Anti-inflammatory and healing activity of an hydroethanolic extract of Voacanga africana stapt ex Scoot-Elliot (Apocynaceae): In vivo model

Background: The mastery and supervision of traditional medicine in our country, particularly Senegal, would be of capital importance for the population. We were interested in the physiological effects of Voacanga africana (VOC) extracts in wound healing and topical inflammation. Aims and Objectives: This work was to evaluate the effects on inflammation and tissue repair of an hydroethanolic extract of V. africana. Materials and Methods: Wounds were created from a rat burn model and wound healing was evaluated (Kamoshida method) topical inflammation in a murine model of croton oil-induced inflammatory edema. For each experiment, batches of rats or of a mouse were formed, and every batch included five animals. Results: VOC’s 30% root bark ointment showed complete healing by day 16 for the burn test. As for inflammation, the 10% ointment inhibits 80% of the inflammatory edema in the same manner as indomethacin, used as the standard anti-inflammatory drug. Conclusion: VOC could have dose-dependent effects on inflammation and burn healing.

Ameliorating effects of ethanol extract of root bark of Salacia nitida on blood electrolyte and renal perturbations in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

Abstract Malaria, a disease of public health concern is a known cause of kidney failure, and dependence on herbal medicines for its treatment is increasing due to the high cost of drugs. So this study is designed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of ethanol extract from Salacia nitida root bark on electrolyte and renal perturbations in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Thirty malariainfected mice divided into five groups of six mice each and another group of six uninfected mice were used for the study. 280, 430, and 580 mg/kg of extract were given to infected mice in groups B, C, and D, 4 mg/kg of artesunate given to group E mice, and 4 ml/kg of physiological saline given to group A and uninfected group F mice for five days. Serum Na+, K+, HCO3, Cl-, TB, urea, creatinine, BUN concentrations, and BUN/creatinine ratio were determined using standard methods. Results showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in Na+, K+, and HCO3 and decreases in Cl-, TB, urea, creatinine, BUN, and BUN/creatinine ratio in the infected treated mice in groups B - E. This study showed that ethanol extract of S. nitida root bark is efficient in the treatment of renal disorders and blood electrolyte perturbations

Phenolic derivatives from root bark of Schisandra sphenanthera / 中国中药杂志

This paper aimed to study the chemical constituents from the root bark of Schisandra sphenanthera. Silica, Sephadex LH-20 and RP-HPLC were used to separate and purify the 80% ethanol extract of S. sphenanthera. Eleven compounds were identified by ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, ESI-MS, etc., which were 2-[2-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methoxyphenyl]-propane-1,3-diol(1), threo-7-methoxyguaiacylglycerol(2),4-O-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethyl)-dihydroconiferylalcohol(3), morusin(4), sanggenol A(5), sanggenon I(6), sanggenon N(7), leachianone G(8),(+)-catechin(9), epicatechin(10), and 7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone(11). Among them, compound 1 was a new compound, and compounds 2-9 were isolated from S. sphenanthera for the first time. Compounds 2-11 were subjected to cell viability assay, and the results revealed that compounds 4 and 5 had potential cytotoxicity, and compound 4 also had potential antiviral activity.

Alcohol extract of root and root bark of Toddalia asiatica alleviates CIA in rats through anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic effects / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of alcohol extract of root and root bark of Toddalia asiatica(TAAE) on collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in rats through phosphatidylinoinosidine-3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. To be specific, CIA was induced in rats, and then the rats were treated(oral, daily) with TAAE and Tripterygium Glycoside Tablets(TGT), respectively. The swelling degree of the hind leg joints was scored weekly. After 35 days of administration, the histopathological changes were observed based on hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to detect the levels of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin(IL)-6)]. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) staining was performed to detect the apoptosis of synoviocytes in rats. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)-associated X(Bax), Bcl-2, and caspase-3 and pathway-related proteins phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K), phosphorylated(p)-PI3K, protein kinase B(Akt), and p-Akt. RT-qPCR was conducted to examine the mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and pathway-related proteins PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt. TAAE can alleviate the joint swelling in CIA rats, reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, improve synovial histopathological changes, promote apoptosis of synoviocytes, and inhibit synovial inflammation. In addition, RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that TAAE up-regulated the level of Bax, down-regulated the level of Bcl-2, and activated caspase-3 to promote apoptosis in synoviocytes. TAAE effectively down-regulated the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt. In this study, TAAE shows therapeutic effect on CIA in rats and reduces the inflammation. The mechanism is that it suppresses PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and promotes synoviocyte apoptosis. Overall, this study provides a new clue for the research on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of TAAE and lays a theoretical basis for the better clinical application of TAAE in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Isolation and Characterization of Bergapten from the Root Bark of Ficus exasperata (Vahl)

Despite the wide ethnomedicinal applications of Ficus exasperata, little is known about the active principles responsible for the observed biological effects, thus limiting opportunities for further therapeutic applications. The bioassay guided chemical investigation of F. exasperataroot bark resulted in the isolationof a furocoumarin (D-1) shown to be partly responsible for the acclaimed anti-diabetic effect of the plant.

Comparative Study on Content of Medicinal Materials from Three Varieties of Sambucus williamsii / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To determine the content of active ingredients in root bark,stems,leaves and fruits of three varieties of Sambucus williamsii (Saline-toleratedvariety,Natural Red No. 1 variety,Qingzhou No.15 variety),and identify the chemical patterns of the chemical components. Method:The content of polysaccharides,flavonoids,phenolic acids and triterpene were determined by UV spectrophotometry (UV) colorimetry. The content of anthocyanin was determined by pH differential method. Ursolic acid,oleanolic acid,quercetin,protocatechuic acid,morroniside content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The root bark,stems,leaves and fruits of three varieties were analyzed by chemical pattern recognition. Result:The quality of different samples was further evaluated by F3 and F6 comprehensive scores in principal component analysis. It was found that the root bark and leaves were higher in the comprehensive ranking,and the results were basically consistent with the quantitative results. The contents of polysaccharide and morroniside in Natural Red No. 1 variety root bark were the highest,which were 161.09 mg·g-1 and 8.33 mg·g-1,respectively. Flavonoids,rutin and quercetin were the highest in the Natural Red No. 1 variety leaf,which were 71.93,4.09 and 3.57 mg·g-1,respectively. Triterpene was the highest in Natural Red No. 1 variety fruit, which was 47.84 mg·g-1. Phenolic acid and anthocyanin were the highest in Saline-tolerated variety fruits,which were 11.25 mg·g-1 and 94.32 mg·g-1,respectively. The Saline-tolerated variety stem had the highest oleanolic acid content, which was 1.41 mg·g-1. Saline-tolerated variety leaf had the highest contents of ursolic acid and gallic acid,which were 2.12 and 0.34 mg·g-1, respectively. The highest content of protocatechuic acid in Qingzhou No. 15 variety root bark, which was 0.12 mg·g-1. Conclusion:The content of Natural Red No. 1 variety is higher than that of the other two varieties,with a good quality.

Chemical constituents from root bark of Lycium chinense / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the root bark of Lycium chinense. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by various column chromatographies, and their structures were identified by physiochemical properties and spectroscopic data. Results Eighteen compounds were isolated from the EtOH extract of the root bark of L. chinense, which were identified as cannabisin G (1), melongenamide A (2), 7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N2,N3-bis(4-hydroxyphenethyl)- 6-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxamide (3), 2-methylol-5-hydroxy-pyridine (4), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenol (5), ethyl chlorogenate (6), dodecyl ferulate (7), phthalic acid-bis-(2,5-dimethylhexyl) ester (8), dihydrophaseic acid 3′-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (9), phenethyl alcohol xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranoside (10), 2-phenylethyl-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D- glucopyranoside (11), tachioside (12), glucosyringic acid (13), isoscoploletin-β-D-glucoside (14), scoploletin (15), digupigan A (16), (+)-lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), and (−)-lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18). Conclusion Compounds 1—5 and 7—13 are isolated from this genus for the first time. Compounds 1—14 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Anti-diabetic Activity of Convallatoxin Isolated from the Root Bark of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae)

This study investigated the anti-diabetic activity of the root bark extract of Parquetina nigrescens and the isolated compound, convallatoxin, from the root bark. A powdered sample of the plant was extracted with methanol, and the extract (A) was tested in glucose-loaded normal rats at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for the determination of the most active dose. The anti-diabetic activity of A at 200 mg/kg was carried out on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A was further partitioned to obtain its n-hexane (B1), dichloromethane (B2), ethyl acetate (B3) and mother liquor (B4) fractions that were tested for blood glucose lowering activity using glucose-loaded normal rats model. The anti-diabetic activity of the isolated compound from B3 was carried out on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results were subjected to one way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests and p< 0.05 was considered significant. A showed dose-independent and time dependent blood glucose level reduction activity at 200 mg/kg with the highest percentage of 30% at 4 h that was comparable to the standard, glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg. A at 200 mg/kg showed a blood glucose level reduction of 49, 68 and 70% by Day 4, 7 and 10 respectively as against glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg of 18, 33 and 39% by Day 4, 7 and 10 respectively on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. B3 showed a time-dependent blood glucose level reduction activity up to the fourth hour similar to glibenclamide with 35% as against 38% of glibenclamide. B1, B2 and B4 were devoid of blood glucose level reduction activity. Convallatoxin isolated from B3 gave 83 % blood glucose levels reduction at day 10 as against 38% of glibenclamide. The anti-diabetic activity of convallatoxin was significantly (p<0.05) more than glibenclamide at all-time point. The structure of convallatoxin was determined using IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and the spectroscopic data compared well with published data in the literature.

Chemical Constituents from n-Butanol Part in Toddalia asiatica Root Bark / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from n-butanol part in Toddalia asiatica root bark. METHODS: A variety of chromatographic techniques were applied to extract, isolate and purify natural products from extract of Toddalia asiatica root bark, their structures were identified on the basis of spectral data. RESULTS: Thirteen compounds were isolated from n-butanol part in Toddalia asiatica root bark, there were seven coumarin compounds, including six furocoumarin compounds, identified as pimpinellin (1), bergapten (2), alloimperatorin (3), isopimpinellin (4), moellendorffiline (5), phellopterin (6), toddalolactone (7); four organic acid ester compounds identified as mono (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (8), ferulic acid methyl ester (9), 4-methoxycinnamic acid (10), methyl trans-4-hydroxycinnamate (11); one alkaloid identified as nitidine (12) and one flavonoid compound which was hesperidin (13). CONCLUSION: The compound 8 is isolated from the Rutaceae family for the first time, compound 3, 5, 9, 10, 11 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Chemical Constituents from the Root Bark of Celastrus monospermus / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the root bark of Celastrus monospermus Roxb. METHODS: The compounds were isolate and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20, and the chemical structures of compounds were determined by spectral data analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-three compounds were isolated from this plant, which were identified as β-sitosterol palmitate (1), friedelan-3-one (2), 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en (3), 3β-hydroxylcholest-5,22-dien (4), β-sitosterol (5), 3,22-dioxo-20-taraxastene (6), 3,12-dioxofriedelane (7), 3-oxo-28-hydroxyfriedelane (8), 3-oxo-11β-hydroxyfriedelane (9), 3-oxo-12α-hydroxyfriedelane (10), pristimerin(11), 3-oxo-30-hydroxyfriedelane (12), 3-oxo-29-friedelanoic acid (13), salaspermic acid (14), celastrol (15), 3β, 21β-dihydroxy-30-nor-friedelan-20(29)-en-27-oic acid (16), 3β, 22α-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-29-oic acid (17), wilforol A (18), orthosphenic acid (19), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (20), 3-oxo-2β-hydroxyfriedelan-29-oic acid (21), 21-oxo-2α,3α,22β-trihydroxy-29-nor-friedelan-24,2β-lactone (22)and daucosterol (23). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1,6, 13-14,16-22 are obtained from this plant for the first time, and compounds 16, 20-22 are isolated from the genus Celastrus for the first time.

Acute hypotensive and diuretic activities of Berberis vulgaris root bark aqueous extract in normal rats

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of intravenous administration of Berberis vulgaris root bark aqueous extract (BRBD) on the cardiovascular and renal functions of healthy normotensive rats. The different doses of BRBD 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg were administered intravenously (i.v) in normal rats. Blood pressure, diuretic activity and serum renal profile were analyzed. Intravenous injection of BRBD at the different doses of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg showed a dose-dependent reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (P<0.001). At different doses of 1, 10 and 20 mg/kg, the hypotensive effect remained for more than one hour. Single dose administration of BRBD at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg caused a significant increase in urine output (P<0.001) as compared to the control rats. Serum renal profile test (albumin, Urea, Uric Acid, creatinine and BUN) did not show any significant alteration. The authors conclude that the BRBD is a potent hypotensive and possesses diuretic potential

Effect of aqueous extract from Araliae Echinocaulis Radicis et Cortex containing serum on TGF-β/BMPs signaling pathway in primary osteoblasts / 药物评价研究

Objective To study the effect of aqueous extract from Araliae Echinocaulis Radicis et Cortex (AEAE) on expression of TGF-β/BMPs signaling pathway in osteoblasts.Methods The fracture model of rat was established and randomly divided into model group,AEAE low,middle and high dose (3.6,1.8,0.9 g/kg) group.After ig administration for 7 d,the blood was taken from abdominal aorta and the serum was separated.The rats primary osteoblasts were cultured and qualified after alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining.The osteoblasts were cultured continuously for 48 h in animal serum of the corresponding group.The contents of BMP-2,TGF-β,Smad-1 and Smad-2 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting method.Results Compared with model group,the mRNA level ofBMP-2,TGF-β and Smad-1 in AEAE low,middle and high dose group,Smad-2 mRNA level in middle and high dose group,and the protein level of BMP-2,TGF-β,Smad-1 and Smad-2 in low,middle and high dose groupwere significantly higher than those in model group (P＜0.05 and 0.01).Conclusion AEAE can promote the proliferation ofosteoblasts by up-regulating the expression of BMP-2,TGF-β,Smad-1 and Smad-2 in TGF-β/BMPs signaling pathway.

Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of root bark extracts of Acanthopanax henryi / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To investigate the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, and action mechanism of root bark extracts of Acanthopanax henryi.@*METHOD@#The hot methanol extract of the root bark of A. henryi was subjected to XAD-4 column chromatography eluting with a gradient of methanol in water. The cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of the MeOH fractions were evaluated on the inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages.@*RESULTS@#The 80% MeOH fraction was a better inhibitor of LPS-induced NO, PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6 production, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner.@*CONCLUSION@#The 80% MeOH fraction of A. henryi root bark has significant anti-inflammatory activity. This provides a pharmacological basis for clinical application for the treatment of inflammation.

Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity for different extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. root bark

To assess the in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered different extracts (Hydro-alcoholic, methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane) of Rauvolfia tetraphylla (R. tetraphylla) root bark in Carrageenan induced acute inflammation in rats. Methods: In-vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated for extracts against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria by using cylinder plate assay. Hydro-alcoholic extract (70% v/v ethanol) at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses and methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model and paw thickness was measured every one hour up to 6 hrs. Results: All extracts of R. tetraphylla root bark showed good zone of inhibition against tested bacterial strains. In Carrageenan induced inflammation model, hydro-alcoholic and methanolic extract of R. tetraphylla root bark at three different doses produced significant (P<0.001) reduction when compared to vehicle treated control group and hexane, ethyl acetate extracts. Conclusions:In the present study extracts of R. tetraphylla root bark shows good in-vitro antibacterial activity and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats.

Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity for different extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. root bark

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered different extracts (Hydro-alcoholic, methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane) of Rauvolfia tetraphylla (R. tetraphylla) root bark in Carrageenan induced acute inflammation in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In-vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated for extracts against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria by using cylinder plate assay. Hydro-alcoholic extract (70% v/v ethanol) at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses and methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model and paw thickness was measured every one hour up to 6 hrs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All extracts of R. tetraphylla root bark showed good zone of inhibition against tested bacterial strains. In Carrageenan induced inflammation model, hydro-alcoholic and methanolic extract of R. tetraphylla root bark at three different doses produced significant (P<0.001) reduction when compared to vehicle treated control group and hexane, ethyl acetate extracts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the present study extracts of R. tetraphylla root bark shows good in-vitro antibacterial activity and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats.</p>

Chemical constituents in root bark of Torricellia angulata var. intermedia (III) / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents in the root bark of Torricellia angulata var. intermedia. Methods: The compounds were isolated by means of column chromatography on silica gel, macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS, and their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectra. Results: Ten compounds were obtained and identified as syringaresinol (1), stigmasterol (2), 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy benzeneacetic acid (3), stigmasta-5,11-dien-3β-ol (4), 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol (5), β-daucosterol (6), 26,27-dinor-4,4-dimethyl-cholesta-8,14-dien-3-ol (7), octadecanoic acid (8), palmitic acid (9), and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyl benzaldehyde (10). Conclusion: Compound 3 is isolated from natural plant for the first time and compounds 1, 2, 4, 5,7, and 10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Isolation and structure identification of alkaloid and quassinoids from root bark of Ailanthus altissima / 中草药

Objective: Isolation and identification of chemical components from the root bark of Ailanthus altissima by HPLC method. Methods: Crude products which were extracted with ethanol were separated and purified by preparative HPLC, and the structures of the compounds were identified by mass spectrometry (MS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Results: Under the above conditions, ailanfhone (1), shinjulactone A (2), and a new β-carboline alkaloid (3) were successfully obtained, and the purities of the compounds are all above 95%. Conclusion: A rapid and simple method is set up to isolate and identify lower content components from A. altissima.

Influencing Factors for Genomic DNA Extraction of Paeonia Suffruticosa / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the influencing factors for the extraction of the genomic DNA from Paeonia Suffruticosa.METHODS:Taking Paeonia Suffruticosa(root bark of Chinese medicinal herb) as material to investigate the influencing factors including concentrations of the NaCl and beta-mercaptoethanol,temperature and time of water bath,RNaseA,PCR(polymerase chain reaction) system etc in the buffer solution on the basis of modified CTAB method.RESULTS:The DNA obtained by modified CTAB method was pure,integrated,with the value of A260/A280 ranged from 1.8 to 2.0,the ampl-ified bands of PCR were clear and bright,which lay a solid foundation for the following molecular biology experiments.CONCLUSION:The modified CTAB method is economical,rapid and efficient,and it can be served as an extraction of genomic DNA from root bark Chinese medicinal herb as well as a theoretical basis for full scale production.

Chemical studies on root bark of Lycium chinense / 中草药

Object To study the chemical constituents of the root bark of Lycium chinense Mill Methods Various chromatographic techniques were used to separate and purify the constituents Their structures were elucidated on the physico chemical properties and spectral data Results Five compounds were isolated from the root bark of L chinense and identified as vanillic acid (Ⅰ), apigenin (Ⅱ), linarin (Ⅲ), glucosyringic acid (Ⅳ) and digupigan A (Ⅴ) Conclusion Digupigan A is a new compound. Except vanillic acid, others were isolated from this plant for the first time

Identification of root bark of Morus alba and its confusable species by IR-fingerprint / 中草药

Object To establish the IR spectrometry fingerprint of the certified root bark of Morus alba L. (RBMA) and its confusable species, so as to identify them. Methods The infrared spectrometry was used. Results Three types of fingerprint were obtained from certified RBMA from different productive area and five types of fingerprint obtained from confusable species. These spectra were analyzed and the transmittance of (1 627?7) cm -1 of fingerprint area was taken as the standard absorbed peak (Ts) and the transmittance of (1 026?5) cm -1 of fingerprint area as the characteristic obsorbed peak (COP, Ti), the relative transmittance (Tr) was calculated by the formula Tr=Ti/Ts. Conclusion The tested samples of which Tr 1 and COP was single peak or Tr