ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To introduce the pharmaceutical care for one patient with severe infection caused by Rhizopus spp after kidney transplantation which achieved a better therapeutic effect. METHODS: According to the activity of zygomycetous, clinical pharmacists recommended the patient using posaconazole to treat Rhizopus spp infection which has less kidney injury. Clinical pharmacists optimized the treatment schemes with considering the pathophysiological conditions of the patient, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug and metabolic drug interactions. RESULTS: The Rhizopus spp infection was controlled using posaconazole oral suspension 200mg qid mixed with enteral nutrition. According to adjust the amount of tacrolimus by the plasma concentration and CYP3A5 genotype test result, the tacrolimus concentration was most time maintained 4.8-6.7 μg·L-1 during the treatment, which ensure the safety of the transplanted kidney. The diarrhea was reduced by adjusting the methods of taking posaconazole, reducing the dose of mycophenolate and adding microecologics. CONCLUSIONS: Drug treatment is generally complex for the patient with severe infection after renal transplantation. So, clinical pharmacists can carry out pharmaceutical care for such special patients for safety and effectiveness, through therapeutic drug monitoring and knowledge of pharmacokinetics to promote such patients to get the optimal drug treatment.
ABSTRACT
The present investigation aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Calligonum comosum extracts, frequently used in traditional medicine against two phytopathogenic fungi using agar well diffusion technique. Calligonum comosum was selected as a model plant species for this investigation on the basis of its reported ethno-botanical uses. Ethanolic extracts of Calligonum comosum plant was screened in vitro for its antifungal activity against two fungal species (Alternaria spp and Rhizopus spp). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extracts were determined. Three extracts were assayed from different parts of the plant (leaves, stem and roots). Generally, the results showed that all extracts inhibited the fungal growth. Regardless of the plant part assayed, the MIC and MFC values of the extracts were in the range between 3.13 and 12.50 mg ml-1 for both fungal species. Interestingly, the highest significant level of mycelia growth inhibition zone was observed in the stem tissues and the lowest level was detected in root tissues. In the current study, the fungal growth inhibition zone was slightly different among the two fungal genera with respect to the plant parts used. In the light of these findings it could be concluded that, the ethanolic extracts of Calligonum comosum exhibit powerful fungicidal properties indicating the presence of potential antifungal compounds effective in the treatment of plant diseases. Further work in no doubt required to identify the compounds in such extracts responsible for the antifungal activity in Calligonum comosum. Provision of detailed information on the chemical constituents of this species will likely open new avenues which help in the development of drugs that could be obtained from this promising medicinal plant species.
ABSTRACT
Objective In order to reduce the toxicity and still maintain the bioactivity of the medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii(TW),the whole plant biotransfomed method was employed.By observing the pharmacological activities and the toxicity of MeOH extracts from the root of T.wilfordii that were biotransformed by the fungi Aspergillums spp.and Rhizopus spp.,the best biotransformed fungi strain has been selected based on the experimental data.Methods Applying the models of acute and chronic inflammation, the weight of immune organ and cell immunity were used to study the pharmacological activities,and ip injection to observe the acute toxicity.Results The anti-inflammation and immunosuppression have been increased slightly and the toxicity decreased significantly after being biotransformed by Aspergillus spp.(TW1),while the anti-inflammation,immunosuppression,and the toxicity have been declined after being biotransformed by Rhizopus spp.(TW2).Conclusion Although both selected fungi could change the pharmacological activities and toxicity of the T.wilfordii,Aspergillus spp.is better than Rhizopus spp.