Does BCG Or MMR Or Routine Vaccination Coverage Protect Against COVID Infection And Mortality In India?

Background: The routine vaccinations and acquired immunity by other viral infections were believed to be acting as a protective factor against severe COVID-19 outbreaks in some countries. Objective: This study is overviewing the relationship of routine BCG, MMR vaccinations and reported MMR disease outbreak with reported COVID-19 infection across the Indian states. Methods: The data on vaccination coverage and respiratory disease infection was obtained from Univer-sal immunization program and Integrated disease surveillance project reports. Spearman rank correla-tion has been used to assess the relationship of routine vaccination and COVID-19 infection. Results: The result did not find any relationship of routine vaccination with BCG and MMR or exposure to MMR infection on COVID-19 infections in India. Conclusion: The exposure to BCG or MMR vaccination did not have a non-specific protection against COVID-19 infection. The results imply that a larger proportion of the Indian population is still vulnerable to COVID-19 infection.

Progress of adverse effect of routine vaccination in children with epilepsy / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Routine vaccination is a most important way to prevent and control various kinds of infection disease,however,concerns about epileptic diseases after vaccination worries patients and health care providers.Many studies have shown that the risk of febrile seizure(FS)increases after measles-mumps-rubella(MMR)and iphtheria-tetanus-pertussis(DTP)vaccine,but this increase is associated with the fever after vaccine.The prognosis of vaccine related FS is similar to non-vaccine FS.Moreover,no evidence has shown that vaccine is related with non-febrile seizure and epileptic encephalopathy.

Study of Common Illnesses Before and After Vaccination: A Risk-interval Approach.

Objective: To compare the proportion of children who developed a specified illness in the 7 day post-vaccination window, with the background rate of the same event in the 7 day pre-vaccination window. Study design: Risk interval approach (Self-controlled caseseries). Setting: Well Baby Clinic of Christian Medical College, Vellore. Participants: 1602 healthy infants and under-six children presenting for routine vaccination. Outcome measures: Episode of any illness. Methods: The interviewer enquired about any adverse event or illness experienced by the child for each day of the week preceding the administration of age-appropriate vaccines. A second interview (telephonic) was conducted by the same interviewer one week following vaccine administration to enquire about adverse event(s) experienced by the child for each day of the subsequent week using a similar protocol. Results: With multiple vaccines delivered at appropriate ages, common childhood illnesses that could be reported as adverse events following immunization, except fever (RR=5.7, 95% CI=4.50-7.35), occurred at higher rates pre-vaccination. Risk Ratios of fever following whole cell (RR=9.3, 95% CI=6.43-13.52) and acellular (RR=8.5, 95% CI=3.82-18.91) vaccines were similar, with both showing a decreasing trend with increasing age. The gastrointestinal adverse event profile [diarrhea (RR=0.6, 95% CI=0.14-2.51) and vomiting (RR=1.0, 95% CI=0.14-7.10)] for rotavirus vaccine was similar pre- and post-immunization. Conclusions: Since most adverse events to vaccines are also common childhood illnesses, estimating the background rates of common illnesses is important to accurately ascertain a causal relationship.

Primary care physician practices, recommendations, and barriers to the provision of routine and voluntary vaccinations in Japan / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

<b>Introduction</b> : Recommendations from healthcare providers are considered by vaccinees and their parents when they decide whether to receive an immunization. However, in Japan, the attitudes of primary care physicians toward vaccination are unknown. We assessed some practices and recommendations of, and barriers to, primary care physicians regarding vaccinations in Japan.<br><b>Methods</b> : A self-administered questionnaire was mailed (in 2012) to 3000 randomly selected physician-members of the Japan Primary Care Association. Excluded were physicians within two years after graduation, living abroad or retired. We described respondent practices, recommendations, and barriers to the provision of routine and voluntary vaccinations.<br><b>Results</b> : The overall response rate was 25.8%. The rates at which physicians gave routine and voluntary vaccines in their own practices were 29.0-91.4% and 15.2-89.5%, respectively. The vaccine recommendation rates for routine and voluntary vaccines were 58.2-70.2% and 14.1-50.9%, respectively. The physicians reported that their barriers to recommendation of routine vaccines were vaccination schedule complexity (32.9%), opinions of vaccinees and parents (28.9%), and vaccine safety (27.7%). They also reported that perceived vaccine safety (62.1%), lack of understanding of vaccine-preventable diseases (55.7%), and complexity of vaccine schedules (44.4%) were reasons given by vaccinees and parents for noncompliance. Physicians' barriers to recommendation of voluntary vaccines were cost (45.3%), safety (35.1%), and lack of information (30.1%). They reported that vaccinees and parents expressed concern about cost (61.8%), safety (51.8%), and lack of vaccine information (50.7%).<br><b>Conclusion</b> : We clarified practices, recommendations, and barriers to primary care physicians regarding routine and voluntary vaccination in Japan.