ABSTRACT
O presente estudo objetivou adaptar para o contexto brasileiro o Questionário Norma Pessoal de Reciprocidade (QNPR), reunindo evidências de sua validade fatorial e consistência interna. Participaram 203 universitários, com idade média de 20,6 anos (DP = 4,54). Os dados foram analisados separadamente para crenças e comportamentos em reciprocidade. A primeira parte referente às crenças na reciprocidade contou com nove itens, com alfa de Cronbach de 0,66 e saturações variando de 0,33 a 0,65; na parte referente aos comportamentos em reciprocidade, dois componentes emergiram: o primeiro denominado reciprocidade negativa contou com nove itens, com saturações variando de 0,46 a 0,80 e alfa de Cronbach de 0,85 enquanto o segundo componente foi denominado reciprocidade positiva, e contou com sete itens e saturações variando de 0,46 a 0,76, com alfa de Cronbach de 0,74. Concluiu-se que esses achados apoiam a adequação psicométrica deste instrumento, que apresenta evidências de validade e precisão.
This study aimed at adapting to the Brazilian context the Personal Norm of Reciprocity Questionnaire (PNRQ), gathering evidence of its factorial validity and internal consistency. 203 students participated, with average age of 20.6 years (SD = 4.54). Data were analyzed separately for beliefs and behaviors in reciprocity. The first part refers to the beliefs of reciprocity had nine items with Cronbach's alpha of 0.66 and saturations ranging from 0.33 to 0.65. The part referring to reciprocity behavior emerged two components, the first called negative reciprocity had nine items, with saturations ranging from 0.46 to 0.80 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 as the second component was called positive reciprocity, and had seven items and saturations ranging from 0.46 to 0.76, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.74. We have concluded that these findings support the psychometric adequacy of this instrument, which shows evidence of validity and reliability.
Este estudio objetivó adaptar al contexto brasileño el Cuestionario Norma Personal de Reciprocidad (CNPR), reuniendo evidencias de su validez factorial y consistencia interna. Participaron 203 universitarios, con edad media de 20,6 años (DP = 4,54). Los datos se analizaron por separado para las creencias y comportamientos en la reciprocidad. La primera parte se refiere a las creencias en la reciprocidad y contó con nueve ítems, con alfa de Cronbach de 0,66 y saturaciones entre 0,33 y 0,65. La parte relacionada a los comportamientos en reciprocidad surgió dos componentes, el primero llamado reciprocidad negativa contó con nueve ítems, con saturaciones entre 0,46 y 0,80 y alfa de Cronbach de 0,85. El segundo componente llamado reciprocidad positiva, contó con siete ítems y saturaciones entre 0,46 y 0,76, con alfa de Cronbach de 0,74. Se concluyó que estos resultados apoyan la adecuación psicométrica de este instrumento, que presenta evidencias de validez y precisión.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Culture , Collective EfficacyABSTRACT
During sporting events, players' reactions to opponents' aggression vary in widely different ways. Some players are able to exert strong self-control. Other players immediately react to the first aggressive act. Still other players adopt middle-ground behaviors. We examined whether it was possible to find empirical support for these qualitatively different ways to react to aggression. Handball playing was chosen because it involves a lot of physical/social interactions. Fifty amateur players were presented with a set of scenarios containing information about: the number and kind of previous aggressive acts that have affected the player; the current team's score; the coach's attitude to aggressive behavior among players; and the risk of being sanctioned in case of retaliation. They were asked to rate, separately, the level of anger they would experience in each case and the probability that they retaliate. Through cluster analysis, three qualitatively different ways to react to aggressive behavior during sport events were found; they were called Self-Control (44%), Depending on Circumstances (30%), and High Reactivity (14%). Implications for coaches and referees are discussed.
Durante los eventos deportivos, las reacciones de los jugadores a la agresión de los oponentes varían ampliamente y en diferentes maneras. Algunos jugadores son capaces de ejercer un fuerte auto-control. Otros jugadores reaccionan inmediatamente al primer acto agresivo. Otros jugadores adoptan comportamientos moderados. Este estudio examinó si era posible encontrar apoyo empírico para estas maneras cualitativamente diferentes de reaccionar a la agresión. El balonmano fue el deporte elegido porque implica una gran cantidad de interacciones físicas y sociales. A cincuenta jugadores aficionados se les presentó un conjunto de escenarios que contenían información sobre: el número y los tipos de agresiones previas que habían afectado al jugador, los marcadores actuales del equipo, la actitud del entrenador frente al comportamiento agresivo entre los jugadores, y el riesgo de ser sancionado en caso de tomar represalias. Se les pidió que respondieran, por separado, el nivel de ira que experimentarían en cada caso y la probabilidad de que tomaran venganza. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados, y se observaron tres formas cualitativamente diferentes de reaccionar ante el comportamiento agresivo durante los eventos deportivos; estas formas fueron denominadas Auto-control (44%), dependiendo de las circunstancias (30%) y alta reactividad (14%). La discusión muestra las implicaciones para los entrenadores y los árbitros.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar um paralelo teórico e metodológico entre o assédio moral e a retaliação no trabalho. Esses temas estão intimamente ligados às discussões sobre direitos humanos e justiça no ambiente de trabalho, que visam ao planejamento de investigações sobre medidas de intervenção para promover a justiça social e níveis mais elevados de qualidade de vida do trabalhador. Para alcançar esse objetivo, primeiramente, fazemos a discussão teórica de ambos os conceitos para, em seguida, traçar um paralelo entre eles. Finalizamos discutindo a importância da incorporação de temas dessa natureza na análise organizacional.
The objective of this work is to make a theoretical and methodological parallel between moral harassment and retaliation in the working place. These subjects are closely related to the discussions on human rights and justice in the working place that aim to plan investigations about interventions measures to promote social justice and to increase workers' levels of life quality. In order to tackle this objective, firstly we present a theoretical discussion of both concepts and, secondly, we draw a comparison between them. Finally, we discuss the importance of incorporating such subjects in the organizational analysis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Behavior , Psychology, IndustrialABSTRACT
Objective:This research integrated the attribution of responsibility and aggressive retaliation to find their relationship. Methods: 204 subjects attended this experiment, and two structural equation models that reflect the relationship among intentional attribution, affect, responsibility and aggressive retaliation were set up. EQS was used to test the models. Results: The data fitted both Weiner's model and ours well, which suggested that intentional attribution contributed to the judgment of responsibility and the response of affects, and then linked with the retaliation action. And in this process, judgment of responsibility and the response of affects were two media variables that had two-way interrelationship. Conclusion:A general model suggested here was:intentional attribution →judgment of responsibility, affect response →aggressive retaliation.