Ter alguém com quem contar: A percepção de adolescentes acerca do amor e do suporte do(a) parceiro(a) amoroso(a) / Have somebody to count on: Adolescents' perception about love and support from a romantic partner

Embora interações com amigos e parceiros amorosos ganhem importância na adolescência, ainda há controvérsias acerca da profundidade e da qualidade da vinculação amorosa. Buscou-se avaliar a percepção de setenta adolescentes gaúchos (12 a 18 anos), de escolas públicas e privadas de Porto Alegre e Canoas/RS, acerca do amor e do suporte do(a) parceiro(a) amoroso(a), e verificar suas associações com características sociodemográficas. Aplicou-se individualmente, em sala de aula, um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, o Inventário de Qualidade dos Relacionamentos Interpessoais e a Escala Triangular do Amor ­ Versão Reduzida. Os dados obtidos foram digitados em planilha no SPSS e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e correlacional (Correlação de Spearman e comparação entre grupos via teste de Mann-Whitney, considerando as variáveis gênero, faixa etária, renda familiar, religião, escolaridade e presença ou não de relação sexual). Os adolescentes perceberam seus relacionamentos como importantes, considerando-os boa fonte de suporte, apresentando altos índices de intimidade, paixão e comprometimento e baixo nível de conflito. Encontrou-se associação positiva entre comprometimento e profundidade e intimidade e suporte, assim como entre maior idade e maior comprometimento. Ter relacionamento sexual associou-se a maior percepção de conflito e paixão. Os relacionamentos amorosos mostraram ser fonte de suporte para o desenvolvimento saudável desses adolescentes.

Although interactions with friends and romantic relationships become important during adolescence, there is still controversy about the depth and quality of adolescents' attachment to their romantic partners. The present study aimed to evaluate the adolescents' perception of love and their romantic partner's support, as well as to verify its possible associations with sociodemographic characteristics. Seventy adolescents (12 to 18 years old) from South Brazil, enrolled in public and private schools of Porto Alegre and Canoas/RS, fulfilled individually, at school, a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Quality of Relationships Inventory and the Triangular Love Scale ­ Reduced Version. The collected data were entered into a spreadsheet in SPSS. Descriptive and correlational statistics analysis were performed (Spearman correlation and comparison between groups via Mann-Whitney test, considering the variables gender, age group, family income, religion, education level, and the presence or absence of sexual intercourse). The adolescents perceived their romantic relationships as important, as a good source of support, showing high levels of intimacy, passion and commitment, and low levels of conflict. A positive association was found between commitment and depth, and intimacy and support, as well as higher age and more advanced levels of commitment. Having a sexual relationship was associated with a higher perception of conflict and passion. Romantic relationships proved to be a source of support for the healthy development of these adolescents.

Desarrollo de Escala sobre Celos Románticos en Redes Sociales (Facebook y Whatsapp) / Development of the Social Networking Sites (Facebook and Whatsapp) Romantic Jealousy Scale

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue desarrollar y validar psicométricamente una escala para medir celos románticos en Facebook y WhatsApp, asimismo se buscó evidencia de que los reactivos no tuvieran un funcionamiento diferencial por sexo mediante análisis de invarianza factorial. Se trabajó con dos grupos de participantes de la Ciudad de México, 300 para un análisis factorial exploratorio y 300 para un análisis factorial confirmatorio y prueba de invarianza. Se encontró una estructura con 24 reactivos, adecuada confiabilidad (α = .96) correcto ajuste [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] e invarianza factorial por sexo, por lo que se concluye que la escala es confiable y válida y permite comparación por sexo sin sesgos de medición.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop and psychometrically validate a Scale to measure romantic jealousy on Facebook and WhatsApp, also evidence of non-differential function of the items by sex is presented in the form of a factorial invariance test. Two groups of Participants from Mexico City worked on, 300 for an exploratory factor analysis and 300 for confirmatory factor analysis and invariance testing. A structure was found with 24 items, adequate reliability (α .96) corrects fit [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] and factorial invariance by sex, so it is concluded that the Scale is reliable, valid, and allows sex comparison by sex without bias due to measurement.

Traditional gender roles translating into behaviors within adolescents' romantic relationships / Roles tradicionales de género traducidos en comportamientos en las relaciones románticas de los adolescentes / Papéis tradicionais de gênero que se traduzem em comportamentos nas relações românticas dos adolescentes

Abstract While several studies suggest that traditional gender ideologies are strongly embedded in Latino populations, little is known about the way they operate in adolescent's romantic relationships. This mixed-methods study was carried out with adolescents in Cuenca, Ecuador. In the quantitative component, we assessed adolescents' support for traditional gender ideologies in a sample of 562 adolescents (n = 309 girls). It was identified that the majority of adolescents were "uncritical" towards traditional ideologies involving masculinity (82%) and femininity (79%). In the qualitative component, the narratives of a sample of 20 adolescents reflected existing discourses on traditional gender roles and revealed how these ideologies are translated into specific behaviors. In this context, romantic relationships can become negative and dysfunctional spaces that affect adolescents' development.

Resumen Si bien varios estudios han sugerido que las ideologías de género tradicionales están fuertemente arraigadas en las poblaciones latinas, aún se sabe poco sobre la forma en que estas operan en las relaciones románticas de los adolescentes. Este estudio de método mixto se realizó con adolescentes de Cuenca en Ecuador. En el componente cuantitativo, evaluamos el apoyo a las ideologías tradicionales de género en una muestra de 562 adolescentes (n = 309 niñas). Se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes podrían ser clasificados como «acríticos¼ hacia las ideologías tradicionales de masculinidad (82%) y feminidad (79%). En el componente cualitativo, las narrativas de una muestra de 20 adolescentes reflejaron los discursos existentes sobre los roles tradicionales de género y revelaron cómo estos se traducen en comportamientos específicos. En este contexto, las relaciones románticas pueden convertirse en espacios negativos y disfuncionales que pueden afectar el desarrollo de los adolescentes.

Resumo Embora vários estudos tenham sugerido que as ideologias tradicionais de gênero são fortemente endossadas nas populações latinas, ainda pouco se sabe sobre a forma como operam nas relações românticas dos adolescentes. Este estudo de métodos mistos foi realizado com adolescentes de Cuenca, no Equador. No componente quantitativo, avaliamos o endosso de ideologias tradicionais de gênero em uma amostra de 562 adolescentes (n = 309 meninas). Verificouse que a maioria dos adolescentes pode ser classificada como "acrítica" em relação às ideologias tradicionais de masculinidade (82%) e feminilidade (79%). No componente qualitativo, as narrativas de uma amostra de 20 adolescentes refletiram os discursos existentes sobre os papéis tradicionais de gênero e revelaram como estes se traduzem em comportamentos específicos. Nesse contexto, os relacionamentos amorosos podem se tornar espaços negativos e disfuncionais que podem afetar o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Confianza Diádica en personas gays y lesbianas en pareja / Psychometric Properties of the Dyadic Trust Scale in Gay and Lesbian People with a Partner

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Confianza Diádica (ECD, Larzelere & Huston, 1980) en personas gays y lesbianas de Chile. Para ello, se evaluó una muestra de 360 personas chilenas gay o lesbianas involucradas en una relación de pareja. Los datos obtenidos proporcionan evidencia de que el instrumento se ajusta de manera aceptable a una estructura unidimensional y que es invariante entre personas gay y lesbianas. Adicionalmente, se identificó que posee una consistencia interna adecuada, así como una asociación inversa entre los niveles de confianza diádica y la ansiedad y evitación del apego. En conclusión, la ECD posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación de la confianza diádica en personas gays y lesbianas en el contexto chileno.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chilean version of the Dyadic Trust Scale (DTS, Larzelere & Huston, 1980). For this purpose, a sample of 360 Chilean gay or lesbian people involved in a couple relationship was evaluated. The data obtained provide evidence that the instrument conforms acceptably to a unidimensional structure and scores are invariant between gay and lesbian persons. Additionally, it has adequate internal consistency, as well as an inverse association between levels of dyadic trust and attachment anxiety and avoidance. In conclusion, the ECD has adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of dyadic trust in gay and lesbian persons in the Chilean context.

Violencia en las relaciones románticas y tipología familiar en jóvenes universitarios / Violence in romantic relationships and family typology in young university students

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo durante la juventud se transcribe en un problema social de gran importancia en razón al impacto y consecuencias que conlleva para la vida, incluyendo el hecho de ser un fuerte predictor de la violencia en la adultez. El propósito del presente estudio fue identificar la relación entre las conductas violentas en el noviazgo, la tipología familiar y algunos factores sociodemográficos, en una muestra de jóvenes universitarios de la Sabana de Bogotá. Para tal fin se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal, con un diseño de tipo descriptivo correlacional a una muestra de 515 estudiantes universitarios de cinco instituciones de educación superior de la región sabana de Bogotá, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 25 años. Dentro de los hallazgos, para la muestra en estudio, se encontraron relaciones entre dichos factores de violencia y algunas tipologías familiares y los factores sexo y nivel socioeconómico. En conclusión, variables como la edad, el nivel socioeconómico y la tipología familiar se relacionan con la presentación de algunos tipos de violencia presentada durante el noviazgo.

Abstract Dating violence during youth transforms into a social problem of great importance because of its impact and consequences for life, including the fact that it is a strong predictor of violence in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between dating violence, family typology and some sociodemographic factors in a sample of young university students from the Bogota savanna. To this end, a cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out with a descriptive correlational design on a sample of 515 university students from five higher education institutions in the Bogotá savanna region, aged between 18 and 25 years. Among the findings, for the sample under study, relationships were found between these factors of violence and some family typologies and the sex and socioeconomic level factors. In conclusion, variables such as age, socioeconomic level and family typology are related to the appearance of some types of dating violence.

Desarrollo afectivo-sexual en las personas con trastornos del espectro autista / Affective-sexual development in people with autistic spectrum disorders

Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son trastornos del neurodesarrollo que afectan la comunicación social y que presentan patrones de conducta repetitiva, estereotipada o/y inflexible. Un tercio de los casos diagnosticados de TEA tienen discapacidad intelectual y 2/3 una capacidad intelectual dentro de la norma. Los síntomas nucleares de autismo y otros asociados pueden afectar el desarrollo afectivo-sexual. En este artículo se expone qué dificultades en el desarrollo afectivo-sexual pueden presentar las personas con TEA y cuáles son las más frecuentemente descritas. Se propone de una manera breve, guías dirigidas a la evaluación y a la ayuda para un desarrollo afectivo-sexual satisfactorio en las personas con autismo-TEA.

Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present repetitive, stereotyped and inflexible behaviour. A third of the people with a diagnosis of ASD also have intellectual disability associated and two thirds present an intellectual capacity within the average range. The nuclear autistic and others associated symptoms can affect the affective and sexual development. This article exposes which are the problems people with ASD present in the affective and sexual development, the most frequently described and brief guides for evaluation and support for an adequate affective-sexual development in people with ASD.

Estilos de apego parental y dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de una muestra de jóvenes universitarios en Colombia / Parental attachment styles and emotional dependence in the romantic relationships of a sample of university students in Colombia

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como propósito identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego parental y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de un grupo de jóvenes universitarios en Colombia. Es un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La muestra a conveniencia fue de 500 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a 15 ciudades de Colombia, de la cual 34,2 % fueron hombres y 65,8 % mujeres entre los 18 y los 25 años. El cuestionario de recolección de datos estuvo conformado por 81 preguntas a partir de los siguientes instrumentos: datos sociodemográficos, Inventario de Apego con Padres y Pares modificado (IPPA modificado) y, Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE). Se encuentra una correlación positiva entre los estilos de apego parental y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de los jóvenes que componen la muestra, así como una correlación positiva entre el nivel socioeconómico y la variable sexo en las manifestaciones de dependencia emocional dentro de la relación romántica.

Abstract The purpose of the research was to identify the relationship between parental attachment styles and emotional dependence in the romantic relationships of a group of university students in Colombia. This is a quantitative study of descriptive correlational type. The sample selected, a convenience one, was 500 university students, of which 34.2 % were men and 65.8 % women between 18 and 25 years. The data collection questionnaire consisted of 81 questions. The questions were based on the following instruments: sociodemographic data, Parental Attachment Inventory (IPPA); Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (CDE). We found that there is a positive relationship between parental lifestyles and emotional dependence in romantic relationships, young people, the components, the sample, as well as the positive relationship between socioeconomic status and gender in the manifestations of emotional dependence within the romantic relationship.

Dès les relations avec les parents à la relation conjugale: la continuité et la discontinuité des modèles d'attachement / Do relacionamento com os pais para o relacionamento romântico: continuidade e descontinuidade dos modelos de apego / From the relationship with parents to the romantic relationship: continuity and discontinuity of attachment models / De la relación con los padres para la relación romántica: continuidad y discontinuidad de los modelos de apego

Résumé Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier la relation entre les représentations d'attachement vis-à-vis des parents et aux partenaires lors des situations de stress relationnel. Un entretien semi-structuré focalisé sur les représentations d'attachement a repéré les représentations d'attachement des figures d'attachement de soixante adultes. Les résultats ont indiqué une certaine similitude entre les représentations d'attachement par rapport aux parents et les représentations d'attachement associées aux partenaires des individus qui ont vécu des situations de stress relationnel. Cette similitude a été plus systématique vis-à-vis de la mère et au premier partenaire amoureux. Il semble que, lorsque l'insécurité d'attachement par rapport aux parents et partenaires prévaut, les représentations d'attachement des relations vécues avec les parents peuvent être éveillées à l'occasion de stress relationnel.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre representações de apego aos pais e parceiros amorosos quando situações relacionais estressantes emergem. Uma entrevista semi-estruturada focada em representações de apego foi utilizada com sessenta adultos. Os resultados indicaram uma certa semelhança entre as representações de apego em relação aos pais e aos parceiros amorosos que viviam stress relacional. Esta semelhança foi mais sistematica em relação a mãe e o primeiro parceiro amoroso. Parece que, quando a insegurança do apego aos pais e parceiros prevalece, as representações de apego internalizadas desde as relações vividas com os pais podem ser reativadas por ocasião da experiência de stress relacional.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between attachment representations associated to parents and romantic partners when experiencing relational stress. A semi-structured interview focused on attachment representations was used for this purpose and was applied to sixty adults. The results indicated similarities between attachment representations regarding to parents and to individuals experiencing stress within their romantic relationship. These similarities were more systematic among representations associated with mothers and with the first significant partners. It seems that, when insecurity of attachment was internalized from parental relationship, this pattern could be reactivated on romantic relationships.

El propósito de este estudio fue verificar la relación entre las representaciones de apego a los padres y los parejas amorosas cuando sugen situaciones emocionales estresantes. Una entrevista semiestructurada se centró en las representaciones de apego en relación a las figuras de apego de sessenta adultos. Los resultados indican una cierta similitud entre las representaciones de apego a los padres y parejas de las personas que vivieron estrés relacional. Esta semejanza fue más sistemáticamente entre la madre y la primera pareja romántica. Parece que, cuando prevalece la inseguridad del apego a los padres y parejas, las representaciones de apego internalizadas desde la relación con los padres puede volver a se despertar en una relación amorosa especialmente cuando la pareja vive situaciones de estrés relacional.

Relationships and Loneliness – an exploratory study

Background: Loneliness is a common problem in relationships. The purpose of the study was to find out ifthere is a relation between loneliness and people in romantic relationship.Methods: Convenient sampling was used to collect data in the age range of 18 to 25 years. Data wascollected from 111 people out of which 37 were in a romantic relationship, 37 had been in a romanticrelationship at least once in their lives and 37 had never ever been in a romantic relationship. Tool used tomeasure loneliness was UCLA loneliness scale.Results: The data was not significant. It was found that the degree of loneliness was lowest in people whowere in a romantic relationship and highest in the people had never been in a romantic relationship whenthe survey was conducted.Conclusion:The results show that the difference between the mean reported loneliness for 3 groups is notsignificant. That is being in relationship, or not being in relationship romantically has no significant impacton feelings of loneliness reported in young adults.

Relaciones románticas tempranas y su asociación con comportamientos de riesgo en salud durante la adolescencia / Early romantic relationships and their association with health risk behaviors during adolescence

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La evidencia científica sugiere que el inicio de las relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana expone a los adolescentes a otros comportamientos no normativos, como inicio sexual más temprano, mayor número de parejas sexuales, inicio del consumo de alcohol y drogas, entre otros, lo que resultara en una desventaja persistente para su vida futura. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre relaciones románticas tempranas y comportamientos de riesgo en salud en adolescentes chilenas. Método: Estudio transversal y analítico en una población de 4.398 adolescentes mujeres quienes contestaron una encuesta al ingreso de su primera consulta. Se compararon adolescentes que iniciaron relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana (13 y menos años), adolescencia media (14 y 16 años) y adolescencia tardía (17 y 19 años). Se analizó la asociación entre edad inicio relaciones románticas y variables personales, familiares, y de comportamiento. Resultados: El 50,1% inició relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana; el 48,3% en la adolescencia media y el 1,7% en la adolescencia tardía. El 84,17% del total de la muestra había iniciado actividad sexual y un 26,6% de ellas lo hizo antes de los 15 años. Se observó que las adolescentes que habían iniciado relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana con mayor frecuencia habían iniciado actividad sexual a edad más temprana, tenían más parejas cuando se comparan con los otros grupos. La menor edad de inicio de relaciones románticas también se asoció al consumo de marihuana. Conclusión: El inicio de las relaciones románticas en la adolescencia temprana se asoció a inicio sexual más temprano, tener más parejas sexuales, consumo de marihuana en adolescentes mujeres.

SUMMARY Background: Scientific evidence suggests that starting romantic relationships in early adolescence exposes people to other non-normative behaviors such as earlier sexual initiation, a larger number of sexual partners, and the start of alcohol and drug use, among others, leading to persistent disadvantages later in life. Objective: To analyze the association between early romantic relationships and health-risk behaviors in female Chilean adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional and analytic study in a population of 4.398 female adolescents who answered a survey during first medical appointment. The study compared adolescents who started romantic relationships in early adolescence (13 years and under), middle adolescence (14 and 16 years), and late adolescence (17 and 19 years). The association between the starting age of romantic relationships and personal, family and behavioral variables was analyzed. Results: 50.1% of the participants engaged in romantic relationships in early adolescence; 48.3% in middle adolescence, and 1.7% in late adolescence. 84.17% of sample had initiated sexual activity and 26.6% had done so before the age of 15. It was observed that adolescents who had had their first romantic relationships in early adolescence were more at risk of starting sexual activity at an earlier age, and having more sexual partners compared to the other groups. An earlier starting age of romantic relationships was also associated with marijuana use. Conclusion: The start of romantic relationships in early adolescence was associated with earlier sexual initiation, more sexual partners, and marijuana use in female adolescents.

Validation of the Mental Illness Sexual Stigma Questionnaire (MISS-Q) in a sample of Brazilian adults in psychiatric care / Validação do Questionário de Estigma Sexual na Doença Mental (MISS-Q) em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros em atendimento psiquiátrico

ABSTRACT Objective We evaluated the psychometric properties of a new instrument "Mental Illness Sexual Stigma Questionnaire" (MISS-Q). Methods We interviewed 641 sexually active adults (ages 18-80) attending public outpatient psychiatric clinics in Rio de Janeiro about their stigma experiences. Results Nine factors were extracted through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and labeled: 'individual discrimination by others'; 'staff willingness to talk about sexuality'; 'staff and family prohibitions'; 'sexual devaluation of self'; 'perceived attractiveness'; 'mental illness concealment'; 'perceived sexual role competence'; 'withdrawal'; and 'locus of social-sexual control'. 'Withdrawal' and 'locus of social-sexual control' showed poor psychometric properties and were excluded from further analysis. The remaining seven factors had high factorial loadings (.39 to .86), varying from sufficient to optimal reliability (Ordinal α ranged from .57 to .88), and good convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions The resulting MISS-Q is the first instrument assessing mental illness sexual stigma with demonstrated psychometric properties. It may prove useful in reducing stigma, protecting sexual health, and promoting recovery.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliamos as propriedades psicométricas de um novo instrumento "Mental Illness Sexual Stigma Questionnaire" (MISS-Q; Questionário de Estigma Sexual na Doença Mental). Métodos Entrevistamos 641 adultos sexualmente ativos (18 a 80 anos), frequentando clínicas psiquiátricas ambulatoriais públicas no Rio de Janeiro sobre suas experiências de estigma. Resultados Foram extraídos nove fatores por meio da análise exploratória fatorial e rotulados: 'discriminação individual por parte de outros'; 'disposição pessoal para falar sobre sexualidade'; proibições pessoais e familiares; 'desvalorização sexual de si mesmo'; 'percepção de atratividade'; 'dissimulação da doença mental'; 'percepção da competência de papel sexual'; 'retirada'; e 'locus de sociosexual ao controle'. 'Retirada' e 'locus de controle social-sexual' mostraram propriedades psicométricas fracas e foram excluídos da análise posterior. Os sete fatores restantes tinham altas cargas fatoriais (0,39 a 0,86), variando de suficiente até confiabilidade ótima (Ordinal α variou de ,57 a ,88), e boa validade convergente e discriminante. Conclusões O resultante MISS-Q é o primeiro instrumento que avalia o estigma sexual da doença mental com propriedades psicométricas demonstradas. Pode ser útil na redução do estigma, proteção da saúde sexual e promoção à recuperação.

Revisión psicométrica de tres escalas del perdón: midiendo la metamorfosis emocional / Psychometric review of three scales of forgiveness: Measuring the emotional metamorphosis

Resumen: Se ha reportado que una transgresión interpersonal puede hacer que los individuos mantengan el resentimiento y experimenten más afecto negativo, ira, estrés, y depresión (Stackhouse, Ross y Boon, 2016). Dado su impacto en la salud física y mental, es importante estudiar el perdón desde la psicología científica, para lo cual es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables. Sin embargo, hay pocos en español, y no han sido suficientemente estudiados, por lo que en esta investigación se revisaron las propiedades psicométricas de tres escalas del perdón: la Escala de Capacidad de Perdón (CAPER; Casullo y Fernández-Liporacce, 2005), la Escala del Perdón (Vargas-Núñez y Pozos-Gutiérrez, 2005), y la Escala del Perdón en la Relación de Pareja (Rosales-Sarabia, 2013). Para el análisis de la escala CAPER y la Escala del Perdón participaron 253 adultos, mientras que en el caso de la Escala del Perdón en la Relación de Pareja participaron 238 personas involucradas en una relación de pareja, todos residentes del área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que solo la Escala del Perdón en la Relación de Pareja replicó su estructura factorial en una muestra distinta. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la literatura científica internacional.

Abstract: It has been reported that suffering from interpersonal transgressions may cause individuals to maintain resentment and experience more negative affect, anger, stress, and depression (Stackhouse, Ross, & Boon, 2016). Given its impact on physical and mental health, it is important to study forgiveness from a scientific perspective, for which counting on valid and reliable measure instruments is highly important. However, there are just a few in Spanish, and haven't been deeply studied, so in this research the psychometric properties of three scales of forgiveness were reviewed: The Forgiveness Capacity Scale (CAPER; Casullo & Fernández-Liporacce, 2005), the Forgiveness Scale (Vargas-Núñez & Pozos-Gutiérrez, 2005), and the Scale of Forgiveness in the Romantic Relationship (Rosales-Sarabia, 2013). For the psychometric analysis of CAPER and the Forgiveness Scale, 253 adults participated, while for the Scale of Forgiveness in the Romantic Relationship, 238 people involved in a relationship participated, all residents of the metropolitan area of the Mexico City. The results showed that only the Forgiveness Scale in the Romantic Relationship replicated its factorial structure in a different sample. Findings are discussed in the light of international scientific literature.

Violencia de pareja a través de medios electrónicos en adolescentes mexicanos / Violence in teenage mexican couples through electronic/social media

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio instrumental fue obtener las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Violencia de Pareja que se expresa a través de Medios Electrónicos (EVIME) en adolescentes mexicanos. Colaboraron 878 participantes, hombres y mujeres con edades de entre 12 y 19 años (M = 16.58; DE = 1.36 años). Dicha escala está compuesta por 32 reactivos agrupados en 5 factores y con formato de respuesta tipo Likert de 4 opciones. Se obtuvo la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal (varimax) que explican el 57.7% de la varianza (prueba KMO = 0.93, p = 0.00). La consistencia interna total tiene un valor alfa de Cronbach α = 0.94. Las prevalencias de violencia en una muestra probabilística de 1,278 adolescentes para cada una de las dimensiones son: control, monitoreo intrusivo y vigilancia cibernética = 44.3%; agresión verbal = 15.5%; agresión sexual = 11.9%; coerción sexual = 7.7% y humillación = 6.1%. La violencia de pareja que se manifiesta a través de medios electrónicos es un problema social y de salud pública emergente que posee cualidades específicas debido a la naturaleza de las herramientas tecnológicas que utilizan los adolescentes para interactuar con la pareja romántica.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to get the psychometric characteristics for the Social/Electronic Media Violence in Couples Scale (EVIME for its initials in Spanish) in Mexican teenagers. There were 878 participants, men and women with ages ranging between 12 and 19 years old (M = 16.58; SD = 1.36). This scale is composed by 32 items grouped into 5 factors with 4 Likert-type answer options. The construct validity was obtained through a factorial analysis of principal components with an orthogonal rotation (varimax) which account for the 57.7% of the variance (KMO test = .93, P = .00). The total internal consistency has a Cronbach's alpha of α = .94. Violence prevalence in a probabilistic simple of 1,278 teenagers for each dimension are: control, intrusive monitoring and cybernetic vigilance = 44.3%; verbal aggression = 15.5%; sexual aggression = 11.9%; sexual coercion = 7.7% and humiliation = 6.1%. Violence in couples through social/electronic media is a social and public health growing problem with specific characteristics due to all the variety of technological tools teenagers use to interact with their couple.

A exposição do amor na internet: público ou íntimo? / Cybernetic love exposure: should love be public or intimate? / La exposición del amor en internet: ¿público o íntimo?

Este artigo discute a dimensão da intimidade e a publicização do amor na internet. Partiu-se de uma pesquisa que entrevistou 20 universitários de ambos os sexos para investigar se a internet introduz novas formas de relacionamento afetivo entre adolescentes. Inspirando-se nas respostas, buscou-se produzir uma reflexão teórica sobre o tema da publicização do amor na internet. Assim, discutem-se os efeitos da publicação de eventos da vida amorosa na internet em duas perspectivas: analisando as fronteiras entre público e privado e refletindo sobre questões subjetivas que envolvem essa publicização. Embora critiquem a publicação da vida privada nos meios digitais, alguns entrevistados reconhecem que esta é uma exigência da cultura atual. Verificou-se que, ainda que a ausência de conflitos causada pelo desencontro de corpos possa alimentar a ilusão de um relacionamento perfeito, os laços amorosos mediados pela internet apresentam complexidade equiparável à de relações amorosas não virtuais

This article discusses the issue of intimacy and the publicization of love on the internet. It is based on a research which interviewed 20 university students of both genders to investigate if the internet introduces new forms of romantic relationships between adolescents. Inspired by the answers, this text proposes a theoretical reflection on the act of publicizing love online. Therefore, the effects of publicizing love life events on the internet are here discussed in two perspectives: analyzing the borders between public and private, and reflecting on the subjectivity involved in the publicization of our romantic lives. Although some interviewees criticize this exposure, some of them consider it a demand of contemporary culture. It could be noticed that, although the lack of conflicts caused by distance may give the illusion of the existence of a perfect relationship, the romantic bonds created by the internet can be as complex as the non-virtual relationships

Este artículo trata la dimensión de la intimidad y la publicitación del amor en internet. Esta investigación entrevistó 20 universitarios de 18 años, de ambos sexos, e investigó si internet introduce nuevas formas de relaciones afectivas entre ellos. Las fronteras entre lo público y lo privado en internet referentes a las relaciones amorosas surgieron como cuestión. Se discuten los efectos de la publicación de acontecimientos de la vida amorosa en dos perspectivas: analizando fronteras entre lo público y lo privado, y reflexionando sobre cuestiones subjetivas que involucran esa publicitación. A pesar de que los entrevistados critican la publicación de la vida privada en los medios digitales, reconocen que es una exigencia de la cultura actual. Se verificó que aunque la ausencia de conflictos causada por el desencuentro de cuerpos puede alimentar la ilusión de relación perfecta, los lazos amorosos mediados por internet presentan complejidad equiparable a la de las relaciones amorosas no virtuales

Representações sociais de término de relacionamentos amorosos em músicas do sertanejo universitário / Social representations of romantic relationship breakups in country music songs / Representaciones sociales de conclusión de relaciones románticas en canciones del sertanejo universitário

Das etapas de um relacionamento amoroso, o término da relação constitui-se como uma das mais difíceis, e é, muitas vezes, expressa por meio de composições musicais que tratam dos sentimentos provenientes desse rompimento. Dentre os ritmos musicais que abordam esse tema, destaca-se o sertanejo universitário, cujas letras elucidam, em especial, relacionamentos amorosos descompromissados e de curta duração. Diante disso, a investigação das representações sociais difundidas por meio dessas letras se torna relevante para a compreensão do pensamento social acerca dos términos de relacionamentos amorosos. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as representações sociais de término de relacionamentos amorosos e presentes em canções do estilo musical sertanejo universitário. Foram analisadas 211 letras musicais, submetidas à análise lexical no software ALCESTE. Os resultados e análises apontam diferentes sentimentos e comportamentos derivados desse rompimento afetivo, devido a distintos estágios vivenciados desse sofrimento, tanto por parte de quem rompeu a relação quanto de quem foi abandonado, trazendo elementos que vão desde dor, sofrimento, incerteza e desilusão até resignação, felicidade e satisfação com o fim da relação

When it comes to the stages of a romantic relationship, the breakup moment is one of the most difficult for people to experience, and is often expressed through musical compositions, which talk about feelings related to this rupture. Among the musical rhythms that talk about this theme one particularly stands out the Country & Western , whose lyrics elucidate, especially, love relationships and uncommitted short-lived. Therefore, the research of social representations disseminated through these lyrics is relevant to social understand about loving relationship breakups. The aim of this study was to investigate the social representations of romantic relationship breakups present in songs of the musical style called Country & Western. For this study, 211 lyrics were analyzed, submitted to lexical analysis in the ALCESTE software. The results and analysis demonstrate varied feelings and behaviors derived from this breakup, owing to the different stages of the suffering, experienced either by both, the one who terminated the relationship and who was abandoned, bringing elements ranging from pain, suffering, uncertainty and disappointment to resignation, happiness and satisfaction with the relationship which was terminated

En las etapas de una relación amorosa, el término de la relación es una de las experiencias más difíciles, y a menudo se expresa a través de composiciones musicales, que tratan sobre los sentimientos de esta interrupción. Entre los ritmos musicales que abordan este tema destaca el sertanejo universitario, cuyas letras tratan, especialmente, las relaciones amorosas sin compromiso y de corta duración. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar las representaciones sociales del término de las relaciones amorosas, presentes en canciones del estilo musical sertanejo universitario. Se analizaron 211 letras, presentada al análisis de léxico del software ALCESTE. Los resultados y los análisis muestran diferentes sentimientos y comportamientos derivados de este rompimiento afectivo, debido a las diferentes etapas experimentadas en ese sufrimiento, tanto por los que rompieron la relación, cuanto por quien fue abandonado, con elementos que van desde el dolor, el sufrimiento, la incertidumbre y la decepción, hasta la resignación, la felicidad y la satisfacción con el fin de la relación

As redes sociais virtuais e a dinâmica da internet / Virtual Social Networks and the dynamics of internet

Este artigo apresenta o resultado de um levantamento bibliográfico realizado em uma pesquisa que objetiva compreender os relacionamentos amorosos de adolescentes na internet. Realizou-se uma investigação no PePSIC das produções entre 2002 e 2013. O levantamento apontou um número reduzido de trabalhos de psicologia sobre o tema e desatualização das redes sociais utilizadas como objeto de estudo. O número reduzido de trabalhos pode ser justificado tanto por limites do nosso instrumento de pesquisa quanto pela atualidade do tema. A desatualização das redes sociais revela o dinamismo próprio da internet. Entretanto, as subjetividades não se transformam com a mesma velocidade das tecnologias, demonstrando que tais pesquisas não se tornam obsoletas. É preciso considerar que a enorme presença da internet em todos os setores da vida humana justifica o incremento de pesquisas sobre o tema

This article presents the results of a bibliographical search conducted with the goal to understand the romantic relationships of teenagers on the internet. A research in PePSIC was conducted, and the productions between 2002 and 2013 were analyzed. This research revealed a small number of psychology works on the matter, as well as the outdating of the social networks used by them as objects of study. The reduced number of works was evidenced when confronted with data from interviews with university students, conducted at a second moment during this research. The reduced number of works can be justified both due to the limitation of our research tools and to the actuality of the theme. The downgrading of social networks reveals the dynamism of the internet. However, subjectivities are not transformed at the same speed as technologies, demonstrating that such research did not become obsolete. We need to consider that the large presence of the internet in all sectors of life justifies the development of the research on this topic

Apego y perdón en el contexto de las relaciones de pareja / Attachment and forgiveness in the context of couple relationships

La teoría del apego permite comprender diversos aspectos del funcionamiento interpersonal, entre ellos, la capacidad para perdonar. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre las dimensiones del apego adulto (ansiedad del abandono y evitación de la intimidad) y el perdón de transgresiones ocurridas en el contexto de relaciones de pareja. Asimismo, se buscó comparar el peso predictivo de ambas dimensiones sobre el perdón. Para ello, 647 estudiantes universitarios completaron medidas de auto-reporte del apego romántico y del perdón. Los análisis con ecuaciones estructurales permiten concluir que tanto la ansiedad como la evitación estuvieron asociadas a menor perdón. Además, se constató que las personas con alta evitación evidencian mayor dificultad para perdonar que aquellas con alta ansiedad.

Attachment theory allows the understanding of several aspects of interpersonal functioning, including the ability to forgive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between adult attachment dimensions (anxiety over abandonment and avoidance of intimacy) and forgiveness of transgressions occurred in romantic relationships. Additionally, it was sought to compare the predictive weight of each dimension on forgiveness. With this purpose, 647 university students completed self-report measures of romantic attachment and forgiveness. Analysis through structural equation modeling allow to conclude that both higher anxiety and/or higher avoidance were associated to lower forgiveness. Additionally, individuals with high levels of avoidance show more difficulties to forgive than those with high levels of anxiety.

Escala de crenças sobre amor romântico: indicadores de validade e precisão / The scale of beliefs about romantic love: indicators of validity and internal consistency

Crenças individuais comumente interagem na dinâmica de envolvimento entre os membros de um relacionamento romântico, influenciando, entre outros aspectos, os padrões de percepção, construção de expectativas e estratégias de relacionamento. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo construir, validar e confirmar a estrutura dimensional de uma medida para avaliação de crenças sobre o amor em uma população brasileira. Participaram da pesquisa 1530 pessoas, sendo 660 do sexo masculino e 870 do sexo feminino subdivididas em duas subamostras. Os resultados apontaram um instrumento psicométrico com parâmetros de precisão e confiabilidade adequados e confirmaram uma estrutura dimensional de seis fatores de estilos de amor na população brasileira: eros, agape, ludus, storge, mania e pragma.

Aspects of beliefs commonly interact in the dynamics of romantic relationships, thus influencing aspects of the perception, expectations and relationship strategies, among others. This research aimed to construct and validate a measure assessing beliefs about love in a Brazilian sample and verify its dimensional structure. A total of 1,530 individuals participated in this study, 660 of these being males and 870 females: The sample was divided into two sub-samples. The results showed a psychometric instrument with adequate parameters of precision and a confirmed structure of six-dimensional factors styles of love in a Brazilian sample: eros, agape, ludus, storge, mania and pragma.

Apego aos pais, relações românticas, estilo de vida, saúde física e mental em universitários / Attachment to parents, romantic relationships, lifestyle, physical and mental health in university students

Pretendeu-se conhecer a relação entre apego aos pais, características das relações românticas, sintomatologia física, estilo de vida e morbilidade psicológica em 250 estudantes universitários, entre os 17 e 29 anos, que responderam a instrumentos de auto relato. Concluiu-se que o apego aos pais nos jovens adultos se relaciona com a sintomatologia física, a morbilidade psicológica e características das relações amorosas. O envolvimento numa relação romântica reflecte-se na saúde, estando associado ao estilo de vida saudável e menos sintomas físicos. Exploraram-se os preditores da sintomatologia física e estilo de vida, e analisou-se a influência do sexo, tipo de família e nível socioeconómico nas variáveis em estudo. Assim, podem retirar-se implicações para o desenvolvimento de intervenções com jovens e pais...

This study focused on the understanding of the relationship among attachment to parents, characteristics of romantic relationships, physical symptoms, lifestyle and psychological morbidity in 250 university students, aged between 17 and 29 years (M=20.88; SD=2.03), who answered self-report questionnaires. We concluded that attachment to parents for young adults is related to physical symptoms, psychological morbidity and characteristics of romantic relationships. Being in a romantic relationship has effects on health, since it is related to a healthier lifestyle and less physical symptoms. We explored the predictors of physical symptoms and lifestyle, and analyzed the influence of sex, type of family and socioeconomic status on the variables studied. As a result, implications can be drawn to develop interventions with youngsters and parents...

Medición de la complejidad atribucional en las relaciones románticas / Measuring the Attributional Complexity in Romantic Relationships

La Complejidad Atribucional (CA) es un constructo psicológico que expresa el grado en el cual el individuo se encuentra atraído por comprender las diferentes causas de la conductas de otros, por lo cual genera explicaciones basadas en determinantes que van de lo más interno en el individuo hacia la cultura e instituciones sociales, lo que crea variaciones en el grado de complejidad. En el contexto interpersonal, esta variable ha sido abordada limitadamente y en ciertos grupos culturales (p.e. Finchman, Bradbury & Grynch, 1990; Fitness & Curtis, 2005), por lo que el interés de esta investigación fue el diseño y validación de una escala de CA en las relaciones románticas. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 467 participantes de la Ciudad de México, quienes respondieron a una versión de 79 reactivos con formato de respuesta tipo Likert de 5 puntos. En cuanto a la validez, los resultados mostraron la obtención de 4 factores puros y 3 con matices de las propias dimensiones teóricas. Las varianzas explicadas fueron superiores al 35% y los coeficientes de confiabilidad fueron de .52 a .80.

Attributional Complexity (AC) is a psychological construct which express the attraction to understand and explain the several reasons for other's behaviors. Based on different dimensions, individual recognizes the value of internal (as personality) and external (as culture) causes variable levels of complexity. The AC has been studied not enough in relational context or in Mexico (i..e. Finchman, Bradbury & Grynch, 1990; Fitness & Curtis, 2005), due to this, the purpose of this research was to design and validate an AC scale in romantic relationships. To do this, we examined a probabilistic sample of 467 participants from Mexico City, who answered a 79 Likert format items version. The findings show some one-dimensional factors and some other which present conceptual variations, but close to the main theory. In terms of explain variances, they start at 35% and the reliability coefficients were from .52 to .80.