Encefalopatía Posterior Reversible asociada a Exacerbación de Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica / Reversible Posterior Encephalopathy associated with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Resumen El Síndrome de Encefalopatía Reversible Posterior (PRES) es una entidad clínica y radiológica reversible. Existen varias entidades clínicas que se asocian con PRES. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es un factor predisponente poco frecuente para el desarrollo de esta patología. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 71 años de edad que estaba siendo tratada por una exacerbación aguda de EPOC y desarrolló alteración del sensorio y crisis convulsivas. Los hallazgos de imágenes características, los síntomas clínicos asociados y su historial médico llevaron a un diagnóstico de PRES en nuestro paciente. A pesar de que la asociación de PRES y EPOC es una entidad poco común, el diagnóstico de PRES debe ser un diferencial en caso de que un paciente desarrolle encefalopatía o convulsiones en la exacerbación de EPOC.

Abstract Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a reversible clinical and radiological entity. There are several entities that are associated with PRES. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a rare factor for the development of this condition. We present the case of a 71-years-old woman who was being treated for an acute exacerbation of COPD and developed sensory impairment and seizures. The findings of characteristic images, associated clinical symptoms and their medical history led to a diagnosis of PRES in our patient. Although the association of PRES and COPD is a rare entity, the diagnosis of PRES should be a differential if a patient develops encephalopathy or seizures in the exacerbation of COPD.

Encefalopatía Posterior Reversible En El Contexto De La Eclampsia. Reporte De Caso Y Revisión De La Literatura / Reversible Posterior Encephalopathy In The Context Of Eclampsia. Case Report And Review Of Literature

Resumen El síndrome de la encefalopatía posterior reversible conocido como (PRES) es un trastorno neurológico caracterizado por cefalea, alteraciones visuales, deterioro del estado de consciencia, crisis convulsivas y déficits neurológicos variados que tienen como causa, el incremento severo de la presión arterial. Los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo, principalmente la preeclampsia y eclampsia, siguen siendo una de las causas principales de la morbilidad y mortalidad durante el embarazo, causando complicaciones neurológicas que van desde las crisis convulsivas únicas hasta el desarrollo de estatus convulsivos y del advenimiento de eventos cerebrovasculares potencialmente mortales. Describimos la presentación del síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible en una adolescente embarazada quien desarrolló un trastorno hipertensivo del embarazo.

Abstract Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by headaches, visual disturbances, altered level of consciousness, seizures, and a variety of neurological deficits that are caused by a severe increase in blood pressure. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, mainly preeclampsia and eclampsia, continue to be one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy worldwide, causing neurological complications ranging from singular seizures to the development of status epilepticus and the advent of potentially fatal cerebrovascular events. We describe the presentation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a pregnant adolescent who developed a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.

Encefalopatía posterior reversible durante el puerperio, secundaria a eclampsia. Reporte de dos casos / Reversible posterior encephalopathy during puerperium secondary to eclampsia. Report of two cases

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible es una alteración rara, que aparece en el tercer trimestre del embarazo y en el puerperio, asociada con preeclampsia-eclampsia y síndrome de Hellp. Los estudios de radioimagen son decisivos para establecer el diagnóstico y diferenciarlo de otros trastornos neurológicos, por su tratamiento y pronóstico diferentes. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Reporte de dos casos de encefalopatía posterior reversible con factores de riesgo diferentes para su manifestación (choque séptico, insuficiencia orgánica múltiple y síndrome de preeclampsia-eclampsia). El diagnóstico se estableció con base en la enfermedad subyacente, la sospecha clínica y los hallazgos en la resonancia magnética. En ambos casos coincidió la mayor parte de los síntomas relacionados con eclampsia. El tratamiento oportuno y la corrección del desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico, ácido-base, sepsis y sobrecarga de volumen fueron decisivos para revertir el cuadro y prevenir la evolución del síndrome. El diagnóstico de encefalopatía posterior reversible se corroboró por estudios radiológicos. Las pacientes egresaron de cuidados intensivos con remisión completa del cuadro neurológico. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de encefalopatía posterior reversible en pacientes embarazadas es desconocida, su manifestación obedece a diferentes causas y las mujeres suelen recuperarse completamente; sin embargo, el diagnóstico y tratamiento deben individualizarse en cada caso.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome is a rare entity. It occurs most frequently in the third trimester and puerperium, associated with cases of preeclampsia-eclampsia and Hellp's syndrome. Radioimage studies are basic for its diagnosis and must be differentiated from other neurological pathologies, due to its different treatment and prognosis. CASES REPORT: This study presents two cases of reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome with different risk factors for its presentation (septic shock, multiple organ failure and preeclampsia-eclampsia syndrome). The diagnosis is based on the underlying disease, clinical suspicion and magnetic resonance findings. In both cases, most of the symptoms related to eclampsia. The timely treatment and correction of fluid-electrolyte imbalance, acid-base, sepsis and volume overload are decisive in reversing the condition and preventing the evolution of the syndrome. The diagnosis of reversible posterior encephalopathy was corroborated by radiological studies. The patients withdrew from the care unit with complete remission of the neurological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Reversible posterior encephalopathy is a rare entity, of unknown prevalence in the pregnant patient, which occurs for different reasons, with full recovery, but which requires a specific diagnosis and treatment.

Síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible en eclampsia en el Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Mujer de Tabasco, México / Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome in eclampsia in the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Mujer de Tabasco, México / Síndrome de encefalopatia reversível na eclâmpsia no Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidade de Mulheres em Tabasco, México

Resumen: El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible (PRES) se caracteriza por manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas a edema cerebral posterior hemisférico transitorio y se relaciona con el síndrome de preeclampsia-eclampsia. Objetivo: Identificar la incidencia del síndrome PRES en pacientes con eclampsia ingresadas a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos (UCIA) del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Mujer (HRAEM) y comparar los factores de riesgo asociados. Material y métodos: Observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, transversal y de cohorte de pacientes ingresadas con diagnóstico de eclampsia a la UCIA del HRAEM en el periodo de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2015. Resultados: La incidencia obtenida fue de 57%. Las variables maternas significativas: edad (p = 0.034), número de crisis convulsivas (p = 0.001), edad media de 20.4 ± 6.5 años. La cefalea se observó en 91.5%. En 85% se detectó eclampsia anteparto. La vía de interrupción fue 77% por vía abdominal. La topografía de la lesión se manifestó como multifocal y bilateral en el lóbulo parietal y occipital. Conclusiones: La incidencia fue de 57%. Se estableció un perfil de alto riesgo de PRES en pacientes con eclampsia anteparto, primigestas, menores de 21 años, con presión arterial media mayor de 120 mmHg y con más de dos crisis convulsivas.

Abstract: The syndrome of reversible posterior encephalopathy (PRES) presents neurological manifestations associated to transient hemispheric posterior cerebral edema, is related to the syndrome of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Objective: To identify the incidence of PRES in patients with Eclampsia admitted to the ICU of the High Specialty Women's Hospital and to compare the associated risk factors. Material and methods: Observational, retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional and cohort study of patients admitted to the ICU with the diagnosis of Eclampsia of the Regional High Specialty Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015. Results: The incidence was 57%. Significant maternal variables: age (p = 0.034) and number of seizures (p = 0.001), with a mean age of 20.4 ± 6.5 years. The headache was present in 91.5%. Eighty-five percent had antepartum eclampsia. The route of interruption was 77% by the abdominal route. The topography of the lesion was multifocal and bilateral, in the parietal and occipital lobe. Conclusions: The incidence was 57%. A high-risk profile for PRES in patients with antepartum eclampsia, primigravidae, younger than 21 years, with a mean arterial pressure greater than 120 mmHg, and who have presented more than two seizures were established.

Resumo: A síndrome de encefalopatia posterior reversível (PRES), na eclâmpsia, apresenta manifestações neurológicas associadas ao edema cerebral transitório. Objetivo: Identificar a incidência da PRES em pacientes com eclâmpsia internadas na UTI e comparar os fatores de risco associados. Material e Métodos: Foram 311 pacientes internadas na UTI em um período de 5 anos com diagnóstico de eclâmpsia, divididos en 2 grupo: PRES (n = 176) e sem PRES (n = 135). Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, transversal e coorte. Resultados: A incidência encontrada foi de 57%. No grupo da PRES a idade foi de 20 ± 6,5 vs 21 ± 5.7 anos, no grupo sem PRES (p = 0.034). Número de crises convulsivas 2 ± 2 vs 1.8 ± 1.8 eventos (p = 0.001), proteinúria 1355 ± 175 vs 930 ± 92 miligramos em 24 horas (p = 0.000) e PAM 120 ± 20 vs 115 ± 15 mmHg (p = 0.011), respectivamente. Mortalidade perinatal foi de 8.6% vs 3.5% (p = 0.05). 85% apresentou eclâmpsia antepartum. A interrupção da gestação foi de 77% pela via abdominal. A topografia da lesão cerebral foi multifocal e bilateral. O odds ratio para associarse a PRES foram: proteinúria, eclâmpsia antepartum, cesárea, PAM > 110mmHg com OR 3, 2.9, 2.5 e 2.3 respectivamente (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusões: A incidência da PRES foi de 57%. Se estabeleceu um perfil de alto risco para PRES em pacientes com eclâmpsia antepartum, menores de 21 anos, PAM 120 mmHg e a presença de duas crisis convulsivas. A mortalidade perinatal se associou a PRES.

A clinical analysis of reninoma-induced hypertensive crisis associated with reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome / 中华内科杂志

Objective Reninoma is a rare benign tumor of the renal juxtaglomerular cell apparatus that causes hypertension and hypokalemia via hypersecretion of renin,while it is extremely rare that reninoma induced hypertensive crisis with reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome (RPES).To improve the clinical understanding for this disease,we conducted a case-analysis.Methods To analyze the clinical and pathological data of a case of reninoma-induced hypertensive crisis with reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome,who was admitted to Peking University First Hospital in November,2007 and follow-up.Results This was a 16-year old female patient,onset with suddenly spasm with loss of consciousness,while blood pressure stepped up to 210/140 mm Hg( 1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),and the head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed “multiple long-T2 signal”,and hypopotassaemia(2.8-3.2 mmol/L),urine protein positive,ultrasoundcardiogram revealed left ventricular hypertrophy,laboratory study revealed hyperreninism (38.23ng · ml-1 · h-1,normal range 0.07-1.15 ng· ml-1 · h-1 ) and hyperaldosteronism(660.9 ng/L,normal range 60-174 ng/L),abdominal CT-Scan revealed a mass at right kidney,blood pressure achieved safety range and the head MRI was rechecked and revealed “the abnormal long-T2 signal disappeared”.The clinical diagnosis was reninoma induced hypertensive crisis with RPES.The tumor was resected and the pathologic diagnosis was reninoma.The patient remained normotensive in the postoperative period without any medication.Conclusions Reninoma represents a rare but surgically curable cause of hypertension,thus the clinical suspicion of it is very important in young patients.If the diagnosis is confirmed,positive treatment must be done immediately to improve the prognosis.The most common cause of RPES is hypertension,and the diagnosis depends on the distinctive head MRI.There is always a good prognosis with the decline of blood pressure rapidly.

CT and MRI Diagnosis of Reversible Posterior Encephalopathy Syndrome / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate CT and MRI characteristics of reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome (RPES).Methods The clinical and imaging data of 5 patients with RPES confirmed by clinical follow-up were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among the 5 cases ,brain MRI showed that bilateral occipital lobe involved symmetrically in 4 cases ,parietal lobe involved symmetrically in 2 cases,bilateral basal nucleus involved symmetrically in 2 cases,one sided parietal lobe involved in 2 cases,corpus callosum involved in 1 case and cerebellum involved in 1 case. The lesions were low signal on T_1WI,high signal on T_2WI and FLAIR, no enhancement was showed after contrast-enhanced scan. The signal intensity of the lesions was decreased gradually with the b value increased(0,500,1000) at DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) slightly increased.The lesions revealed low density on CT images.Conclusion MRI in combination with clinical informations can exactly diagnose RPES.