evident cause, were prospectively enrolled. A direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of nasopharyngeal aspirate for influenza A (IA) and B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus, was performed. Epidemiological and clinical data were recorded. Results: Between May and September 2012, 975 adults were admitted to the Internal Medicine Unit of Puerto Montt Hospital and in 128 (13%) patients, DIF was carried out. DIF was positive in 44 patients (34%) aged 65 ± 20 years, 68.2% females, corresponding to 4.5% of total hospitalizations. Eighty six percent of the latter had at least one co-morbidity, mainly asthma and chronic respiratory diseases in 34.1%, diabetes in 29.5%, cardiac problems in 25% and congestive heart failure in 20.5%. The most common RVi were RSV (n = 21, 48%) and IA (n = 17, 39%). Six patients had a nosocomial RVi. Patients infected with IA had a significantly higher frequency of fever and bronchial hyper reactivity than those infected with RSV. RVi were associated with exacerbation of underlying disease in 62% of cases and pneumonia in 27%. Two patients had a viral pericarditis. Conclusions: RVi are an important cause of adult morbidity and their detection should be routine in adult patients hospitalized during winter.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Hospitalization , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , SeasonsABSTRACT
This investigation enrolled 570 healthy young males gathered from all over the country for military service at the Republic of Korea Air Force boot camp. It confirmed RSV IgG seroprevalence by utilizing the enzyme immunoassay method just prior to undergoing basic training. The mean age of this study was 20.25+/-1.34 yr old. The results of their immunoassay seroprofiles showed that 561 men (98.4%) were positive, 2 (0.4%) were negative and 7 (1.2%) were equivocal belonging to the grey zone. It was confirmed that RSV is a common respiratory virus and RSV infection was encountered by almost all people before reaching adulthood in Korea. Nine basic trainees belonging to the RSV IgG negative and equivocal grey zone categories were prospectively observed for any particular vulnerability to respiratory infection during the training period of two months. However, these nine men completed their basic training without developing any specific respiratory illness.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Military Personnel , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
The pulmonary surfactant protein D ( SP-D) plays an important role in host defense and innate immunity of the lung.It has increasing evidences that SP-D involves in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)infection.Recent studies have demonstrated that SP-D can be used for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases of the lung .Here is to make a review on SP-D structure, function , relationship between RSV and pulmonary inflammatory disease treatment .aiming to provide some assistance for treatment of RSV infection .
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Objective To summarize the clinical features of neonatal lower respiratory tract infection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Methods Data of newborns admitted into Deparrment of Neonatology of Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College from January to December 2010 with RSV lower respiratory tract infection were retrospectively analyzed. The characteristics of clinical manifestation,examination,treatment and prognosis were studied.Factors affecting the duration of hospitalization were analyzed with x2 test. Results Of 354 cases of neonatal lower respiratory tract infection,75 (21.2％) were RSV positive,whose attack time was from 5 to 25 days with an average of 13.2 days; and there were two preterm infants (2.7％).The chief clinical manifestations were cough (100.0％,75/75),followed by shortness of breath (56.0％,42/75),spittle (52.0％,39/75) and fever with temperature ≥38.0 ℃ (25.3％,19/75).The white blood cell count of one newborn was higher than 20.0× 109/L; 52 cases (69.3％) had higher blood lymphocyte percentage (＞ 0.48) ; eight cases (10.7％) had higher level of C-reactive protein (≥ 8 mg/L).Among the 58 patients who underwent blood gas analysis,28 (48.3％) had carbon dioxide retention (partial pressure of carbon dioxide≥ 45 mm Hg). Chest X-ray results within 48 hours after hospitalization suggested that 52.0％ patients (n =39) had pneumonia and 20.0％ (n=15) had bronchitis.Among 69 patients who had sputum cultures,20 cases were positive.And for the 11 cases who had blood cultures,three were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis.Finally,73 cases were cured,two were improved and no death was reported.The duration of hospitalization was from 3 to 17 days with an average of 8.4 days.Neonates with RSV lower respiratory tract infection who had higher C-reactive protein (≥8 mg/L),carbon dioxide retention,nasal oxygen catheter or assisted ventilation had higher percentage of longer hospital stay (≥7 days). Conclusions Compared with infants,the clinical characteristics of RSV lower respiratory tract infections in neonates are atypical,which are mainly menifested by cough,shortness of breath,spittle,but rare wheezing.There are no effective interventions against RSV infection except for supportive therapy.
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Objective To study the expression regulation of GATA-3 on Th2 cytokines secretions in rats lung infected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).Methods 20 SD rates were random divided into two groups: Control group (10 rats) and RSV-infected group(10 rats, the model was established by RSV intravasation).The airway responses were observed after seven week.Lung tissue of SD rats were stained with HE, pathologic examinations of lung tissue- stained were made.GATA-3 expressions in lung tissue were detected by western-blots, respectively.Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) in lung homogenate were detected by ELISA.Results Lung biopsy from RSV-infected group showed typical inflammation under light microscope.Airway resistance in RSV- infected group was higher than control group.Compared with control group( 1.231 ±0.31 ), the expression of GATA-3 significantly increased in RSV-infected group (1.743 ±0.21)( t =15.427, P ＜0.01).The levels of IL-4[(142.3 ± 12.3)ng/L] and IL-5[(167.5 ±14.2) ng/L] increased in RSV-infected group [(69.2±11.6) ng/L, ( 86.6 ± 14.3 ) ng/L] ( P＜0.01 ).There was a positive correlation between protein levels of GATA-3 and IL-4 in lung tissues (r=0.864, P＜0.01 ), and a positive correlation between GATA-3 and IL-5 in lung tissues(r=-0.756, P＜0.01).Conclusion RSV-infection may up regulate the expression of GATA-3 in lung, which contributed to inflammation of Th2 type.
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Objective To analyze the clinical features of the hospitalized children with laboratory-confirmed influenza in Suzhou. Methods The demographic information, laboratory test results, clinical features, treatments and outcomes of the hospitalized children with laboratoryconfirmed influenza were collected retrospectively. The data were analyzed using chi square test,Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results Four hundred and eighty hospitalized children were diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the period of 2005 to 2009. Among these cases, 414 were subtype A and 66 were subtype B. The positive rate was 2.66%. Four hundred and nineteen cases (87.29 %) were ≤ 5 years old. Most of the cases developed during winter (from December to April the next year) and summer (from July to August). The age and sex distribution didn't vary from year to year (x2=9. 7768,x2 = 8. 7573; both P＞0.05). The mean disease course was (16.22± 9.41)days, and the mean hospitalization duration was (7.89 ±2.97) days. The percentages of patients with symptoms of fever, dyspnea and diarrhea or requiring oxygen treatment decreased with age (Z =4. 9430, Z=2. 1021, Z=3. 2073 and Z=2. 3277, respectively; all P＜0.05). The percentages of cases with concomitant pneumonia and upper respiratory infection also decreased with age (Z =-3. 8762 and Z=-3. 5095, respectively; both P＜0.01). Fifteen point five percent (60/387 cases)of the cases were co-infected with pneumococcus and 15. 0% (72/480 cases) were co-infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The level of C-reactive protein was significantly higher in cases with bacterial co-infection than those with viral co-infection (Z= -3.1290, P ＜ 0. 01 ).Conclusions Hospitalized children with influenza are more common in winter and summer in Shuzhou.Many patients are co-infected with pneumococcus or RSV. The symptoms are more severe in younger children.
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Las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas virales constituyen una de las causas más importantes de enfermedad y muerte en niños en todo el mundo. En Uruguay las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyen la causa más frecuente de admisión hospitalaria en los meses fríos y una causa prevalente de ingreso a cuidados intensivos. La afectación miocárdica ha sido descrita como complicación determinante en la evolución de la enfermedad. Objetivos: conocer la prevalencia y gravedad de la afectación cardíaca en el curso de las infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas virales y evaluar la utilidad de la troponina T para despistar compromiso miocárdico. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo prospectivo. Se incluyeron lactantes portadores de infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas virales admitidas al hospital. Se realizó en todos los pacientes estudio radiológico de tórax, ECG, test de troponina T sérica y ecocardiograma. Se realizó seguimiento a los que presentaron afectación en el ECG, ECO o en el test de troponina. Resultados: se incluyeron 80 pacientes. El virus sincicial respiratorio (VRS) fue la etiología en el 53%. El ECG evidenció alteraciones inespecíficas de la repolarización en el 17% de los casos Se describió la presencia de derrame pericárdico en el 9% de los casos. Estas alteraciones no se asociaron con la gravedad ni la etiología. La troponina estuvo aumentada en el 4% sin asociaciones significativas con las variables analizadas. La CPK en estos pacientes fue normal. No hubo muertes en esta muestra. Conclusiones: se evidenciaron frecuentes alteraciones cardíacas por el ECG y el ECO que no se asociaron con requerimiento de cuidados intensivos o ventilación mecánica. La troponina estuvo aumentada en el 4% de los casos, lo que se considera una prevalencia menor a lo referido en la bibliografía, lo que no se vinculó con la evolución de los pacientes.
Acute viral respiratory infections are one of the most important causes of illness and death in children around the world. In Uruguay, acute respiratory infections are the cause of hospital admissions in the cold months and a prevalent admission cause to be admitted in intensive care. Myocardial involvement has been described as a major complication in the evolution of the disease. Objectives: to know the prevalence and severity of heart illness in the course of the low viral load acute respiratory infections and assess the usefulness of troponin T to find myocardial compromise. Material and methods: prospective descriptive study. We included IRABV carriers, admitted to the hospital, of up to two years. All RX chest, ECG, troponin T serum and Echocardiogram tests performed. Follow-up to those which presented affectation ECG, ECO or troponin test took place. Results: 80 patients were included. VRS was the etiology in 53%. The ECG evidenced unspecific alterations of the repolarization in 17%. The presence of pericardial effusion was described in 9% of cases. These alterations were not associated with the seriousness or etiology. Troponin was increased by 4% without significant association with the analyzed variables. CPK in these patients was normal. There were no deaths in this sample. Conclusions: frequent heart alterations by the ECG and ECO became apparent but were not associated with requirements of intensive care or mechanical ventilation. Troponin was increased in 4 per cent of cases but it was not linked to the evolution of patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/complications , Respiratory Tract Infections/complications , Myocarditis/etiologyABSTRACT
As infecções do trato respiratório são as formas de infecção mais comuns que afetam o homem e, dentre essas, predominam as de causa viral. Os vírus também podem acometer o trato respiratório baixo, causando bronquiolite, bronquite e pneumonia. Neste artigo de revisão, objetivamos mostrar aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, clínicos e do tratamento das pneumonias comunitárias por vírus. Essas pneumonias costumam ser causadas por vírus influenza A e B; parainfluenza 1, 2 e 3; vírus respiratório sincicial; e adenovírus. Também são apresentados aqui os hantavírus, metapneumovírus e rinovírus causando pneumonia.
In humans, the most common types of infection are respiratory tract infections, among which viral infections predominate. Viruses can also infect the low respiratory tract, causing bronchiolitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. The objective of this review article was to show epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of viral community-acquired pneumonia. These types of pneumonia are commonly caused by influenza A and B; parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3; respiratory syncytial virus; or adenovirus. We also address the types of pneumonia caused by hantaviruses, metapneumoviruses and rhinoviruses.